RESUMO
It is an open question whether turbulent mixing across density surfaces is sufficiently large to play a dominant role in closing the deep branch of the ocean meridional overturning circulation. The diapycnal and isopycnal mixing experiment in the Southern Ocean found the turbulent diffusivity inferred from the vertical spreading of a tracer to be an order of magnitude larger than that inferred from the microstructure profiles at the mean tracer depth of 1,500 m in the Drake Passage. Using a high-resolution ocean model, it is shown that the fast vertical spreading of tracer occurs when it comes in contact with mixing hotspots over rough topography. The sparsity of such hotspots is made up for by enhanced tracer residence time in their vicinity due to diffusion toward weak bottom flows. The increased tracer residence time may explain the large vertical fluxes of heat and salt required to close the abyssal circulation.
RESUMO
Urinary incontinence is an important criteria in evaluating the elderly for longterm care placement. Not only is it a consideration, but, in many cases it is the deciding factor for admission to a nursing home and longterm care. However, as the results of a Côte-Nord region of Quebec study show, little is being done to treat urinary incontinence. This study, involving the clients of 52 nurses, also identified the nurses' need for continuing education about the causes of, and treatments for, this health problem. The authors are promoting a multidisciplinary approach to increase public awareness about the availability of effective treatments for urinary incontinence and to encourage a more open dialogue.