What are the Soft Tissue Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Patients with Down's Syndrome?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors and their respective magnitudes for developing Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in Down syndrome (DS) patients. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. PATIENTS: The 2016 Kids' Inpatient Database (KID) was queried to identify all patients diagnosed with DS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary predictor variables were tonsillar hypertrophy (TH), adenoidal hypertrophy (AH), Hypertrophy of Tonsils & Adenoids (HTA), Laryngeal Stenosis (LS), Hypotonia, Glossoptosis, Congenital Laryngomalacia (CL), and Overweight & Obesity (OO). The primary outcome variable was OSA. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 18,181 patients with a diagnosis of DS. Relative to patients aged 0-5, patients aged 6-10 (OR 3.5, P < 0.01), 11-5 (OR 3.4, P < 0.01), and 16 & above (OR 3.6, P < 0.01) were each independently associated with increased odds of OSA. Further, TH (OR 23.2, P < 0.01), AH (OR 20.3, P < 0.01), HTA (OR 64.2, P < 0.01), glossoptosis (OR 5.0, P < 0.01), CL (OR 4.3, P < 0.01), and OO (OR 3.7, P < 0.01) were all independent risk factors for OSA. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of hypertrophied tonsils and adenoids together was the strongest risk factor for OSA. DS patients aged six and above were at risk for OSA development relative to younger patients. Patients with DS should be tested for OSA, which otherwise will deteriorate their existing comorbidities.

What Are the Risk Factors of Incurring Maxillofacial Fractures From Unarmed Hand-To-Hand Combat?

PURPOSE: The purpose of our study was to determine the risk factors of incurring maxillofacial fractures among individuals who engage in unarmed hand-to-hand combat. METHODS: The following retrospective cohort study was completed using data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. The primary predictor variable was blood alcohol level. The primary outcome variable was maxillofacial fracture. We used SPSS to conduct all statistical analyses. RESULTS: Our final sample consisted of 9,441 patients injured from unarmed hand-to-hand combat. The mean age of the sample was 38.7 years. The most common age group was young adults (42.9%), followed closely by middle-aged adults (41.9%). The number of males was nearly 4 times that of females. The mandible was the most frequently fractured maxillofacial bone. Concerning the mandible per se, the angle (37.1%) was the most frequently fractured site, while the coronoid process (0.2%) was the least frequently fractured site. Relative to females, males were 2.7 times more likely to incur a craniomaxillofacial fracture (P < .5). CONCLUSIONS: Males had an increased risk of maxillofacial fracture relative to females. The mandible, particularly the angle, was the most frequently fractured maxillofacial bone. We speculate this is because hooks are frequently thrown in unarmed hand-to-hand combat.

Open Repair Versus Closed Repair: A Cost-Analysis of the Two Surgical Approaches for the Treatment of Craniosynostoses.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to quantify the hospitalization charges of the 2 general surgical approaches in the treatment of craniosynostosis and determine if there was a significant difference between the 2. Several studies compared them side-by-side according to specific variables, such as success rates, postoperative complications, blood loss, and length of stay, but were limited by small sample sizes. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study that was conducted using the Kids' Inpatient Database (KID). All patients diagnosed with craniosynostosis (Q75.0) were identified. The procedures were grouped according to the approach taken, whether it was a traditional, open approach, or a closed, minimally invasive approach. The primary predictor variable was the surgical approach (open vs closed). The outcome variables were the hospital charges (US dollars) and length of stay (days). Statistical analyses were based on the univariate and multivariate linear regression models, and P value less than .05 marked the significance level. RESULTS: Among a sample of 2,585 cases, an open approach was employed in 2,353 cases and a closed approach in 232 cases. Race, payer information, hospital region, admission status (elective vs not elective), patient location, and surgical approach (open vs closed) were all significant predictors (P < .15) of increased hospitalization charges. Relative to white patients, being in the 'other' racial class added $10,987 in hospital charges (P < .05). Relative to the Northeast, being a patient in the West added $33,459 in hospital charges (P < .01). Not being admitted electively added $72,572 (P < .01) relative to elective admissions. Finally, open repair added $59,539 (P < .01) in charges relative to closed repair. CONCLUSIONS: The traditional open approach added nearly $60,000 to the cost of the procedure when compared with the closed, endoscopic approach. The scope and invasiveness of the open approach demand greater surgical services, hospital services, supplies, and equipment, ultimately contributing to this increased cost.

Geriatric Craniomaxillofacial Fractures: Where do They Happen and Why?

PURPOSE: The geriatric population is a constantly growing population that is especially vulnerable to trauma. The primary purpose of this study was to determine what factors are associated with increased rates of hospital admission in geriatric patients who sustain craniomaxillofacial fractures secondary to falls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a 5-year retrospective cross-sectional study that was conducted using the NEISS database. There were several, heterogenous predictor variables. The primary outcome variable was admission rate, which was used as a proxy to the severity of injury. Patient and injury characteristics were compared using chi-square and independent-sample t-tests. Binary logistic regression was conducted to determine the risk of hospital admission. RESULTS: The final sample included 2,879 cases in total. The mean age of the study sample was 78.8 years (SD, 8.6 years). Most patients were white (51.6%) females (64.2%) who were injured at their respective homes (58.7%). Relative to injuries that took place at a sports center, injuries that took place at the patient's home (OR, 2.52; P < .05) independently increased the risk for admission. Relative to maxilla fracture, orbital bone fracture (OR, 3.91; P < .05) was an independent risk factor for admission. Relative to lacerations, intracranial injuries (OR, 3.76; P < .01) increased the risk of admission. CONCLUSIONS: Craniomaxillofacial fractures that took place at the patients' home were at increased risk for admission. Orbital bone fractures and intracranial injuries were at increased risk for admission. From our, and other studies findings, screening and fall prevention interventions should be implemented amongst the geriatric population.

What Are the Risk Factors for Epilepsy Among Patients With Craniosynostosis?

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors for epilepsy among patients with craniosynostosis. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study that was completed with the Kids' Inpatient Database. All patients diagnosed with craniosynostosis between the years 2000 and 2012 were included. The primary predictor variables were obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), hydrocephalus, brain compression (BC), cerebral edema, papilledema, dolichocephaly, and plagiocephaly. The outcome variable was epilepsy. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine odds ratios (ORs) for the outcome (epilepsy). RESULTS: Our final sample had 4,709 patients with craniosynostosis, of whom 244 patients exhibited epilepsy (5.2%). The mean age of the patients was 1.43 years (range: 0-20). Relative to Asian patients, Black patients were 4 times more likely to have epilepsy (P < .05). Relative to patients in fringe counties of metro areas with a population of at least 1 million, patients in metro areas of 50,000 to 249,999 population were almost 2 times more likely to have epilepsy (P < .01). Hydrocephalus (OR, 6.6; P < .001), BC (OR, 2.4; P < .01), and OSA (OR, 3.0; P < .001) were independent risk factors for epilepsy among our sample of patients with craniosynostosis. CONCLUSIONS: Hydrocephalus, OSA, and BC increase the risk of epilepsy in patients with craniosynostosis. Black patients with craniosynostosis are also at increased risk for epilepsy. With regard to location, patients in areas with a population of 50,000 to 250,000 were at increased risk for epilepsy.

A Comparison of 2,845 Head and Neck Injuries in Various Martial Arts.

PURPOSE: The primary purpose of this study is to estimate and compare the frequencies, types, and hospital admission rates of head and neck injuries in subjects who practice different martial art fighting styles, including karate, kung fu, kickboxing, taekwondo, judo, and jiu jitsu. METHODS: The investigators designed and implemented a 20-year cross-sectional study using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database. Information related to head and neck martial art injuries from January 2000 through December 2019 was included in this study. Study variables were obtained from both patient demographics and injury characteristics (date of injury, diagnosis, body part, type of martial art, and disposition). Patient and injury characteristics were compared through χ2 and independent sample tests. RESULTS: Taekwondo was the most likely type of martial art to lead to a head injury (P < .01), whereas jiu jitsu (P < .01) and judo (P < .01) were most likely to cause neck injuries. The type of martial art was not significantly associated with admission rates (P = .190); however, patients with head injuries were more likely to be admitted relative to patients who did not suffer head injuries (P < .05). Moreover, injuries secondary to judo were more likely to result in admissions relative to that of all other martial arts (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Judo was the most severe martial art during this time period as it led to the highest rate of hospital admissions. Karate injuries are most likely to occur in younger populations of fighters under the age of 18 years.

Which Sport Is More Dangerous: Ice Hockey or Field Hockey? A Review of the Head and Neck Injuries Associated With the Two Sports.

PURPOSE: Ice hockey and field hockey are contact sports with the potential for injury, especially to the head and neck regions. The purpose of this study is to estimate and compare hospital admission (injury severity) between ice hockey and field hockey of those who presented to the emergency department with head and neck injuries. METHODS: The investigators designed and implemented a 20-year retrospective cohort study using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database. We included data related to ice hockey and field hockey injuries from January 2000 to December 2019 in this study. The primary predictor variable was sport played (ice hockey vs field hockey). Secondary predictor variables and covariates were derived from patient and injury characteristics. The primary outcome variable was hospital admission. Logistic regression was used to determine independent risk factors for the outcome variable. RESULTS: Our final sample was composed of 5,472 patients: 4,472 patients suffered head and neck injuries from ice hockey while the remaining 1,000 patients suffered head and neck injuries from field hockey. Players less than 18 years old were associated with 2.07-fold odds of admission (P < .01). Injury to the head (odds ratio [OR] = 14.339; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0 to 105.1; P < .01) and neck (OR = 89.260; 95% CI, 11.2 to 712.6; P < .01) were independently associated with an increased odds of admission. Relative to contusions/abrasions, players who suffered a concussion (OR = 141.637; 95% CI, 11.5 to 1,741.5; P < .01), fracture (OR = 155.434; 95% CI, 17.0 to 1,419.2; P < .01), internal organ injury (OR = 186.450; 95% CI, 15.5 to 2,236.8; P < .01), or hematoma (OR = 23.046; 95% CI, 1.2 to 442.5; P < .05) were all independently associated with an increased odds of admission. Ice hockey was not an independent risk factor for admission relative to field hockey. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that ice hockey was more associated with injuries to the head and neck as well as with concussions and internal organ injury compared to field hockey. However, ice hockey was not associated with increased risk of hospitalization relative to field hockey.

Early Childhood (0 to 5 years) Presents the Greatest Risk for Facial Dog Bites.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study is to compare the characteristics of dog bite wounds to the face and that of the rest of the body among the pediatric population in the United States and to determine independent risk factors for dog bite wounds to the face. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the Kids' Inpatient Database. There were multiple, heterogenous predictor variables. The primary outcome variable was a facial dog bite. A multivariate logistic regression was employed to identify independent risk factors for the primary outcome variable. A P value less than .05 was the threshold for statistical significance. RESULTS: Our final sample consisted of 9,057 patients who suffered dog bite injuries, of which 2,913 (32.2%) occurred on the face. Relative to individuals aged 16-20 years, individuals aged 0-5 (odds ratio [OR] 5.7; confidence interval [CI] 4.0, 8.1), 6-10 (OR 3.8; CI 2.6, 5.5), and 11-15 years (OR 1.6; CI 1.1, 2.5) were all independently associated with increased odds of incurring a facial dog bite injury. Patients who were not admitted electively were 2.5 times (CI 1.4, 4.6) more likely to incur a facial dog bite injury relative to patients who were admitted electively. CONCLUSIONS: Young children (0-5 years) were at the greatest risk for facial dog bites relative to children aged 16-20 years. Dog bites that were admitted on emergency were more likely to occur on the face relative to those that were electively admitted to the hospital. To reduce the risk for facial dog bites and the host of chronic psychological ramifications that accompany them, established preventative strategies ought to be exercised.

What are the Risk Factors for Mortality Among Patients Who Suffer Le Fort III Fractures?

PURPOSE: Le Fort III fractures are the most severe subtype of the Le Fort fractures and are associated with adverse clinical outcomes. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for mortality among patients who suffer Le Fort III fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was completed using the 2016-2018 National Inpatient Sample. Patients with isolated Le Fort III fractures were selected. Patients who incurred bone fractures or organ injuries outside the head and neck were excluded. There were multiple, heterogenous predictor variables. The primary outcome variable was mortality. Relative risk was used to determine independent risk factors of mortality. Statistical significance was deemed for P values less than .05. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 559 patients (mean age, 45.9 years) who suffered a Le Fort III fracture, of whom 15 patients (2.68%) died. Most patients were male (82.7%) middle-aged adults (42.9%) of White race (66.5%) within the lowest income quartile (31.7%) that lived in large metro areas (54.9%). Relative to males, females were nearly 62 times more likely to die (P < .01). Relative to privately insured subjects, uninsured subjects were 23 times (P < .05) more likely to die. Relative to weekday admissions, weekend admissions increased the risk of mortality by 8 times (P < .05). Cranial vault fractures (odds ratio, 7.24; P < .05) and upper cervical fractures (odds ratio, 63.27; P < .05) were risk factors for mortality. Relative to males, females were at an increased risk for mortality (relative risk [RR] 7.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.60, 19.61). Skull base fracture (RR 2.99, 95 CI 1.04, 8.63), cranial vault fracture (RR 3.04, 95 CI 1.07, 8.65), subdural hemorrhage (RR 2.98, 95 CI 1.10, 8.05), subarachnoid hemorrhage (RR 6.73, 95 CI 2.34, 19.35), and injury of blood vessels at neck level (RR 13.24, 95 CI 2.46, 71.16) were each risk factors for mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Intracranial injury was not a risk factor for mortality. Instead, cranial vault fractures and skull base fractures increased the risk for mortality. In addition, uninsured patients and female patients were each at an increased risk for mortality.

Burkitt Lymphoma Masquerading as Osteomyelitis: An Interesting Road to Diagnosis.

ABSTRACT: Sporadic Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a clinical form of BL that typically presents with abdominal and cervical lymph node involvement in male children. We present a rare case of disseminated sporadic BL of a 37-year-old female diagnosed via the workup in response to nonhealing tooth extraction sockets.

Exploring the Severity of Craniomaxillofacial Injuries From Horseback Riding.

PURPOSE: The purpose of our study is to assess the severity of craniomaxillofacial injuries from horseback-riding accidents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a 20-year retrospective cross-sectional study of the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System. Injuries from the activity of horseback-riding were included if they occurred in the craniomaxillofacial complex. Study predictors were derived from both patient and injury characteristics. The study outcome was the presence or absence (probability) of hospital admission from the emergency department. A multiple logistic regression model was created to model the odds of admission using all significant univariate predictors. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 6730 patients. The decrease in horseback riding injuries from 2000 to 2019 was significant (P = 0.042).The mean age of the sample was 27.80 years (range: 2-91 years). Gender-wise, females composed the majority of injured horseback riders (71.9%). Over two-thirds of the sample consisted of White patients (68.1%). Over three-fourths of the injuries occurred in the head (80.9%), rendering it the most frequently injured region of the craniomaxillofacial complex. The most common primary diagnoses were internal organ injury (40.2%). On univariate analysis, the admission rates were significantly associated with gender (P < 0.01), age group (P < 0.01), body part injured (P < 0.01), diagnosis (P < 0.01), location of injury (P < 0.01) and mechanism of injury (P < 0.05). Relative to young adults, children (odds ratio [OR], 1.579; 95% OR confidence interval [CI] [1.31, 1.91]; P < 0.01), adults (OR, 1.857; 95% OR CI [1.55, 2.22]; P < 0.01), and seniors (OR, 3.738; 95% OR CI [2.73, 5.12]; P < 0.01) were each independently associated with an increased odds of admission. Relative to the mouth, the head had 4.8 odds of admission (P < 0.01) and the face had 2.5 odds of admission (P < 0.01). Relative to contusions/abrasion, concussions (OR, 3.542; 95% OR CI [2.28, 5.49]; P < 0.01) and internal organ injuries (OR, 9.020; 95% OR CI [5.90, 13.79]; P < 0.01), lacerations (OR, 1.946; 95% OR CI [1.17, 3.24]; P < 0.05), and fractures (OR, 32.068; 95% OR CI [20.53, 50.09]; P < 0.01) were each independently associated with increased odds of admission relative to contusions. Direct trauma from a horse (OR, 1.422; 95% OR CI [1.06, 1.91]; P < 0.05) was associated with independently increased odds of admission relative to other injuries. Injuries that took place in a farm (OR, 1.617; 95% OR CI [1.25, 2.09]; P < 0.01) and a street (OR, 2.735; 95% OR CI [1.83, 4.09]; P < 0.01) were each independently associated with increased odds of admission. Finally, relative to females, males (OR, 1.374; 95% OR CI [1.20, 1.57]; P < 0.01) were independently associated with increased odds of admission. CONCLUSIONS: Many variables contribute to the chance of hospital admission from horseback riding. Fractures seem to be the leading risk factor for hospital admission, therefore, future study may look into how to reduce the incidence of fractures through the employment of more protective equipment than helmets for horseback riders.

Handball-Related Head and Neck Trauma: An Analysis of the 2000-2019 National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) Database.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to report on the characteristics of head and neck injuries secondary to the sport of Handball in the United States. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a 20-year cross-sectional study that was conducted using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System. Handball injuries were included in the study if they involved the head, face, eyeball, mouth, ear, or neck. The primary study predictor was age group. The study outcome was the type of injury (diagnosis) and the location of injury. Chi-squared testing (χ2) was performed to compare categorical variables. RESULTS: Males composed more than three-fourths of the sample of patients (76.2%). White patients (38.7%) composed the most common racial group. The most common anatomical location injured was the head (45.9%). The most common primary diagnoses were contusion/abrasion (22.5%). Children were most likely to injure their head (P < 0.01) among all the anatomic regions. Young adults were least likely to injure their eyeball (P < 0.05). In contrast to children, adults were least likely to injure their head (P < 0.01). In contrast to young adults, adults were most likely to injure their eyeball (P < 0.01). With regards to types of injuries, Children were least likely to incur lacerations (P < 0.01). In contrast, young adults were most likely to incur lacerations (P < 0.01); however, young adults were least likely to suffer from contusions/abrasions (P < 0.01). In contrast to young adults, adults were most likely to suffer from contusions/abrasions (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Contusions/abrasions and brain damage were the two most common injuries in this sport. The head was the most commonly injured anatomical region. Both the type of injury and the anatomical location of injury that occur during the practice of handball significantly vary depending on the age group involved in the game.

Decompression of Odontogenic Keratocysts Before Enucleation Reduces the Rate of Recurrence.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine if 2-stage conservative treatment (decompression followed by enucleation) of odontogenic keratocysts reduced the rate of recurrence compared to single-stage conservative treatment. METHODS: This was a pooled cohort study composed of both patients identified at our institution and cases reported in the literature. The primary predictor variable was treatment modality (single versus 2-staged conservative treatment). The outcome variable was the overall recurrence rate. RESULTS: A total of 684 patient cases were included in the final pooled sample. The mean age was 39.80years (range: 7-80 years). The mandible (76.8%) was the most common site, with the rest of the lesions manifesting in the maxilla (23.0%). A total of 58.1% of the lesions were unilocular, whereas the remaining 41.9% were multilocular. Two-stage conservative treatment demonstrated a lower recurrence rate (14.5% versus 22.1%; P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: Decompression is known to reduce lesion size and optimize the favorability of conservative treatment. Furthermore, we propose that 2-staged treatment may also be associated with a lower recurrence rate.

Risk factors for increased length of hospital stay among young pediatric patients who suffer facial fractures.

BACKGROUND/AIM: It is not known whether the mechanism of facial trauma influences the associated length of hospitalization. The aim of this study was to determine whether the mechanism of injury influenced the length of hospital stay (LOS) among pediatric patients who sustained facial fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was completed using the Kids' Inpatient Database (KID). The primary predictor variable was the mechanism of injury. The primary outcome variable was LOS. Linear regression was used to determine independent predictors of increased/decreased length of stay. A p-value of less than .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 2865 subjects aged 12 years or younger who had suffered facial fractures. The most common mechanism of injury was motor vehicle accidents (MVA) (58.6%). Facial fractures due to MVA added 1.20 days (95% CI, 0.02, 2.38; p < .05) when compared to those due to a fall. CONCLUSIONS: MVA significantly prolonged the LOS among young pediatric patients who sustained facial fractures, reflecting the exceptional amount of force involved. Having a chronic condition was also a significant factor for longer LOS. Four or more fractures also led to a longer LOS.

Patterns of craniomaxillofacial trauma among helmeted cyclists.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The head and face are prone to injury in bicycle accidents and helmets are proven to be helpful in decreasing injuries to some extent. The aim of this study was to determine whether certain craniomaxillofacial regions are at increased risk of injury (fracture) during bicycle accidents among helmeted cyclists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS). Data concerning craniomaxillofacial injuries as a result of cycling accidents between 2019 and 2020 were reviewed. The primary predictor variables were the craniomaxillofacial region and a craniofacial bone. The co-variates included patient characteristics (age, gender, race) and injury characteristics (location, season). The primary outcome variable was a fracture. Logistic regression was used to determine any independent risk factors for a fracture. RESULTS: Five hundred patients reported helmet use at the time of injury. Fractures of the face region were 75 times (p < .01) more likely than the head region. No particular craniofacial bone was at greater risk of fracture relative to the maxilla. Adults (OR 24.0, p < .01) and seniors (OR 38.6, p < .01) were each at greater risk for fracture relative to children. CONCLUSIONS: The facial region was at increased risk of fracture relative to the head during a bicycle accident. Adults and seniors were at increased risk of suffering craniofacial fractures relative to children.

Malar and maxillary fractures among pediatric patients and the risk factors for mortality.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: No studies have characterized the morbidity and mortality of maxillary & malar fractures on a national scale. The aim of this study was to examine the risk factors for mortality in pediatric patients who had sustained maxillary and malar fractures by using a national pediatric hospital inpatient care database. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted using the Kids' Inpatient Database (KID). The primary predictor variable was the cause of injury. The primary outcome variable was mortality rate. Additional predictor variables included age, gender, race, income, payer information, year and place of injury, number of facial fractures, concomitant facial fractures, other fractures of the body, and intracranial/internal organ injury. Univariate and multivariate regression models were performed to assess risk factors for mortality. Statistical significance was set to a p-value <.05. RESULTS: A total of 5859 patients met the inclusion criteria. The most common age group was 13-17 years of age (n = 3816, 65.1%). Motor vehicle accidents were the most common mechanism of injury (n = 2172, 37.1%). The presence of cranial vault (OR = 2.81, p = .017), skull base (OR = 2.72, p < .001), and vertebral column fractures (OR = 2.13, p = .016), as well as sub-arachnoid hemorrhage (OR = 4.75, p = .005), traumatic pneumothorax/hemothorax (OR = 2.16, p = .015), and heart/lung injury (OR = 3.37, p < .001) were each independently associated with increased odds of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Patients in their late teens most commonly sustained malar and maxillary fractures, likely due to general trends in craniomaxillofacial development. The presence of other fractures located in close proximity to the mid-face increased the risk of mortality among pediatric patients with malar and maxillary fractures. This may be explained by the anatomical approximation of the mid-face to vital neurovascular structures of the head, which, when damaged, may prove fatal.

Etiology of Tinnitus on CT and CBCT: A Narrative Review.

Tinnitus is commonly depicted as a ringing within the ears, but it can sound like roaring, clicking, hissing, or buzzing. It is a symptom that shows something is wrong in the auditory system, which includes the sound-related nerve that interfaces the inward ear to the brain, and the parts of the brain that handle sound. Generally, the causes of tinnitus include: Otologic causes, Neurologic causes, temporomandibular joint, and masticatory muscle disorders. Causes of tinnitus can be diagnosed with CT and CBCT. A CT scan or computed tomography scan is a medical imaging technique used in radiology that can obtain detailed internal images of the brain and CBCT is a developing imaging technique designed to provide relatively low-dose high-spatial-resolution visualization of highcontrast structures in the head and neck and other anatomic areas. CBCT has a lower radiation dose, shorter imaging time, and better resolution than CT. This chapter reviews etiology of tinnitus on CT and CBCT.

Pogo-Sticks and Maxillofacial Injuries: A Review of 619 Head and Neck Injuries.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to explore head and neck injuries secondary to accidents involving pogo sticks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a 20-year cross-sectional study using the National Electronic Injury Submission System (NEISS). Head and neck injuries resulting from the use of a pogo-stick were included. The predictor variables were demographics, type, site, context of injury, and season in which the injury occurred. The primary outcome variable was admission rate, used to estimate the severity of the injury. We employed chi-squared and independent sample tests to determine whether an association existed or not. We conducted a multivariate logistic regression model to determine the odds of admission for all significant variables. RESULTS: A total of 619 pogo stick injuries were included, with 96.1% under 18 years of age. The decrease in the number of injuries from the year 2000 to 2019 was significant (P = .003). Nearly all patients were under 18 (96.1%), with the remaining few being 18 or older. Laceration (43.8%) was the most common primary diagnosis. The head (37.2%) was the most commonly injured anatomical region, followed by the face (32.8%). The majority of the injuries took place at the patient's home (85.9%). Patients with head injuries were more likely to be admitted relative to patients who didn't suffer head injuries (P < .01). Concerning primary diagnosis, patients who suffered fractures and internal organ injuries were more likely to be admitted relative to patients without the respective injuries (P < .01). On the contrary, patients who suffered lacerations were less likely to be admitted than patients who did not suffer lacerations (P < .01). After controlling for all possible covariates, fracture (OR, 12.31; P < .01) was independently associated with increased odds of admission. Additionally, compared to all other injuries, fractures were roughly 21 times (P < .05) more likely to get admitted. Patients under 18 were less likely to suffer an internal organ injury relative to patients age 18 or older (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Head and neck injuries secondary to pogo sticks illustrated a predilection to the head. Fractures were the culprit behind the significantly increased odds of admission. Hence, all sectors of society should conceive different measures and implement them to protect against skull fractures (ie, helmet). Despite the decline in popularity of pogo sticks over the last two decades, all remaining riders should wear a helmet as religiously as bicycles or scooter riders to protect against skull fractures.

Stepping into Trouble: Craniomaxillofacial Trauma in the Geriatric Population From Stairway Falls.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to determine what potential factors are associated with increased risk of hospital admission among the geriatric population who suffer stairway falls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a 10-year cross-sectional study that was conducted using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS). Entries whose primary product was categorized under the code 1239 (stairs or steps) were included in this study. Reports were excluded if the injury did not occur within the craniomaxillofacial region. The principal outcome variable was admission rate. Patient and injury characteristics were compared using χ2 and independent sample t tests. RESULTS: Admission rates were significantly associated with sex (P < .01), age group (P < .01), race (P < .05), craniomaxillofacial region (P < .01), and primary diagnosis (P < .01). Relative to the females, males (OR, 1.458; P < .01) were independently associated with an increased odds of admission. Relative to patients aged 65 to 69 years old, patients aged 70 to 79 (OR, 1.247; P < .01), 80 to 89 (OR, 1.438; P < .01), and 90 & over (OR, 1.569; P < .01) were each independently associated with an increased odds of admission. Relative to white patients, black patients (OR, 1.238; P < .01) were each independently associated with an increased odds of admission. Relative to mouth injuries, eyeball injuries (OR, 4.574; P < .01) and head injuries (OR, 4.105; P < .01) were independent risk factors for admission. Relative to abrasions, fractures (OR, 6.013; P < .01) and internal organ injuries (OR, 4.814; P < .01) were each independently associated with an increased odds of admission. CONCLUSIONS: Age, gender, craniomaxillofacial region, type of injury, and primary diagnosis are all independent risk factors for hospital admissions. Preventative measures need to be taken to safeguard the older geriatric population from craniomaxillofacial trauma associated with stairway falls.

Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma in the Maxilla: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is a rare high-grade variant of chondrosarcoma distinguished by its aggressive nature. Molecular studies aid in establishing the diagnosis. We present a case report of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma in the maxilla of a 39-year-old male patient and a literature review of 42 gnathic cases of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma with a discussion of clinical, imaging, microscopic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features.