[Hygienic principles of the design of the space and architectural environment of kindergartens].

In the article there are considered current requirements for the design of the architectural environment of preschool institutions. These requirements provide conditions ofpreservation and promotion of health ofpreschool children. Among them are: the association of rooms according to a functional purpose; division of children collectives according to the age; rational placement of main rooms for the prevention ofpenetration of noise and pollution; ensuring convenientfunctional connections between different premises and group rooms and the parcel ofpreschool institutions; optimal solution of the light mode; rational air and thermal mode. There are made proposals for the expansion of the list of hygienic principles of the design of buildings of kindergartens: provision of conditions for realization of physical activity of children, the safe use of electronic educational equipment, and the creation of the barrier-free environment. There was established the insufficiency of areas of group rooms for the realization of voluntary motor activity of children in modern kindergartens and the need of the revision of the standard of the area of the group room per one child.

[HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF STUDIES OF PRESCHOOLERS WITH THE USE OF PC TABLETS].

In the article there are presented the results ofphysiological and hygienic evaluation of studies in kindergarten with the use of educational games on an electronic PC tablet. The study involved 44 foster-children. In one of the groups children in the classroom used the interactive game software on electronic PC tablets "Samsung", the same time while working with the PC tablet did not exceed 10 minutes, in the other--the classes were held traditionally. There were investigated the state of health, psychosomatic and psycho-emotional state of children, determined their functional readiness for systematic training in school, mental performance, the functional state of the central nervous system (CNS) by simple visual-motor reaction (SVMR) and reactions to a moving object (RDO). Developing ofgame sessions with the use of electronic PC tablets for 10 minutes were established to contribute to the activation of the central nervous system and increase in children resistance to the development of fatigue.

[HYGIENIC REGULATION OF THE USE OF ELECTRONIC EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES IN THE MODERN SCHOOL].

We studied the effect of academic studies with the use a notebook computer and interactive whiteboard on the functional state of an organism of schoolchildren. Using a complex of hygienic and physiological methods of the study we established that regulation of the computer activity of students must take into account not only duration but its intensity either. Design features of a notebook computer were shown both to impede keeping the optimal working posture in primary school children and increase the risk offormation of disorders of vision and musculoskeletal system. There were established the activating influence of the interactive whiteboard on performance activities and favorable dynamics of indices of the functional state of the organism of students under keeping optimal density of the academic study and the duration of its use. There are determined safety regulations of the work of schoolchildren with electronic resources in the educational process.

[Justification of regulations for the use of computers with LCD monitor during academic studies].

In the article there are reported the results of studies of the effect on the functional state of the body of schoolchildren curriculum with the use of personal computers with LCD monitors. The resistance to the development of visual and general fatigue in schoolchildren -users of personal computers with LCD monitors was found to be higher because they provide a more favorable environment for visual work in comparison with monitors based on cathode-ray tube. The use of LED lighting in classrooms contributes to the creation a more favorable light environment than in fluorescent lighting and reduces fatigable impact (both general and visual) of classes with the use of personal computers.

[New methodological approach to hygienic audit of learning and upbringing environment for children in educational institutions].

A methodical approach to the hygienic assessment of the educational environment in children's educational institutions was developed and tested for the objective determination of the level ofsanitary and epidemiological welfare and effective planning of preventive measures with bearing in mind environmental factors which have the most negative impact on children's health.

[Hygienic aspects of the use of LED light sources for general illumination in schools].

For the time present becoming more common semiconductor sources of artificial lighting has become a more and more frequent practice. With the aim to study the impact of LEDs on the health of schoolchildren studies in experimental conditions (specially equipped classrooms) were performed. The comparative analysis of the state of vision, mental health and emotional state of pupils in primary, middle and high schools under fluorescent and LED lighting, meeting to the regulatory requirements, has revealed that the physiological cost of schooling in the use of LED units in classrooms is lower than in a traditional, fluorescent lighting.

[Hygienic assessment of innovation procedures for lesson scheduling at school].

Hygienic assessment has established that education, by using innovation procedures for school lesson scheduling, diminishes the weariness of a schooling load and optimizes the pupils' psychosomatic status and school routine.

[Health-preserving capacities of pedagogical technologies].

The hygienic evaluation of pedagogical technology for teaching under the active sensory-developing environment and the Intellect technology showed that their implementation caused a reduction in the fatiguing effect of an educational load, by optimizing the organization of a teaching process and enhancing the functional capacities of pupils.

[Medico-prophylactic foundations of the safety of information and communication technologies used in educational institutions].

The problems pertaining to the safety of information and communication technologies used in the spheres of education and leisure activities of children and adolescents are discussed. The relevant risk factors are identified. Results of physiological and hygienic studies for substantiating regulations of continuous work with a personal computer are presented taking into account the children's age and hygienic requirements to electronic teaching aids.

[New schooling standards from the standpoint of child and adolescent hygiene].

Children and adolescents spend most of their time at school. Hence, the importance of cause and effect relationship in the "child's health-organization of academic activity" system especially because innovative approaches to teaching are being offered to children many of whom have serious health problems. New schooling standards are intended to improve the quality of school education, prepare children to integration into community life, promote their health, and provide psychological comfort during school years. Realization of the newly proposed curricula is impossible unless hygienic requirements for safe school environment are fulfilled. These requirements must be constituent components of new schooling standards and cover the totality of programs, methods, technologies, and training appliances as well as ambient conditions (school buildings, light, air, and heat regimes), arrangements for catering, motor activity, and leisure.

[Current problems of school education and ways of its hygienic optimization].

The aim of the study was to analyse effects of various innovative forms of school education on the health status and functional abilities of children and adolescents. Enhanced academic loads are shown to be the most unfavourable factor of the school environment. The main consequences of excess teaching load are shortened motor and outdoor activities of the children, smaller duration of night sleep. Optimization of academic routine (alternation of studies and holidays), modular structure of school calendar might help to reduce fatigue during school hours. Hygienic estimates of different variants of specialized education are obtained. Scientifically sound hygienic requirements are proposed to be applied to the organization of academic activities in a new type of educational institutions, full-day schools.

[Hygienic requirements for work organization of full-day schools].

Physiological and hygienic studies under the conditions of a natural hygienic experiment were conducted to examine different variants of the organization of work of new types of general educational establishments--full-day schools. Over 580 pupils from 5 full-day schools were followed up. Organization of teaching children at full-day schools was found to mainly correspond to the age-related capabilities of pupils from primary and secondary classes. Of vital importance for maintenance of mental performance, good emotional and psychosomatic states are the organization of the intraschool environment, including a school plot, as well as the conditions for realization of additional education, motor activity of children, and recess. Health keeping in pupils from full-day schools is favored by the reduction in the duration of lessons to 35 minutes and day sleep for first-form children, the decrease in the number of pupils in a class, outdoor physical exercises in the middle of a school day (a primary school) and strolls after lessons, three meals a day, balanced additional education, medicopsychological accompaniment, optimization of studies and rest in children during a school year.

[Hygienic problems of specialized training at high school].

Different variants of teaching organization at high school have been studied on the basis of a comparative analysis. The 10th-form pupils of specialized classes have been established to have a lower level of mental performance than those of the same age from general educational classes. This is associated with the drastic increase in a weekly summary educational load as compared with that in a ninth form, which was characteristic of the pupils of specialized classes; their educational load is increased by 8.5 hours whereas that is by 2.5 hours in those of educational classes. The adaptation of the pupils of specialized classes to new specialized educational conditions is completed by the 11th form, as suggested by the positive changes in their mental performance. The study of different models of specialized education organization has revealed that a multispecialized model that can individualize an academic process to a greater extent is hygienically most favorable. Recommendations have been developed for the hygienic optimization of an academic process at high school.

[Modern military school education sociomedical analysis].

The sociomedical status of senior military school students was studied, by examining the formed stereotype of a healthy lifestyle, spiritual and patriotic values, as well as physical health indices. It was established that among the significant spiritual and patriotic values, most (62.3%) cadets reported love for their country in the first three places: 68.4% of the schoolchildren called physical health; 47.6% put a readiness at defending the motherland in the first three places while 53.9% named physical health. Psychoemotional studies revealed a low level of anxiety and neurotization in the cadets than in the schoolchildren. Physical health studies (hand muscle strength, vital capacity, hypoxic resistance) indicated that the senior military school students had higher fitness than the general educational school children. These differences in the physical health indices of the adolescents are chiefly associated with the greater attention given by the cadets to their physical education than that shown by the general educational schoolchildren.

[The physiological and hygienic problems of the computerization of school instruction]. / Fiziologicheskie i gigienicheskie problemy komp'iuterizatsii shkol'nogo obucheniia.

The paper gives the findings of the long-term computer study of the influence of the lessons with computer on the functional state of schoolchildren of different ages. Regularities in the change of the working capacity and the functional state of children under the influence of computer lessons have been determined. It has been shown that the adaptation to computer activity takes place according to age. Schoolchildren aged 7 and 10-11 years have a lot of difficulties in adaptation. The degree of fatigue depends on the conditions of the lessons with computer, on the display type, duration, maintenance and regime of the lessons. The differential hygienic regulations of the optimum continuous duration of the lessons with computer during educational and extra educational time.

[Hygiene of contemporary preschool education]. / Gigienicheskie problemy sovremennogo doshkol'nogo vospitaniia.

The case study deals with the health status of children at preschool educational facilities as observed in the 80-ies of the last century and early in the new century; besides, an elaboration of hygienic regulations applicable to the training-and-education effects produced on organisms of contemporary trainees of such facilities for as long as 3 to 7 years with due respect to the education modernization campaign (now underway in the country) is in the focus of attention.

[Evaluation of the results of reconstructive operations in patients with occlusive diseases of the abdominal aorta and its branches]. / Otsenka rezul'tatov rekonstruktivnykh operatsii u bol'nykh s okkliuzionnymi zabolevaniiami briushnoi aorty i ee vetvei.

The article deals with the results of studying regional microcirculation in 550 patients with chronic arterial insufficiency. Radioisotope study of blood flow in the muscles with isotopes 131I or 133Xe before and after muscular exertion, morpho-histological++ study of biopsies from a skeletal muscle, histochemical and ultrastructural study of the microcirculatory channel were carried out. Analysis of the findings made it possible to distinguish, according to the changes in circulation in the tissues, three clinical groups of patients (compensated, subcompensated, and decompensated), to determine the indications and contraindications for various types of reconstructive operations, and to prognosticate with high authenticity the outcome of the disease.

[Present-day technology of teaching schoolchildren and its impact on their health]. / Sovremennaia tekhnologiia obucheniia shkol'nikov i ee vliianie na zdorov'e.

Some latest pedagogical technologies and regimens for teaching schoolchildren are hygienically assessed. Health-saving principles of school education are substantiated and formulated.

[Hygienic rationale for the new pattern of a school year]. / Gigienicheskoe obosnovanie novoi struktury uchebnogo goda v shkole.

Many hygienic studies have indicated that the traditional structure of a school year, which exists at educational establishments and which is divided into four school terms that are unequal in duration does not correspond to the physiological capacities of most schoolchildren. The new structure of a school year under which (1-week) vocations are held every 5-6 weeks of study is outlined. The regular alternation of the periods of study and rest was ascertained to promote to the higher stability of the parameters of pupils' working capacity within the school year as compared with its traditional division into four terms. There is evidence that the new calendar of school vocations, as compared to the traditional one, has a health-promoting effect, which is determined by the lower incidence rates of acute diseases, by the less tension of cardiovascular tonogenic tension, by the preservation of higher adaptive capacities in the pupils at the end of a school year, by the lower incidence rates of increased and high neurotization in the pupils, by their more steady-state psychoemotional status and higher performance in studies.

[Stress in school children: causes, consequences, prophylaxis]. / Stress u shkol'nikov: prichiny, posledstviia, profilaktika.

The article presents main causes of stress within school education. Ability to work and health state of schoolchildren appeared to be disordered by study overload, authoritarian teaching style, traditional exams and underdeveloped significant mental skills at the study beginning.