Outcomes of sinonasal mucosal melanomas with endoscopic and open resection: a retrospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: To compare the outcomes of Sinonasal Mucosal Melanomas (SNMM) treated with endoscopic and open resection. METHODS: A retrospective case review of 20 patients with SNMM treated surgically at UCSF. Kaplan-Meier analyses were calculated to determine outcome differences in endoscopic vs. open resections. RESULTS: From 2005 to 2014, 20 cases of SNMM were confirmed and treated at UCSF. All cases underwent surgical resection, with 10 cases by open resection and 10 cases by endoscopic resection. Using Kaplan-Meier analyses, the open resection group had a 1-year survival of 30% whereas endoscopic resection group was 80% (p = 0.032). Endoscopic resection showed improved survival at all time points after surgery compared to open resection. CONCLUSION: SNMM is a rare and aggressive tumor that is associated with low survival rates. In this small case series, endoscopic resection had improved survival outcomes compared to open resection.

Contemporary Management of Parapharyngeal Tumors.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Management of parapharyngeal tumors is challenging due to the complex anatomic nature of the space and the wide range of pathologies encountered. This article will review the anatomy, common pathologies, and management of parapharyngeal masses. Surgical strategies are also reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS: Masses of the parapharyngeal space are most commonly benign (80%). More recent longitudinal studies have shown that observation and non-surgical therapy are indicated in many cases. When surgery is indicated, innovative endoscopic and robotic-assisted techniques allow for improved visualization and complete tumor removal while avoiding significant blood loss, tumor spillage, and injury to surrounding nerves and vessels. Management of parapharyngeal masses should consider morbidity of surgical resection versus the natural course of the disease. Surgical strategy is determined by location, size, and pathology. Adequate access is needed surgically to ensure complete resection and avoid tumor rupture.

Can Early Dental Extractions Reduce Delays in Postoperative Radiation for Patients With Advanced Oral Cavity Carcinoma?

PURPOSE: This study sought to evaluate the effect of early extractions on the timing of postoperative radiation (PORT) for patients with advanced oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma who required resection, free flap reconstruction, and dental extractions in a 10-year period were retrospectively reviewed. The study included patients who preoperatively had advanced disease that indicated the need for adjuvant radiation as defined by an advanced clinical T category (T3 or T4a) or clinical N category (N2a or above). Multivariate logistic regression models were created to estimate the risk factors for initiation of PORT greater than 6 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients were included. Thirteen patients underwent early extractions (before or at the time of surgery). Twenty-one patients underwent extractions after surgery. Extractions included all teeth with periodontal disease within the expected field of radiation. Most patients underwent full-mouth extractions (91.1%). PORT was initiated at greater than 6 weeks in 30.8% of patients in the early cohort, whereas 72.4% of patients in the late group experienced a delay (P = .02). Early extractions were significantly associated with a decreased risk of PORT delay. No increase in operating room time occurred for patients who underwent same-day extractions. CONCLUSIONS: Early involvement of the dental oncology department and oral-maxillofacial surgeons can aid in the timely delivery of care for patients with advanced oral cavity cancer.

Surgeon-performed ultrasound for the assessment of parotid masses.

BACKGROUND: Studies on parotid gland ultrasound assessments performed specifically by surgeons are seldom reported. METHODS: Retrospective series of a single academic surgeon experience, analyzing 70 new parotid masses with evaluable preoperative SP-US characteristics, location measurements, and perioperative events. RESULTS: 31/70 masses were malignant. SP-US characteristics significantly associated with both malignancy and positive margins included extraparenchymal extension, irregular borders, hypervascularity, infiltration, and the lack of deep enhancement. The larger the skin-to-deep-aspect-of-tumor distance, the more likely the tumor was deep to FN. For the 39 cytologically benign tumors, neither CT nor MRI provided additional information to change management except for full delineation of parapharyngeal space extension in 2 cases. CONCLUSION: SP-US can help predict parotid mass benignity/malignancy, positive margin risk, and tumor relation to FN. SP-US may be used as the sole imaging in cytologically benign tumors unless the deep tumor extent cannot be identified.

Hypoglossal nerve stimulation rescue surgery after multiple multilevel procedures for obstructive sleep apnea.

Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HNS) is a new procedure offered for the treatment of moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) that has been shown to decrease the severity and symptoms of OSA in select patients. We report on a case of a patient with persistent symptoms and findings of OSA despite a history of multiple multilevel procedures, including an uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) with revision, a genioglossus advancement, and a maxillomandibular advancement. The patient then underwent HNS with significant improvement of his symptoms and severity. The success of this patient's HNS surgery demonstrates that we need to examine where HNS fits into the approach to surgery for OSA. There could be benefit to considering cranial nerve stimulation earlier than conventional approaches for select patients.

Elective management of the N0 neck in maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate adequacy of radiation therapy alone to the neck in patients with maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma (MS-SCC) without clinical evidence of regional metastasis. METHODS: Retrospective review between 2000 and 2018 from a single high-volume tertiary academic head and neck cancer center of all patients with MS-SCC. RESULTS: A total of 55 patients were treated for MS-SCC at our center. A clinically uninvolved neck on presentation was found in 46 patients (83.6%) in the initial dataset. Of the 39 patients with radiologic N0 disease who were treated with primary surgical resection, 15.4% (6 patients) did not undergo any treatment of the neck, 2.6% (1 patient) underwent a neck dissection only, 69.2% (27 patients) received RT only, and 12.8% (5 patients) were treated with both a neck dissection followed by RT. Median follow-up was 26 months (mean 48 months, interquartile range 9-76 months). Five-year overall survival of all patients with N0 necks treated with upfront surgical resection was 46.5% (95% CI, 32.3%-66.9%). No patients with N0 necks had isolated regional recurrence regardless of neck management. CONCLUSIONS: Regional recurrence is rare for patients with radiologic N0 MS-SCC. Single-modality elective neck radiation provides excellent regional disease control in these patients.

Laryngeal Hyposensitivity in Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

INTRODUCTION: Impaired laryngopharyngeal sensation has been implicated in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and may play an important pathophysiological role. We evaluated sensory function in OSA by examining the laryngeal adductor reflex (LAR) response rate and temporal profile to tactile stimulation. METHODS: Laryngeal sensation testing was performed in awake adults with and without diagnosed OSA by stimulating the medial aryepiglottic fold or arytenoid using 30-mm 5-0 and 4-0 nylon Cheung-Bearelly monofilaments. Video analysis by two independent reviewers evaluated for the presence of the LAR in response to satisfactory stimuli and LAR latency to vocal fold adduction. RESULTS: Twenty-six OSA and 12 control subjects were tested with 270 satisfactory stimuli. The mean full LAR response rate to 4-0 stimulation was 38.3% in OSA vs 86.9% in control subjects (p <0.001) and to 5-0 stimulation was 27% in OSA vs 63.9% in control subjects (p <0.001). The mean LAR latency to vocal fold closure in OSA was 123.7 ms (SD 35.8) vs 156.4 ms (SD 44.3) in control (p = 0.04) subjects. OSA LAR latency was positively correlated with the apnea-hypopnea index (r = 0.30; p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: The OSA group exhibited reduced LAR response rates and shortened LAR latency, where latency was correlated with disease severity. Laryngeal hyposensitivity was affirmed and changes to LAR sensorimotor temporal dynamics were revealed. These pathophysiological alterations to the LAR may be accounted for by decreased somatosensory receptor sensitivity, increased sympathetic tone, and reorganized brain stem function in OSA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Laryngoscope, 134:3856-3861, 2024.

Stabilization of Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis with Pembrolizumab Therapy: A Case Report.

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a benign neoplastic disease of the respiratory tract that is caused by human papilloma virus (HPV). The current standard of care is surgical excision with adjuvant treatment as needed. Multiple adjuvant treatments have been used with some success, but long-term control of disease remains difficult. We report on a case of a patient with a long history of RRP who had stabilized true vocal fold disease while on pembrolizumab for concurrent early stage lung squamous cell carcinoma.

Assessment of Laryngeal Sensory Function using a Tactile Aesthesiometer in Healthy Adults.

INTRODUCTION: Laryngeal sensory function in healthy adults was assessed through the delivery of tactile stimuli using Cheung-Bearelly monofilaments. METHODS: 37 healthy adults were recruited with 340 tactile stimuli analyzed. Four calibrated tactile stimuli were delivered to three laryngeal sites: false vocal fold (FVF), aryepiglottic fold (AEF), and lateral pyriform sinus (LPS). Primary outcome was the elicitation of laryngeal adductor reflex (LAR). Secondary outcomes were gag, patient-reported laryngeal sensation (PRLS), and perceptual strength. Analysis was performed with mixed effects logistic regression modeling. RESULTS: Positive LAR was observed in 35.7%, 70.2%, and 91.2% of stimuli at LPS, AEF, and FVF respectively. LAR rates were significantly associated with laryngopharyngeal subsite (p < 0.001), tactile force (p = 0.001), age (p = 0.022) and sex (p = 0.022). LAR, gag, PRLS, and perceptual strength significantly increased as a more medial laryngeal subsite was stimulated and as stimulus force increased. Each of the ten years of age increase was associated with 19% reduction in odds of LAR (aOR = 0.81, 95% CI [0.68, 0.97]; p = 0.022). Male gender was associated with a 55% reduction in odds of LAR (aOR = 0.45, 95% CI [0.23, 0.89]; p = 0.022). CONCLUSION: LAR elicitation capability decreases in the male gender, aging, and a more lateral subsite. This study provides insight into the pathophysiology of hypo- and hyper-sensitive laryngeal disorders and is paramount to making accurate diagnostic assessments and finding novel treatment options for various laryngological disorders. Laryngoscope, 133:2525-2532, 2023.

Expert Consensus Statement: Management of Dysphagia in Head and Neck Cancer Patients.

OBJECTIVE: To develop an expert consensus statement (ECS) on the management of dysphagia in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients to address controversies and offer opportunities for quality improvement. Dysphagia in HNC was defined as swallowing impairment in patients with cancers of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, or hypopharynx. METHODS: Development group members with expertise in dysphagia followed established guidelines for developing ECS. A professional search strategist systematically reviewed the literature, and the best available evidence was used to compose consensus statements targeted at providers managing dysphagia in adult HNC populations. The development group prioritized topics where there was significant practice variation and topics that would improve the quality of HNC patient care if consensus were possible. RESULTS: The development group identified 60 candidate consensus statements, based on 75 initial proposed topics and questions, that focused on addressing the following high yield topics: (1) risk factors, (2) screening, (3) evaluation, (4) prevention, (5) interventions, and (6) surveillance. After 2 iterations of the Delphi survey and the removal of duplicative statements, 48 statements met the standardized definition for consensus; 12 statements were designated as no consensus. CONCLUSION: Expert consensus was achieved for 48 statements pertaining to risk factors, screening, evaluation, prevention, intervention, and surveillance for dysphagia in HNC patients. Clinicians can use these statements to improve quality of care, inform policy and protocols, and appreciate areas where there is no consensus. Future research, ideally randomized controlled trials, is warranted to address additional controversies related to dysphagia in HNC patients.

Hepatitis C as a Potential Risk Factor for Adverse Surgical Outcomes in Head and Neck Free Tissue Transfer Reconstruction.

Background: Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with an increased risk of developing head and neck cancer (HNC), and negatively impacts cancer-specific survival. Objective: To measure the impact of HCV status on free tissue transfer failure, flap takeback, and length of stay in HNC patients undergoing reconstruction. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent head and neck free tissue transfer reconstruction at a single academic institution between August 2011 and June 2020. Results: In the HCV-infected group, total flap failure rate was 2.9% versus 1.3% in the control group and the takeback rate was 11.1% versus 9.6%. On multivariate analysis, HCV status was not associated with flap failure, flap takeback, or total length of hospital stay >7 days. Conclusion: In this study, HCV status was not associated with differences in postoperative complications or length of stay. Future research with greater numbers of HCV-positive study subjects is required to elucidate the effect of HCV infection in this patient population.

Implementation of Telemedicine in a Laryngology Practice During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned, Experiences Shared.

OBJECTIVES: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 has posed significant limitations and barriers to providing in-person healthcare. We aim to provide a summary of learned experiences and important considerations for implementing and offering telehealth to provide laryngology subspecialty care during the COVID-19 pandemic and thereafter. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four laryngologists and a voice-specialized speech-language pathologist from a tertiary-care academic Voice and Swallowing Center were engaged in a structured group consensus conference. Participants shared input, experiences, and practice patterns employed via telemedicine (via telephone or video-communication) during the early COVID-19 era. RESULTS: Key identified areas of consideration when offering telemedicine included (1) how to set up and structure a telemedicine visit and maintain patient confidentiality, (2) patient examination and treatment initiation, (3) optimization of the tele-visit, (4) limitations and recognition of when a tele-visit is insufficient for patient care needs, (5) billing/reimbursement considerations. Group consensus for the aforementioned topics is summarized and discussed. CONCLUSION: During the COVID-19 pandemic, a telemedicine model can be effectively employed to improve patient access to subspecialty laryngology care, including a multidisciplinary care approach, with initiation of various therapeutic interventions. A major limitation given the preclusion of in-person assessment is the lack of access to laryngoscopy, which can likely be delayed safely in the majority of individuals.

Access Challenge Index: A Novel Disparity Measure Predictive of Language Outcomes in Children Who Are Deaf/Hard of Hearing.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of demographic disparities on language outcomes in a diverse group of children who are deaf or hard of hearing. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital (a tertiary care center). METHODS: Forty-four patients aged <18 years were identified with sensorineural hearing loss managed with a behind-the-ear hearing aid or cochlear implant. Demographic and clinical data were extracted from the medical record. The primary outcome measure was the Preschool Language Scales-5 at least 6 months after intervention. Predictors of language outcome were assessed: hearing level at the time of hearing intervention, cochlear implant status, age of identification and intervention, travel time to site of hearing care, home language, race/ethnicity, insurance type, and Access Challenge Index-a novel measure of educational environment and family support based on the Child Cochlear Implant Profile. Multivariate and univariate analysis assessed predictors for association with intervention and receptive, expressive, and total language scores. RESULTS: Overall 82% of patients had cochlear implants. The median age at hearing intervention was 12 months. The sample was 59% female, 52% non-White, and 61% publicly insured, and 20% had a non-English primary home language. Accounting for multiple demographic and clinical predictors, a high Access Challenge Index score was independently associated with longer time to intervention (P = .01) and poorer language outcomes (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Access Challenge Index-a novel comprehensive measure of educational and family environment-is a strong independent predictor of language outcomes in children who are deaf or hard of hearing.

Laryngeal Adductor Reflex Movement Latency Following Tactile Stimulation.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the latency of laryngeal adductor reflex (LAR) motion onset at 2 laryngopharyngeal subsites using calibrated aesthesiometers. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Academic institution. METHODS: Twenty-one asymptomatic, healthy subjects (11 male, 10 female) underwent laryngopharyngeal sensory testing with tactile stimuli delivered to the aryepiglottic fold and medial pyriform sinus using 30-mm Cheung-Bearelly monofilaments (4-0 and 5-0 nylon sutures) via channeled flexible laryngoscope. The LAR onset latency, defined as the first visual detection of ipsilateral vocal fold adduction following tactile stimulation, was measured with frame-by-frame analysis of video recordings. RESULTS: The overall mean LAR latency across both subsites and stimulation forces was 176.6 (95% CI, 170.3-183.0) ms, without significant difference between subsites or forces. The critical value for LAR response latency prolongation at the .01 significance level was 244 ms. At 30 frames/s video capture resolution, LAR response latency ≥8 frame intervals would indicate abnormal prolongation. CONCLUSION: Aesthesiometer-triggered LAR latency appears to be invariant over an 8.7-dB force range and between the aryepiglottic fold and medial pyriform sinus subsites in controls. Laryngeal adductor reflex latency incongruences between stimulation forces or laryngopharyngeal subsites may serve as pathophysiological features to dissect mechanisms of upper aerodigestive tract disorders. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3B.

Aesthesiometer-Based Testing for Laryngopharyngeal Hyposensitivity.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To develop a method for threshold estimation of the laryngeal adductor reflex (LAR) response using Cheung-Bearelly monofilaments. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional. METHODS: Twenty-two healthy adults (12 men, 10 women) were tested for LAR response outcome using 30 mm 5-0 and 4-0 nylon monofilaments. Tactile stimuli were delivered to the aryepiglottic (AE) fold and medial pyriform sinus (MPS). Dichotomous classifier features and performance (area under the curve (AUC)), the LAR response outcome agreement and disagreement matrix, and test-retest reliability were examined. From those data, a test protocol that would minimize patient burden to estimate the LAR triggering threshold was formulated. RESULTS: Classifier performance of 5-0 monofilament stimulation of the AE fold (sensitivity = 0.63, specificity = 0.63, PPV = 0.74, NPV = 0.25) and MPS (sensitivity = 0.45, specificity = 0.77, PPV = 0.74, NPV = 0.23,) was slightly below that of 4-0 monofilament stimulation of the AE fold (sensitivity = 0.82, specificity = 0.50, PPV = 0.82, NPV = 0.50) and MPS (sensitivity = 0.84, specificity = 0.64, PPV = 0.90, NPV = 0.56), based on AUC. LAR response outcome agreement for 5-0 and 4-0 stimulations was high (93%) for 5-0 positive response, but low (29%) for 5-0 negative response. Aesthesiometer test-retest reliability for LAR response outcome was excellent (Cronbach's alpha = 0.97). CONCLUSIONS: Threshold estimation of the LAR response may be operationalized by adopting a decision tree protocol. For negative LAR response to initial 5-0 monofilament stimulation and positive response to subsequent 4-0 monofilament stimulation, the higher threshold is confirmed. Positive LAR response to 5-0 or 4-0 monofilament stimulation is expected in over 90% of asymptomatic adults. Negative LAR response to 4-0 monofilament stimulation identifies patients at risk for laryngopharyngeal hyposensitivity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3b Laryngoscope, 132:163-168, 2022.

Bradley's Benzedrine studies on children with behavioral disorders.

In 1937, psychiatrist Charles Bradley administered Benzedrine sulfate, an amphetamine, to "problem" children at the Emma Pendleton Bradley Home in Providence, Rhode Island, in an attempt to alleviate headaches; however, Bradley noticed an unexpected effect upon the behavior of the children: improved school performance, social interactions, and emotional responses. Drawing on Bradley's published articles on his experiments, this paper explores the historical context of his experiments and the effect this background had on the emerging field of child psychiatry. Bradley's studies went largely ignored in the field of child psychiatry for nearly 25 years. However, they proved to be an important precursor to studies of amphetamines like Ritalin and their use in conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Bradley's Benzedrine trials were thus highly influential in shaping modern objective understandings of children with behavior disorders.

PET/CT in Surgical Planning for Head and Neck Cancer.

Fluorine-18 (18F)-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography fused with computed tomography (PET/CT) is a valuable tool in surgical planning for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). If performed prior to biopsy or other surgical intervention, FDG-PET/CT has high sensitivity for the detection of the primary site in patients with cervical lymph node metastases from unknown primary origin and can be used to direct the surgical workup. FDG-PET/CT is superior to CT alone for detection of nodal metastases outside the expected pattern or distant metastases or second primary cancers and can greatly affect determination of appropriate management including surgical eligibility. Prior to the advent of PET/CT, many patients undergoing (chemo)radiation-based therapy had planned post-treatment neck dissection; FDG-PET/CT now has a proven role in the evaluation of recurrent or persistent disease amenable to salvage surgery and enables safe avoidance of planned postradiation neck dissection with a high negative predictive value. Specifically for this important application, two standardized reporting metrics may be used in the head and neck anatomic region: the "Hopkins criteria" and the "Neck Imaging Reporting and Data System"; both systems produce a formalized evaluation and recommendation based on PET/CT findings. The role of PET/CT as a replacement for elective neck dissection or examination under anesthesia remains controversial but deserves further study. FDG-PET/CT has a wide-ranging impact on the surgical management of patients with HNSCC and should be used routinely in patients with unknown primary nodal disease and those presenting with advanced-stage cancers at initial staging and to assess treatment response.

Botulinum toxin for chronic parotid sialadenitis: A case series and systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate salivary gland chemodenervation with botulinum toxin in chronic parotid sialadenitis. METHODS: Patients who underwent parotid gland chemodenervation for chronic sialadenitis due to duct stenosis refractory to siaendoscopy were reviewed (case series). Additionally, a systematic review of the literature on botulinum toxin injection for chronic parotid sialadenitis was performed. Inclusion criteria included studies containing original data on botulinum toxin injections in patients with chronic sialadenitis symptoms. RESULTS: Sialadenitis symptoms from 10 patients with 13 affected parotid glands were examined. All had duct stenosis diagnosed on sialendoscopy, refractory sialadenitis symptoms, and received parotid onabotulinum toxin injection(s) (median dose 65U). Of patients with 3-month follow-up, 78% reported significant improvement in symptoms. Mean Chronic Obstructive Sialadenitis Symptoms (COSS) Score improved at 3 months post-injection (47-25.9, P = .039) with significant reduction in gland pain frequency and gland swelling severity. No patients had a facial nerve paralysis or increased xerostomia. With the systematic review, 518 abstracts were reviewed and 11 studies met inclusion criteria and included case series or case reports with a total of 40 patients treated with botulinum toxin for chronic parotitis. Thirty-four out of a total of 35 patients in the studies (97%) reported complete (9, 26%) or partial (25, 71%) improvement in sialadenitis symptoms with minimal complications. CONCLUSION: Parotid gland chemodenervation with botulinum toxin is a minimally invasive treatment option for symptomatic chronic sialadenitis refractory to medical treatment or sialendoscopy. Botulinum toxin injections alleviate gland pain and swelling associated with salivary obstruction and provide an alternative to parotidectomy for recurrent sialadenitis.Level of evidence: 4.

Novel Adaptation of a Validated Tactile Aesthesiometer to Evaluate Laryngopharyngeal Sensation.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate laryngopharyngeal sensation at specific subsites using a novel adaptation of a buckling force aesthesiometer for delivery of calibrated tactile stimuli. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional. METHODS: Twenty-two healthy adults (12 men, 10 women) were tested for responses to tactile forces, using 30-mm 6-0, 5-0, and 4-0 nylon monofilaments to map sensation of the aryepiglottic (AE) fold, lateral pyriform sinus (PS), and medial PS bilaterally. The outcome measures were the laryngeal adductor reflex (LAR) and patient reported rating of perceptual strength. RESULTS: Rates of triggered LAR response grew monotonically with increasing tactile force at a mean (SD) stimulus duration of 663 (164) msec across all three subsites. The AE fold and medial PS had similar profiles and were the most responsive, while the lateral PS was the least responsive. Low force (6-0) response rate was ≤14% for all subsites. High force (4-0) response rate was 91% for AE fold and medial PS, and 23% for lateral PS. The perceptual strength gradient was in the lateral to medial trajectory. CONCLUSION: Normative data for LAR response rates to low, medium, and high stimulation forces will be useful to assess sensory dysfunction in a variety of laryngopharyngeal disorders, including aspiration, dysphagia, chronic cough, and spasmodic dysphonia. In turn, that information will guide the creation of innovative treatments. LAR response profiles to low and high force stimuli will inform the development of screening tools to diagnose laryngopharyngeal hypersensitivity and hyposensitivity conditions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3b Laryngoscope, 131:1324-1331, 2021.

Temporalis Tendon Transfer/Lengthening Temporalis Myoplasty for Midfacial Static and Dynamic Reanimation After Head and Neck Oncologic Surgery.

Importance: Facial nerve paralysis is an unfortunate, yet relatively common sequela in the treatment of head and neck cancer. Static options for reanimation of the paralyzed midface and oral commissure offer limited quality-of-life improvement and may stretch over time. Reinnervation offers a prolonged recovery and may not be possible among patients with advanced cancer or in salvage situations. Objective: To determine the improvement in resting tone and dynamic excursion gained by use of temporalis tendon transfer (TTT) and lengthening temporalis myoplasty (LTM) for facial nerve reanimation among patients undergoing oncologic head and neck cancer surgery. Design, Setting, and Participants: We present the largest series of primary and secondary TTT operations with prolonged photographic and video-based data with analysis enabled by FaceGram open-source quantitative methodology. This was achieved using preoperative and postoperative digital photographs of each patient at rest and full smile excursion. Using the JAVA-based program Facegram v1.0, measurements were taken of the oral commissure in relation to a line tangent to the inferior border of the lower lip. All operations were performed at the University of California, San Francisco, following oncologic resections between April 2011 and June 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures: Quantitative analysis of facial measurement with Facegram. Results: Of the 32 patients in our series, 19 (59.4%) were male and 13 (40.6%) were female. The average age was 71.3 ± 10 years. There was a mean 4.89 mm (p < 0.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.78-6.99) increase in height of affected side oral commissure compared with preoperative measurements during full smile excursion, and a 3.05 mm (p < 0.04, 95% CI: 0.22-5.87) increase in horizontal excursion of smile vector. There was also a significant increase in static support at rest, measuring an average of 5.45 mm (p < 0.01, 95% CI: 2.56-8.33) and 2.71 mm (p < 0.04, 95% CI: 0.18-5.25) increase in affected oral commissure vertical and horizontal positions at rest, respectively. The average postoperative follow-up was 11.4 months (95% CI: 5.6-14.11). In addition, when compared with patients treated with postoperative radiation therapy (9 patients), those who received preoperative radiation (15 patients) had a significant improvement in the resting vertical height of the affected side (mean 5.32 mm (p < 0.05, 95% CI: 0.06-10.57)). Conclusions and Relevance: These findings encourage the use of TTT/LTM for facial nerve paralysis in appropriately selected head and neck oncologic patients.