Expression analysis of melatonin receptor subtypes in the ovary of domestic chicken.

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), an indole hormone, regulates various biological functions through three different receptor subtypes (Mel-1a, Mel-1b, and Mel-1c). However, the distribution of different melatonin receptor subtypes in chicken reproductive tissues was not known. In the present investigation, the partial sequences of ovarian melatonin receptor subtypes (Mel-1a, Mel-1b, and Mel-1c) were characterized. Further, the expression profile of melatonin receptor subtypes in the granulosa and theca layers of different preovulatory and postovulatory follicles (POF) were studied by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The expression of all three subtypes of melatonin receptors were observed in the ovary of domestic chicken. Analysis of partial sequences of ovarian melatonin receptors revealed that the melatonin subtypes were identical to the brain receptors. In small white ovary follicles, we observed only the expression of mel-1b receptors, but not mel-1a or mel-1c receptors. In yellow follicles, all the three subtypes of receptors expression were noticed. Interestingly, we observed the expression of mel-1a receptor only in thecal layer, but not in granulosa layer. In contrast, mel-1b and -1c receptors were expressed in both granulosa and thecal layer. During the regression of POF, we observed significant upregulation of melatonin receptors (mel-1a and 1c) expression, that downregulated in the later stages of regression. We assume that the expression of melatonin receptors might have been influenced by the atresia or apoptosis of different follicular layers in POF. Our findings suggest that the differential distribution of melatonin receptor subtypes might have distinct downstream cellular functions in the ovarian tissues.

Solasodine levels in Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam.

Solasodine content in berries, leaves and stem of S. sisymbriifolium, using three different procedures, was 0.93, 0.73 and 0.23% respectively. Further in chromatogram not only solasodine but three more alkaloids (Rf 0.22, 0.48 and 0.88) were found which could not be identified due to lack of authentic samples.

High doses of dietary zinc induce cytokines, chemokines, and apoptosis in reproductive tissues during regression.

In chickens, high levels of dietary zinc cause molting, and the reproductive system undergoes complete remodeling concomitant to feather replacement. In the present study, the expression profiles of cytokines and chemokines were investigated in the ovary and oviduct of control hens and of hens induced to molt by zinc feeding. The zinc-induced feed-intake suppression, the changes in corticosterone levels, the immune cell populations in the reproductive tract, and the apoptosis of reproductive tissues were analyzed. The expression of mRNAs for interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), the avian ortholog of mammalian IL-8 (chCXCLi2), and a chicken MIP-1beta-like chemokine (chCCLi2) in the ovary and of mRNAs for IL-1beta, IL-6, IFN-gamma, transforming growth factor-beta2, chCXCLi2, and chCCLi2 in the oviduct were upregulated significantly during zinc-induced molting. A simultaneous feed-intake reduction was observed with higher expression of cytokines and chemokines. The results of the present investigation also suggested that the upregulation of corticosterone was closely associated with the increased expression of cytokines and chemokines. An increase in apoptosis within reproductive tissue during tissue regression was also noted. We had previously observed the upregulation of these cytokines expression in an earlier study (molting by feed withdrawal). However, the pattern and the level of expression were different among these two methods. These findings indicate that cytokines might be a common mediator of tissue regression during molting induced by diverse methods, although the pattern of induction is different. Thus, a high dose of dietary zinc seems to induce reproductive regression via the upregulation of cytokines and chemokines, the suppression of feed intake, and the increase in serum corticosterone, resulting finally in the apoptosis of reproductive tissues.

Solasodine levels in Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam.

Solasodine content in berries, leaves and stem of S. sisymbriifolium, using three different procedures, was 0.93, 0.73 and 0.23% respectively. Further in chromatogram not only solasodine but three more alkaloids (Rf 0.22, 0.48 and 0.88) were found which could not be identified due to lack of authentic samples.