A Comparison of Evidence-Based Practice Training With and Without Postimmersion Follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine best practice for evidence-based practice (EBP) education that leads to implementation. BACKGROUND: Current methods of teaching EBP do not reliably translate to implementation. METHODS: Participants in an EBP immersion were compared with participants in EBP immersion plus a follow-up EBP course. RESULTS: The EBP immersion group implemented 18% of their initiatives. The EBP immersion plus the follow-up EBP course implemented 35% of their initiatives, and an additional 22% were in the process of implementation. CONCLUSION: Evidence-based practice education may not be sufficient in promoting EBP implementation. Additional ongoing support may be needed to bring EBP initiatives through implementation.

Exploring the Roles, Functions, and Work Experiences of Nurse Scientists in the Veterans Health Administration.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this project was to describe nurse scientists' roles, functions, and work experiences in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). BACKGROUND: Nurse scientists play a critical role in shaping the culture of clinical inquiry and closing the gap between knowledge and practice. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was used to collect information on sociodemographics, workload, research, clinical practice, education, and time/effort. Data were examined using descriptive statistics and χ2 analyses. RESULTS: One hundred forty-four nurse scientists completed the survey. These nurse scientists serve dynamic and critical roles in conducting research, implementing evidence-based practice, and reforming policy. Research effort was limited due to workload and infrastructure constraints. Better research infrastructure was associated with higher research productivity and funding. CONCLUSIONS: This survey highlights the needs and challenges nurse scientists experience in conducting research and advancing VHA's mission. Given the national shortage of PhD-prepared nurses, long-term strategies are needed to attract, hire, and retain nurse scientists in healthcare systems.

Workplace Bullying Experiences of Nurses From Diverse Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Groups.

AIM: To examine nurse workplace bullying relative to diverse sexual orientation and gender identity groups. DESIGN: Observational cross-sectional study. METHODS: Using an annual organisational satisfaction survey from 2022, we identified free-text comments provided by nurses (N = 25,337). We identified and themed comments for specific bullying content among unique respondents (n = 1432). We also examined close-ended questions that captured organisational constructs, such as job satisfaction and burnout. We looked at differences by comparing diverse sexual orientation and gender identity groups to the majority using both qualitative and quantitative data. RESULTS: For the free-text comments, themed categories reflected the type of bullying, the perpetrator and perceived impact. Disrespect was the most frequent theme with supervisors being the primary perpetrator. The reported bullying themes and workplace perceptions differed between nurses in the diverse gender identity and sexual orientation group compared to other groups. Nurses who reported bullying also reported higher turnover intent, burnout, lower workplace civility, more dissatisfaction and lower self-authenticity. CONCLUSION: Diverse sexual orientation and gender identity groups are understudied in the nurse bullying research, likely because of sensitivities around identification. Our design enabled anonymous assessment of these groups. We suggest practices to help alleviate and mitigate the prevalence of bullying in nursing. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No Patient or Public Contribution. IMPACT: We examined differences in perceptions of nurse bullying between diverse sexual orientation and gender identity groups compared to majority groups. Group differences were found both for thematic qualitative content and workplace experience ratings with members of minority groups reporting less favourable workplace experiences. Nurse leaders and staff can benefit from learning about best practices to eliminate bullying among this population. REPORTING METHOD: STROBE guidelines for cross-sectional observational studies.

Looking back to move forward: Creating a blueprint for success for nurse scientists in the Veterans Health Administration.

AIM: The purpose of this manuscript is to report the findings of a qualitative content analysis of interviews with VA Nurse Scientists about work life experiences, barriers, and facilitators across the enterprise. BACKGROUND: The VA enterprise is widely variable in terms of size, services, research activity, and budget. For this reason, the roles of nurses with a research-focused doctorate are also quite diverse. METHODS: We purposively sampled 18 PhD prepared Nurse Scientists based on a variety geographic locations, titles, and years in the field and who conduct research. We conducted semi-structured interviews over the virtual platform, WebEx. Interviews, averaging 1 h in length, were conducted between April and May 2021. We analyzed interviews using deductive and inductive content analysis. RESULTS: We found five key factors affecting VA Nurse Scientists. Each factor emerged as an important issue influencing whether Nurse Scientists reported being successful, supported, and productive in their research. These include having: 1) mentorship, 2) supportive leadership 3) available resources, 4) respect and understanding from clinical and research colleagues who understand a Nurse Scientist's role in research, and 5) a career pathway. CONCLUSIONS: VA Nurse Scientists are leaders and innovators who generate evidence to improve health outcomes and promote equity in health and health care of Veterans, their families, and caregivers. Results from this project suggest that many Nurse Scientists need additional mentorship, resources, and networks to advance their development, increase their funding success, and maximize the impact of their role, ultimately enhancing care of Veterans and their families.

Nurse Staffing and Veteran Outcomes in the Veterans Health Administration's Community Living Centers.

BACKGROUND: The demand for nursing care is rising in the long-term care setting. Nurse staffing is a crucial measure linked to health care quality measure outcomes. PURPOSE: To assess for associations between nursing hours per patient day (NHPPD) and outcome measures in the Veterans Health Administration Community Living Centers. METHODS: A retrospective data review of NHPPD and quality measures for 134 community living centers was conducted. Linear regression was used to assess for linear associations between average total NHPPD and 6 quality measures. RESULTS: A significant linear association was found between average total NHPPD and falls with major injury ( P = .02) and help with activities of daily living ( P = .01). No associations were found between nurse staffing and 4 other quality measures. CONCLUSIONS: This study adds to the body of literature regarding the impact of nurse staffing on quality measures.

Reliability and validity of the Veterans Administration Mobility Screening and Solutions Tool.

OBJECTIVES: The Veterans Administration (VA) Mobility Screening and Solutions Tool (VA MSST) was developed to screen a patient's safe mobility level 'in the moment' and provide clinical decision support related to the use of safe patient handling and mobility (SPHM) equipment. This evidence-based flowchart tool is a common language tool that enables any healthcare worker at any time to accurately measure and communicate patient mobility and transfer equipment needs across disciplines and settings. METHODS: The VA MSST has four levels and differentiates between the need for powered and non-powered equipment depending on the patient's independence. Subject matter experts wrote scenarios for interrater reliability and validity testing. The initial VA MSST draft iteration was reviewed by 163 VA staff (mostly physical therapists and occupational therapists) amongst simulation scenarios and provided content validity, and additional insight and suggestions. Revisions were made to create the final VA MSST which was evaluated by over 200 healthcare workers from varied disciplines (including medical doctors, advanced practice registered nurses, registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, certified nursing assistants, occupational therapists, physical therapists, speech therapists, radiology and ultrasound technicians, etc.). An instruction video and eighteen scenario videos were embedded in an online survey. The survey intended to demonstrate the interrater reliability and validity (concurrent and construct) of the VA MSST. Over 500 VA staff (raters) received a survey invitation via email. RESULTS: Raters (N = 230) from multiple disciplines and healthcare settings independently screened patient mobility status for each of 18 scenarios using the VA MSST. The raters were diverse in their age and years of experience. The estimated interrater reliability (IRR) for VA MSST was excellent and statistically significant with an estimated Krippendorff's alpha (ICC (C, k)) of 0.998 [95% CI: 0.996-0.999]. Eighty-two percent of raters reported that overall VA MSST instructions were clear or very clear and understandable. VA MSST ratings made by technicians and nursing assistants group correlated strongly (r = 0.99, p < 0.001) with the 'gold standard' (experienced physical therapists), suggesting a high concurrent validity of the tool. The VA MSST significantly discriminated between the different levels of patient mobility required for safe mobilization as intended (each difference, p < 0.0001); this suggests a good construct validity. CONCLUSIONS: The VA MSST is an evidence-based flowchart screening and decision support tool that demonstrates excellent interrater reliability across disciplines and settings. VA MSST has strong face and content validity, as well as good concurrent and construct validity.

Evaluating the staffing methodology model in the veterans health administration's community living centers.

PURPOSE: Program evaluation to describe nursing hours per patient day (NHPPD) within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and to evaluate Staffing Methodology in the VHA Community Living Centers (CLCs). METHODS: Targeted and actual NHPPD were compiled retrospectively for each VHA CLC unit over a one-year timeframe for calendar year 2019. For descriptive analyses, actual NHPPD were averaged across months for each CLC unit. RESULTS: The mean for actual hours as a percent of target was 121.6% (95% CI, 118.5 to 124.7%) indicating the units' average hours across 2019 were 21.6% significantly higher than target. The actual NHPPD significantly differed across months (p<0.001) with the 2019 months of January and October having the highest NHPPD. CONCLUSIONS: Veteran safety is a VHA priority and appropriate nurse staffing is key to providing care that improves Veteran outcomes. Further exploration is needed on the impact of nurse staffing on Veteran outcomes, safety, and satisfaction.

Exploring the role complexity and workforce needs of doctoral-prepared nurses.

Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Office of Nursing Services (ONS) is committed to encouraging and sustaining a positive culture that values doctoral-prepared nurses. Responding to needs cited in open-ended responses from the first ever survey of VHA's doctoral-prepared nurse workforce will require: providing and encouraging formal advanced degree achievement recognition; further opportunities for professional development and potential promotion; and support for nurse research activities at the local and national level. ONS recognizes the need for further research and evaluation related to VHA doctoral-prepared nurses to better understand both the outcomes they drive and what drives them.

A preliminary evaluation of full practice authority of advance practice registered nurses in the Veterans Health Administration.

BACKGROUND: Responding to National Academy of Medicine and National Council of State Boards of Nursing recommendations, the Department of Veterans Health Affairs (VHA) implemented full practice authority (FPA) for Advanced Practice Registered Nurses in VHA medical centers (VAMCs) in 2017. PURPOSE: To evaluate FPA policy implementation's impact on quality indicators including access to care as measured by new patient appointments in primary, specialty and mental health services. METHODS: Linear growth models compared early (n = 85) vs. late (n = 55) FPA implementing VAMCs on the trajectories of each of the three quality indicators. FINDINGS: Early FPA implementing VAMCs showed greater rates of improvement over time in new patient appointments completed within 30 days of preferred date for primary care (p = .003), specialty care (p = 0.05), and mental health (p = 0.001). DISCUSSION: VAMCs that started implementation of FPA policy early showed greater improvement in access to care for Veterans over time than VAMCs that did not.

Research productivity following nursing research initiative grants.

BACKGROUND: In 1995, VA's Office of Research and Development launched the Nursing Research Initiative (NRI), to encourage nurses to apply for research funding and to increase the role of nurse investigators in the VA's research mission. This program provides novice nurse researchers the opportunity to further develop their research skills with the guidance of a mentor. PURPOSE: Since the NRI's inception, its impact on the research career trajectory of budding nurse researchers had never been fully explored. METHODS: An electronic quality improvement survey was developed to collect information about the scope of work and research trajectory of VA nurse researchers undertaken since they received NRI funding. FINDINGS: NRI awardees demonstrated research productivity in several areas including research funding, peer-reviewed publications; participation on journal editorial boards and grant review committees; and mentorship. The majority of past NRI grant recipients (78%) have maintained employment within the VA system and benefit from the expertise, mentoring, and support of other nurse researchers. NRI grant recipients confirm the value of the VA NRI mentored grant funding mechanism and its association with a productive research trajectory with survey respondents demonstrating an average return on investment of $7.7 million in research funding per person. CONCLUSION: The experiences derived from the NRI accelerated the professional growth and research productivity of this group and it guided future opportunities to design, implement, and test nurse-led interventions.

Nurse manager perspective of staff participation in unit level shared governance.

AIM: To examine the nurse manager perspective surrounding implementation of unit level shared governance in one Veterans Health Administration facility. BACKGROUND: Nursing shared governance is a formal model allowing nursing staff decision-making input into clinical practice, quality improvement, evidence-based practice and staff professional development. Unit level shared governance is a management process where decision authority is delegated to nursing staff at the unit level. METHODS: Convenience sampling was used to recruit ten nurse managers who participated in face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using content analysis and constant comparison techniques. Demographic data were described using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: The participants included seven female and three male nurse managers with seven Caucasian and three African American. Participant quotes were clustered to identify sub-themes that were then grouped into four global themes to describe unit level shared governance. The global themes were: (1) motivation, (2) demotivation, (3) recommendations for success, and (4) outcomes. CONCLUSION: These research findings resonate with previous studies that shared governance may be associated with increased nurse empowerment, self-management, engagement, and satisfaction. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: These findings reflect the need for nurse managers to promote and recognize staff participation in unit level shared governance.

Nonventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia: A call to action.

In 2020 a group of U.S. healthcare leaders formed the National Organization to Prevent Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (NOHAP) to issue a call to action to address non-ventilator-associated hospital-acquired pneumonia (NVHAP). NVHAP is one of the most common and morbid healthcare-associated infections, but it is not tracked, reported, or actively prevented by most hospitals. This national call to action includes (1) launching a national healthcare conversation about NVHAP prevention; (2) adding NVHAP prevention measures to education for patients, healthcare professionals, and students; (3) challenging healthcare systems and insurers to implement and support NVHAP prevention; and (4) encouraging researchers to develop new strategies for NVHAP surveillance and prevention. The purpose of this document is to outline research needs to support the NVHAP call to action. Primary needs include the development of better models to estimate the economic cost of NVHAP, to elucidate the pathophysiology of NVHAP and identify the most promising pathways for prevention, to develop objective and efficient surveillance methods to track NVHAP, to rigorously test the impact of prevention strategies proposed to prevent NVHAP, and to identify the policy levers that will best engage hospitals in NVHAP surveillance and prevention. A joint task force developed this document including stakeholders from the Veterans' Health Administration (VHA), the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), The Joint Commission, the American Dental Association, the Patient Safety Movement Foundation, Oral Health Nursing Education and Practice (OHNEP), Teaching Oral-Systemic Health (TOSH), industry partners and academia.

Doctoral-prepared nurses in the Veterans Health Administration: A cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Doctoral-prepared nurses with diverse skillsets are required to meet nursing care needs in a complex and changing healthcare environment. A better understanding of the roles of doctoral-prepared nurses in Veterans Health Administration (VHA) workforce will help leverage their expertise to meet the needs of Veterans. PURPOSE: Assess the current roles of doctoral-prepared nurses within the VHA. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey was used to collect information on doctoral-prepared nurses within the VHA in 2016. Multiple strategies were used to identify doctoral-prepared nurses to recruit for an online survey. Survey invitations were sent electronically to unique individuals identified (N = 2403). RESULTS: Responses were received from 1015 nurses (42.2% response rate), with 929 nurses with a doctoral degree identified. DNP/DNAP degrees were most common (55%), followed by a PhD or DNS (33%). Significant differences were noted between nurses in different doctoral education categories across four main roles: research, clinical, educational, and administration. CONCLUSIONS: This survey generated the first comprehensive list of VHA doctoral-prepared nurses. Findings are being used by the VHA Office of Nursing Services to align degree types, duties of different positions, functional statements, and position expectations. Results support the continued need for collaboration between nurses with PhDs and DNPs to achieve research and clinical goals.

Nurse staffing and healthcare-associated infections in a national healthcare system that implemented a nurse staffing directive: Multi-level interrupted time series analyses.

BACKGROUND: In 2010, the Veterans Health Administration Office of Nursing Services (VHA ONS) issued a Staffing Methodology (SM) Directive, standardizing the method of determining appropriate nurse staffing for VHA facilities. OBJECTIVES: To assess associations between the Directive, nurse staffing trends, and healthcare-associated infections. RESEARCH DESIGN: We conducted multi-level interrupted time series analyses of nurse staffing trends and the rates of two healthcare-associated infections before and after implementation of the Directive, October 1, 2008 - June 30, 2014. SUBJECTS: Acute care, critical care, mental health acute care, and longterm care nursing units (called Community Living Centers, CLC in VHA) among 285 VHA facilities were included in nurse staffing trends analyses, while acute and critical care units in 123 facilities were used in the analysis of infection rates. MEASURES: Monthly rates were calculated at the facility unit level and included nursing hours per patient day (NHPPD) for all nursing personnel and number of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) and central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) per 1000 device days. RESULTS: Nursing hours per patient day increased in both time periods. However, the differential change in rate of nursing hours per patient day following implementation of the Directive was not statistically significant. On average, we found a statistically significant decrease of 0.05 unit in the post-Directive central line-associated bloodstream infection rates associated with a unit increase in nursing hours per patient day. CONCLUSIONS: System-wide implementation of Staffing Methodology may be one contributing factor impacting patient outcomes.

An evidence-based business planning process.

Using a systematic, evidence-based approach for developing a business plan allows nurse executives to forecast the needs of the organization, involve nursing staff at all levels, evaluate the direction of the profession, and present a plan with clear, concise goals. The authors describe 4 steps necessary in developing an effective evidence-based business plan.

Anesthesia Care Practice Models in the Veterans Health Administration.

Although the VHA primarily relies on teams for anesthesia care, unsupervised certified registered nurse anesthetists also are used to meet veterans' surgical care needs.