Improving routine health data in Indonesia: Utilising the WHO data quality tool for Aplikasi Satu Data Kesehatan.

INTRODUCTION: Assessment of data quality in the era of big data is crucial for effective data management and use. However, there are gaps in data quality assessment for routine health data to ensure accountability. Therefore, this research aims to improve the routine health data quality that have been collected and integrated into Aplikasi Satu Data Kesehatan (ASDK) as the primary health data system in Indonesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive study utilises a desk review approach and employs the WHO Data Quality Assurance (DQA) Tool to assess data quality of ASDK. The analysis involves measuring eight health indicators from ASDK and Survei Status Gizi Indonesia (SSGI) conducted in 2022. The assessment focuses on various dimensions of data quality, including completeness of variables, consistency over time, consistency between indicators, outliers and external consistency. RESULTS: Current study shows that routine health data in Indonesia performs high-quality data in terms of completeness and internal consistency. The dimension of data completeness demonstrates high levels of variable completeness with most variables achieving 100% of the completeness. CONCLUSION: Based on the analysis of eight routine health data variables using five dimensions of data quality namely completeness of variables, consistency over time, consistency between indicators, outliers. and external consistency. It shows that completeness and internal consistency of data in ASDK has demonstrated a high data quality.

Intravaginally CpG-ODN and Salmonella enteritidis on TLR21, cytokines, and AvBD10 gene expressions in the reproductive tract of native chicken.

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) is a global concern for the poultry industry due to its association with foodborne illnesses. The transmission occurs through the transovarial route which initiates from colonization in oviducts and ascending to ovaries. Though there are studies on cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) and the increase of innate immune response, there is limited research on the intravaginal treatment using CpG-ODN. Previous studies have shown that stimulating CpG-ODN can induce the production of antimicrobial peptide avian beta-defensins (AvBDs) in vaginal cell cultures, there is limited information on the use of intravaginal treatment to induce the innate immune system, particularly in the Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (KUB-1) chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). This study investigates the impact of intravaginal CpG-ODN stimulation on the innate immune response in KUB-1 chicken ovaries and oviducts when challenged to SE. A total of 39 KUB-1 chickens were divided into four groups namely T1 (treated with CpG-ODN, n=12), T2 (SE group, n=12), T3 (CpG-ODN and SE, n=12), and Control (without CpG-ODN and SE, n=3). Chickens were observed from day 1 to 4 post-intravaginal (PI) inoculation. The results suggest that intravaginal CpG-ODN treatment modulates AvBD10 production through toll-like receptor (TLR)21, with interleukin (IL)1B and IL10 playing reciprocal roles, providing insights into the potential of this treatment to prevent transovarial Salmonellosis in poultry. The novelty of this study adds valuable insights to the current body of knowledge.

Regulation of Pdha-2 expression is mediated by proximal promoter sequences and CpG methylation.

Spermatogenesis is a complex process requiring the coordinate expression of a number of testis-specific genes. One of these, Pdha-2, codes for the murine spermatogenesis-specific isoform of the E1a subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. To begin to delineate the mechanisms regulating its expression in vivo, we have generated transgenic mice lines carrying Pdha-2 promoter deletion constructs. Here we report that transgenic mice harboring a construct containing only 187 bp of promoter and upstream sequences (core promoter) is sufficient for directing the testis-specific expression of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. Like the endogenous Pdha-2, the CAT gene is expressed in testis in a stage-specific manner. Our studies also show a correlation between CpG methylation within the core promoter and its capacity to regulate transcription. In NIH 3T3 cell lines stably transfected with the Pdha-2 core promoter-CAT construct, high levels of CAT reporter expression are observed, whereas the endogenous Pdha-2 gene is repressed. In these cells, the CpG dinucleotides residing within the transfected promoter are hypomethylated whereas those residing in the endogenous promoter are methylated. Furthermore, promoter activity can be abated by the in vitro methylation of its CpG dinucleotides. DNase I footprint analysis indicates that at least one site for the methylation-mediated repression may occur through the ATF/cyclic AMP response element binding element located within the core promoter. Mutations within this element reduces activity to approximately 50% of the wild-type promoter activity. These results suggest that tissue-specific gene expression may be modulated by other mechanisms in addition to specific transcription factor availability and cooperativity. We propose that methylation may be a mechanism by which repression of the testis-specific Pdha-2 gene is established in somatic tissue.

Microinjection of in vitro transcribed RNA and antisense oligonucleotides in mouse oocytes and early embryos to study the gain- and loss-of-function of genes.

Mouse oocytes have proven useful in experiments aimed at studying gene function. They have been used to analyze the gain-of-function acquired after microinjection of RNA transcribed in vitro from specific gene constructs, and for establishing loss-of-function mutation obtained by injecting in vitro transcribed antisense RNA and/or synthetic oligonucleotides. This article presents protocols utilized in these studies. Specifically, the acquisition of mouse oocytes and/or embryos, the genesis of the necessary DNA and/or RNA to be used, and procedures for microinjection.

A model for understanding gene regulation during spermatogenesis: the mouse testis Pdha-2 promoter.

Spermatogenesis is a complex process requiring the coordinate expression of a number of testis-specific genes. How these genes are regulated during spermatogenesis is poorly understood. However, the elucidation of these mechanisms has significant implications for both medicine and the primary livestock industry. The delineation of this process is of particular interest and, in this study, Pdha-2, a gene which codes for the murine testis-specific isoform of the E1 alpha subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, has been used as a model. This review focuses on current knowledge about its expression and regulation during spermatogenesis.

Mouse testis Pdha-2 promoter upstream sequences confer tissue-and temporal-specific activity in transgenic mice.

Spermatogenesis is a complex process requiring the coordinate expression of a number of testis-specific genes. One of these, Pdha-2, codes for the murine testis-specific isoform of the E1 alpha subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. To elucidate the mechanisms regulating its expression in vivo, we have begun to investigate the Pdha-2 promoter in transgenic mice. In this paper, a construct containing 3.0 kb of promoter and upstream sequences is reported to be sufficient for directing the testis-specific expression of a CAT reporter gene in mice harbouring the transgene. Similarly to the endogenous Pdha-2, the CAT gene is expressed in testis in a stage-specific manner. However, the 3.0-kb Pdha-2 promoter is not active in somatic tissue suggesting that repressor elements may be present within these sequences.

Intravaginally CpG-ODN and Salmonella enteritidis on TLR21, cytokines, and AvBD10 gene expressions in the reproductive tract of native chicken

@#Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) is a global concern for the poultry industry due to its association with foodborne illnesses. The transmission occurs through the transovarial route which initiates from colonization in oviducts and ascending to ovaries. Though there are studies on cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) and the increase of innate immune response, there is limited research on the intravaginal treatment using CpG-ODN. Previous studies have shown that stimulating CpG-ODN can induce the production of antimicrobial peptide avian beta-defensins (AvBDs) in vaginal cell cultures, there is limited information on the use of intravaginal treatment to induce the innate immune system, particularly in the Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (KUB-1) chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). This study investigates the impact of intravaginal CpG-ODN stimulation on the innate immune response in KUB-1 chicken ovaries and oviducts when challenged to SE. A total of 39 KUB-1 chickens were divided into four groups namely T1 (treated with CpG-ODN, n=12), T2 (SE group, n=12), T3 (CpG-ODN and SE, n=12), and Control (without CpG-ODN and SE, n=3). Chickens were observed from day 1 to 4 post-intravaginal (PI) inoculation. The results suggest that intravaginal CpG-ODN treatment modulates AvBD10 production through toll-like receptor (TLR)21, with interleukin (IL)1B and IL10 playing reciprocal roles, providing insights into the potential of this treatment to prevent transovarial Salmonellosis in poultry. The novelty of this study adds valuable insights to the current body of knowledge.

Video: useful tool for delivering family planning messages.

PIP: In 1969, the Government of Indonesia declared that the population explosion was a national problem. The National Family Planning Program was consequently launched to encourage adoption of the ideal of a small, happy and prosperous family norm. Micro-approach messages are composed of the following: physiology of menstruation; reproductive process; healthy pregnancy; rational family planning; rational application of contraceptives; infant and child care; nutrition improvement; increase in breastfeeding; increase in family income; education in family life; family health; and deferred marriage age. Macro-approach messages include: the population problem and its impact on socioeconomic aspects; efforts to cope with the population problem; and improvement of women's lot. In utilizing the media and communication channels, the program encourages the implementation of units and working units of IEC to produce IEC materials; utilizes all possible existing media and IEC channels; maintains the consistent linkage between the activity of mass media and the IEC activities in the field; and encourages the private sector to participate in the production of IEC media and materials. A media production center was set up and carries out the following activities: producing video cassettes for tv broadcasts of family planning drama, family planning news, and tv spots; producing duplicates of the video cassettes for distribution to provinces in support of the video network; producing teaching materials for family planning workers; and transfering family planning films into video cassettes. A video network was developed and includes video monitors in family planning service points such as hospitals, family planning clinics and public places like bus stations. In 1985, the program will be expanded by 50 mobile information units equipped with video monitors. Video has potentials to increase the productivity and effectiveness of the family planning program. The video production process is cheaper and simpler than film production. Video will be very helpful as a communication aid in group meetings. It can also be used as a teaching aid for training.^ieng

A null mutation in the gene encoding a type I interferon receptor component eliminates antiproliferative and antiviral responses to interferons alpha and beta and alters macrophage responses.

To examine the in vivo role(s) of type I interferons (IFNs) and to determine the role of a component of the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR1) in mediating responses to these IFNs, we generated mice with a null mutation (-/-) in the IFNAR1 gene. Despite compelling evidence for modulation of cell proliferation and differentiation by type I IFNs, there were no gross signs of abnormal fetal development or morphological changes in adult IFNAR1-/- mice. However, abnormalities of hemopoietic cells were detected in IFNAR1 -/- mice. Elevated levels of myeloid lineage cells were detected in peripheral blood and bone marrow by staining with Mac-1 and Gr-1 antibodies. Furthermore, bone marrow macrophages from IFNAR1 -/- mice showed abnormal responses to colony-stimulating factor 1 and lipopolysaccharide. IFNAR1 -/- mice were highly susceptible to viral infection: viral titers were undetected 24 hr after infection of IFNAR1 +/+ mice but were extremely high in organs of IFNAR1 -/- mice, demonstrating that the type I IFN system is a major acute antiviral defence. In cell lines derived from IFNAR1 -/- mice, there was no signaling in response to IFN-alpha or -beta as measured by induction of 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase, antiviral, or antiproliferative responses. Importantly, these studies demonstrate that type I IFNs function in the development and responses of myeloid lineage cells, particularly macrophages, and that the IFNAR1 receptor component is essential for antiproliferative and antiviral responses to IFN-alpha and -beta.

Down's syndrome-like skeletal abnormalities in Ets2 transgenic mice.

Expression of Ets2, a proto-oncogene and transcription factor, occurs in a variety of cell types. During murine development it is highly expressed in newly forming cartilage, including in the skull precursor cells and vertebral primordia. Ets2 is located on human chromosome 21 (ref. 8) and is overexpressed in Down's syndrome (trisomy 21). Here we generate transgenic mice to investigate the consequences of overexpression of Ets2. We find that mice with less than 2-fold Ets2 overexpression in particular organs develop neurocranial, viscerocranial and cervical skeletal abnormalities. These abnormalities have similarities with the skeletal anomalies found in trisomy-16 mice and humans with Down's syndrome, in which the gene dosage of Ets2 is increased. Our results indicate that Ets2 has a role in skeletal development and implicate the overexpression of Ets2 in the genesis of some skeletal abnormalities that occur in Down's syndrome.

Targeted expression of a toxin gene to D1 dopamine receptor neurons by cre-mediated site-specific recombination.

Idiopathic Parkinson's disease involves the loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, resulting in the presynaptic breakdown of dopaminergic transmission in the striatum. Huntington's disease and some neurodegenerative diseases with Parkinsonian features have postsynaptic defects caused by striatal cell death. Mice were generated in which an attenuated form of the diphtheria toxin gene (tox-176) was expressed exclusively in D1 dopamine receptor (D1R)-positive cells with the aim of determining the effect of this mutation on development of the basal ganglia and on the locomotor phenotype. Transgenic mice expressing Cre, a site-specific DNA recombinase, were crossed with a second line in which a transcriptionally silenced tox-176 gene was inserted into the D1R gene locus by homologous recombination. Young doubly transgenic mutant mice expressing the tox-176 gene displayed bradykinesia, dystonia, and had falls caused by myoclonic jerks. The mutant brain had evidence of apoptosis and reactive gliosis and, consistent with the D1R expression pattern, the striatum was reduced in volume, and the Islands of Calleja were absent. In contrast, the cortex was of normal thickness. D1Rs were not detectable in mutants by in situ hybridization or ligand autoradiography, whereas D2 dopamine receptor (D2R) mRNA and protein was present in the striatum. In addition, substance P and dynorphin, neuropeptides known to be expressed in D1R-positive striatonigral projection neurons were not detectable. Enkephalin, a marker found in D2-positive striatopallidal projection neurons was expressed in the mutant brain. The mutant represents a novel neurodegenerative disease model with a dramatic extrapyramidal phenotype.