NSDHL promotes triple-negative breast cancer metastasis through the TGFß signaling pathway and cholesterol biosynthesis.

PURPOSE: Metastasis is the main cause of breast cancer mortality. Recent studies have proved that lipid metabolic reprogramming plays critical roles in breast cancer carcinogenesis and metastasis. We aim to identify critical lipid metabolism genes in breast cancer metastasis. METHODS: We designed and cloned a CRISPR pooled library containing lipid metabolic gene guide RNAs and performed a genetic screen in vivo. Transwell assay and animal experiments were used to evaluate cell metastatic ability in vitro or in vivo, respectively. We performed immunohistochemistry with breast cancer tissue microarray to study the clinical significance of NSDHL. FINDINGS: We identified a cholesterol metabolic enzyme, NSDHL, as a potential metastatic driver in triple-negative breast cancer. NSDHL was highly expressed in breast cancer tissues and predicted a poor prognosis. NSDHL knockdown significantly suppressed cell proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, NSDHL activated the TGFß signaling pathway by inhibiting the endosomal degradation of TGFßR2. In addition, blocking the upstream metabolism of NSDHL with ketoconazole rescued cancer metastasis and TGFßR2 degradation. However, the inactivation of NSDHL (Y151X) did not rescue the migration ability and the TGFßR2 protein expression. CONCLUSION: Taken together, our findings established that NSDHL serves as a metastatic driver, and its function depends on its enzyme activity in cholesterol biosynthesis and is mediated by the NSDHL-TGFßR2 signal pathway. Our study indicated that NSDHL and steroid biosynthesis may serve as new drug targets for patients with advanced breast cancer.

Conjoint analysis of circulating tumor cells and solid tumors for exploring potential prognostic markers and constructing a robust novel predictive signature for breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Distance metastasis is the leading cause of death for breast cancer patients, and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play a key role in cancer metastasis. There have been few studies on CTCs at the molecular level due to their rarity, and the heterogeneity of CTCs may provide special information for solid tumor analysis. METHODS: In this study, we used the gene expression and clinical information of single-cell RNA-seq data of CTCs of breast cancer and discovered a cluster of epithelial cells that had more aggressive characteristics. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the identified epithelial cells cluster and others from single-CTCs were selected for further analysis in bulk sequence data of solid breast cancers. RESULTS: Eighteen genes closely related to the specific CTC epithelial phenotype and breast cancer patient prognosis were identified. Among these 18 genes, we selected the GARS gene, which has not been studied in breast cancer, for functional research and confirmed that it may be a potential oncogene in breast cancer. A risk score was established by the 18 genes, and a high-risk score was strongly associated with a high metastasis rate and poor survival prognosis in breast cancer. The high-risk score group was related to a defective immune infiltration environment in breast cancer, and the immune checkpoint therapy response rate was lower in this group. The drug-sensitive analysis shows that the high-risk score patients may be more sensitive to AKT-mTOR and the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) pathways drugs than low-risk score patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our 18-gene risk score shows good prognostic and predictive values and might be a personalized prognostic marker or therapy guide marker in breast cancer patients.

Nomogram for Predicting Breast Cancer-Specific Mortality of Elderly Women with Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND The objectives of this study were to evaluate the cumulative incidence of breast cancer-specific death (BCSD) and other cause-specific death in elderly patients with breast cancer (BC) and to develop an individualized nomogram for estimating BCSD. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data were retrieved from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. A total of 25 241 patients older than 65 years with stage I-III BC diagnosed between 2004 and 2008 was included in the study cohort. We used the cumulative incidence function (CIF) to describe the cause-specific mortality and Gray's test to compare the differences in CIF among the groups. Fine and Gray's proportional subdistribution hazard model was applied to validate the independent prognostic factors, upon which the competing-risks nomogram and web-based calculator was built. The performance of the nomogram was assessed with the C-indexes and calibration plot diagrams. RESULTS After data screening, 25 241 cases were included for statistical analysis. In the training cohort, the 5-, 8-, and 10-year cumulative incidence of BCSD was 5.7, 8.1, and 9.1%, respectively. Ten independent prognostic factors associated with BCSD were identified. The C-index of the nomogram was 0.818 (0.804-0.831) in the training cohort and 0.808 (0.783-0.833) in the validation cohort. Calibration plot diagrams showed near-ideal consistency between the predicted probabilities and actual observations. CONCLUSIONS We built a reliable dynamic nomogram for predicting BCSD in elderly patients, and this individualized predictive tool is favorable for risk classification and complex personalized treatment decision making in clinical practice.

miRNA-365b promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell migration and invasion by downregulating SGTB.

Aim: miR-365b, a miRNA at chromosomal breakpoint, was often amplified and upregulated in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role of miR-365b dysregulation remains unclear. Materials & methods: miR-365b function assays and its target gene analyses were performed. Results: We revealed that miR-365b promoted HCC cell motility and spreading. Furthermore, SGTB was found to be a downstream target of miR-365b, and knockdown of the SGTB gene could mimic the effect of miR-365b in hastening HCC cell migration and invasion. Conclusion: These results imply that miR-365b plays a tumor-promoting role in HCC by suppressing SGTB expression, offering novel potential targets for the treatment of HCC.

Tunicamycin inhibits cell proliferation and migration in hepatocellular carcinoma through suppression of CD44s and the ERK1/2 pathway.

Tunicamycin (TM) is an N-linked glycosylation (NLG) inhibitor with strong antitumor activity, the exact underlying molecular mechanism of which remains to be elucidated. In our previous studies, we found that TM reversed drug resistance and improved the efficacy of combination treatments for hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). Here, we investigated the effects of TM on HCC cell proliferation and migration as well as the mechanism of those effects. Our results showed that TM inhibited cell proliferation and migration as well as induced apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. TM inhibited proliferation of HCC cells by inducing cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. Meanwhile, TM inhibited migration of HCC cells by suppressing CD44s-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). TM inhibited migration and invasion of HCC cells by decreasing CD44 expression and altering its glycosylation. In addition, CD44s is involved in promoting EMT and is associated with a poor prognosis in HCC patients. Overexpression of CD44s promoted tumor migration and activated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in HCC cells, whereas TM inhibited CD44s overexpression-associated cell migration. The ability of TM to inhibit cell migration and invasion was enhanced or reversed in CD44s knockdown cells and cells overexpressing CD44s, respectively. The MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126 and TM inhibited hyaluronic acid-induced cell migration in HCC cells. Furthermore, TM inhibited exogenous transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß)-mediated EMT by an ERK1/2-dependent mechanism and restored the TGF-ß-mediated loss of E-cadherin. In summary, our study provides evidence that TM inhibits proliferation and migration of HCC cells through inhibition of CD44s and the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.

High expression of COX5B is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Cytochrome c oxidase subunit VB (COX5B), a subunit of mammalian COX, takes roles in COX assembling and functions. Online database predicts high COX5B transcription may be associated with worse disease-free survival (DFS). However, the clinical implications of COX5B in breast cancer remain unclear. METHODS: We carried out immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays of 244 patients with invasive ductal breast carcinoma to detected COX5B expression. RESULTS: Our results suggest that COX5B protein level might be associated with tumor size. COX5B overexpression indicated a worse DFS (p < 0.05) in breast cancer. Furthermore, high COX5B expression may act as an independent factor for worse DFS in breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Cumulatively, our findings suggest that COX5B might serve as an important prognostic factor for breast cancer.

Loss of TIM50 suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in breast cancer.

TIM50 is an essential component of TIM23 complex and involved in protein translocating into the inner mitochondrial membrane. Here, we found that TIM50 was increased in breast cancer cells by SILAC. However, its biological functions and molecular mechanisms in breast cancer are poorly understood. To gain insight into the functions of TIM50 in breast cancer, we constructed two stably transfected cell lines and examined TIM50 expression in tissue samples. Our data showed that TIM50 expression was increased in breast cancer. The stable suppression of TIM50 expression through lentivirus-mediated shRNA was shown to inhibit the abilities of cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. What is more, depletion of TIM50 could decrease mitochondrial membrane potential, which may be associated with cell viability. Taken together, our findings reveal a new role for TIM50 in regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis through decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential in breast cancer cell and suggest that TIM50 might be a potential target for controlling breast cancer progression.

IFI35 limits antitumor immunity in triple-negative breast cancer via CCL2 secretion.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer with poor prognosis due to the lack of therapeutic targets. Although immunotherapy brings survival benefits to patients diagnosed with TNBC, it remains limited and treatment resistance is widespread. Here we demonstrate that IFI35 is highly expressed in tumor tissues and can be induced by Interferon-γ in a time-dependent and concentration-dependent manner in breast cancer cells. In xenograft models, we reveal that IFI35 dramatically increases myeloid-derived suppressor cells infiltration in tumors, along with depletion and anergy of CD8+T cells. IFI35 ablation leads to prolonged survival of the mice. Mechanistically, RNA-sequencing reveals that IFI35 promotes CCL2 secretion, resulting in the remodeling of TNBC immune microenvironment. Ablation of IFI35 promotes the infiltration of effector CD8+T cells, and thereby sensitizes TNBC to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Our data suggest that IFI35 limits antitumor immunity and may be expected to become a new immunotherapy target in TNBC.

Nrf2 is associated with the regulation of basal transcription activity of the BRCA1 gene.

BRCA1 is closely related to the pathogenesis of breast cancer. The activity of BRCA1 promoter is regulated by transcriptional factors. The transcription factor Nrf2 (Nuclear factor-erythroid-2p45-related factor 2) is a potent transcriptional activator and plays a central role in inducible expression of many cytoprotective genes. In this report, we found that over-expression of Nrf2 stimulated BRCA1 expression, knockdown of Nrf2 attenuated BRCA1 expression. Nrf2 also interacted with CBP and p300 to form an active transcription complex, which could bind to the ARE (antioxidant response element) site on the BRCA1 promoter and activate its transcription by inducing histone acetylation. Our finding could lead to a better understanding of the development of breast cancer.

Isocorydine targets the drug-resistant cellular side population through PDCD4-related apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Isocorydine (ICD), an anticancer agent under current evaluation, decreased the percentage of side population (SP) cells significantly in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. ICD treatment sensitized cancer cells to doxorubicin (DXR), a conventional clinical chemotherapeutic drug for HCC. We found that ICD decreased the percentage of SP cells in HCC cell lines by preferentially killing SP cells. In the early stage of treatment, ICD inhibited SP cell growth by arresting cells in G2/M; later, it induced apoptosis. Our xenograft model confirmed that ICD selectively reduced the size and weight of SP-induced tumor masses in vivo. Furthermore, it was found that programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), a tumor suppressor gene, was relatively low when expressed in SP cells compared with non-SP cells, and its expression level was remarkably elevated when cells were treated with ICD. Taken together, these data suggest that ICD is a drug that may target the SP cells of HCC.

Mapping the Tumor Microenvironment in TNBC and Deep Exploration for M1 Macrophages-Associated Prognostic Genes.

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains the worst molecular subtype due to high heterogeneity and lack of effective therapeutic targets. Here we investigated the tumor and immune microenvironment heterogeneity of TNBC using scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq data from public databases and our cohort. Macrophage subpopulations accounted for a high proportion of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), and M1 macrophages were associated with better clinical outcomes. Furthermore, three maker genes including IFI35, PSMB9, and SAMD9L showed a close connection with M1 macrophages. Specifically, IFI35 was positively associated with macrophage activation, chemotaxis, and migration. Also, patients with high IFI35 expression had a better prognosis. In vitro studies subsequently demonstrated that IFI35 was upregulated during the M1 subtype differentiation of macrophages. In summary, our data suggested that IFI35 maybe a promising novel target that helps to reshape macrophage polarization towards the M1 subtype for anti-tumor effects.

DGKZ promotes TGFß signaling pathway and metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer by suppressing lipid raft-dependent endocytosis of TGFßR2.

Diacylglycerol kinase ζ (DGKZ) is a diacylglycerol kinase that metabolizes diacylglycerol to yield phosphatidic acid, and its function in breast cancer progression remains unclear. In this study, via screening of a CRISPR-Cas9 knockout library containing lipid metabolic genes, DGKZ was identified as a potential prometastatic gene. We first confirmed that high DGKZ expression correlated with tumor progression and poor prognosis in patients. Next, knockout of DGKZ in triple-negative breast cancer cell lines were found to significantly inhibit metastatic behaviors in vitro and in vivo, whereas its overexpression increased the metastatic potential of cell lines. Mechanistic studies based on RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis indicated that DGKZ might regulate cell metastasis by promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the transforming growth factor ß (TGFß) signaling pathway. Furthermore, we found that overexpression of DGKZ activated the TGFß/TGFßR2/Smad3 signaling pathway by inhibiting the degradation of TGFßR2 through suppression of caveolin/lipid raft-dependent endocytosis. Moreover, the caveolin/lipid raft-dependent endocytosis of TGFßR2 was regulated by the metabolite phosphatidic acid, which might alter TGFßR2 partitioning in lipid rafts and nonlipid rafts by affecting the fluidity of the plasma membrane. These findings suggested that DGKZ is a novel promoter of metastasis and that it could be a potential prognostic indicator in patients with triple-negative breast cancer.

NSrp70 suppresses metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer by modulating Numb/TßR1/EMT axis.

Alternative splicing of mRNA precursors allows cancer cells to create different protein isoforms that promote growth and survival. Compared to normal cells, cancer cells frequently exhibit a higher diversity of their transcriptomes. A comprehensive understanding of splicing regulation is required to correct the splicing alterations for the future precision oncology. A quantitative proteomic screen was performed to identify the regulators associated the metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer. Multiple in vitro and in vivo functional analyses were used to study the effects of NSrp70 on breast cancer metastasis. Next, transcriptomic sequencing (RNA-seq) and alternative splicing bioinformatics analysis was applied to screen the potential targets of NSrp70. Moreover, in vitro splicing assays, RNA pull-down, and RNA immunoprecipitation assay were used to confirm the specific binding between NSrp70 and downstream target genes. Furthermore, the prognostic value of NSrp70 was analyzed in a cohort of patients by performing IHC. We uncovered NSrp70 as a novel suppressor of breast cancer metastasis. We discovered that NSrp70 inhibited the skipped exon alternative splicing of NUMB, promoted the degradation of transforming growth factor receptor 1 through lysosome pathway, and regulated TGFß/SMAD-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, high NSrp70 expression correlated with a better prognosis in breast cancer patients. Our findings revealed that splicing regulator NSrp70 serves as a metastasis suppressor.

HTR1A Inhibits the Progression of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer via TGF-ß Canonical and Noncanonical Pathways.

Triple-negative breast cancer is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer and the incidence of depression in breast cancer patients is high, which leading to worse survival and increased risk of recurrence. The effect of antidepressants on breast cancer patients remains contradictory, which might be due to variations in antidepression targets. Therefore, there is significant value to explore the antitumor potential of antidepressants and discover new therapeutic targets for breast patients. The authors screen antidepressant-related oncogenes or suppressors by using siRNAs. After combining functional experiments with online database analysis, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A (HTR1A is selected with antitumor potential in breast cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. RNA-seq analysis and coimmunoprecipitation assays indicate that HTR1A interacts with TRIM21 and PSMD7 to inhibit the degradation of TßRII through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, thereby inhibiting the transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) canonical and noncanonical pathway. In addition, HTR1A is an independent predictive factor for breast cancer patients. The combined treatment of HTR1A agonists with demethylation drugs may significantly improve patient survival. It is of great significance to clarify the function and mechanism of the depression-related gene HTR1A in breast cancer, which might provide a new approach for triple-negative breast cancer patients.

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals cellular and molecular reprograming landscape of gliomas and lung cancer brain metastases.

BACKGROUND: Brain malignancies encompass gliomas and brain metastases originating from extracranial tumours including lung cancer. Approximately 50% of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) will eventually develop brain metastases. However, the specific characteristics of gliomas and lung-to-brain metastases (LC) are largely unknown. METHODS: We applied single-cell RNA sequencing to profile immune and nonimmune cells in 4 glioma and 10 LC samples. RESULTS: Our analysis revealed that tumour microenvironment (TME) cells are present in heterogeneous subpopulations. LC reprogramed cells into immune suppressed state, including microglia, macrophages, endothelial cells, and CD8+ T cells, with unique cell proportions and gene signatures. Particularly, we identified that a subset of macrophages was associated with poor prognosis. ROS (reactive oxygen species)-producing neutrophils was found to participant in angiogenesis. Furthermore, endothelial cells participated in active communication with fibroblasts. Metastatic epithelial cells exhibited high heterogeneity in chromosomal instability (CIN) and cell population. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the heterogenicity of the tumor microenvironment and tumour cells and it will be crucial for successful immunotherapy development for brain metastasis of lung cancer.

Comprehensive Combined Proteomics and Genomics Analysis Identifies Prognostic Related Transcription Factors in Breast Cancer and Explores the Role of DMAP1 in Breast Cancer.

Transcription factors (TFs) are important for regulating gene transcription and are the hallmark of many cancers. The identification of breast cancer TFs will help in developing new diagnostic and individualized cancer treatment tools. In this study, we used quantitative proteomic analyses of nuclear proteins and massive transcriptome data to identify enriched potential TFs and explore the possible role of the transcription factor DMAP1 in breast cancer. We identified 13 prognostic-related TFs and constructed their regulated genes, alternative splicing (AS) events, and splicing factor (SF) regulation networks. DMAP1 was reported less in breast cancer. The expression of DMAP1 decreased in breast cancer tumors compared with normal tissues. The poor prognosis of patients with low DMAP1 expression may relate to the activated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, as well as other cancer-relevant pathways. This may be due to the low methylation and high expression of these pathway genes and the fact that such patients show more sensitivity to some PI3K/Akt signaling pathway inhibitors. The high expression of DMAP1 was correlated with low immune cell infiltration, and the response to immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment in patients with high DMAP1 expression was low. Our study identifies some transcription factors that are significant for breast cancer progression, which can be used as potential personalized prognostic markers in the future.

A pharmacophore-based classification better predicts the outcomes of HER2-negative breast cancer patients receiving the anthracycline- and/or taxane-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

AIMS: Prognosis of patients for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancer post neoadjuvant chemotherapy is not well understood. The aim of this study was to develop a novel pharmacophore-based signature to better classify and predict the risk of HER2-negative patients after anthracycline-and/or taxane-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). MAIN METHODS: Anthracycline and taxane pharmacophore-based genes were obtained from PharmMapper. Drug-targeted genes (DTG) related clinical and bioinformatic analyses were undertaken in four GEO datasets. KEY FINDINGS: We used 12 genes from the pharmacophore to develop a DTG score (DTG-S). The DTG-S classification exhibited significant prognostic ability with respect to disease free survival (DFS) for HER2-negative patients who receive at least one type of neoadjuvant chemotherapy that included anthracycline and/or taxane. DTG-S associated with a high predictive ability for pathological complete response (pCR) as well as for prognosis of breast cancer. Using the DTG-S classification in other prediction models may improve the reclassification accuracy for DFS. Combining the DTG-S with other clinicopathological factors may further improve its predictive ability of patients' outcomes. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis showed that the biological processes of DTG-S high group were associated with the cell cycle, cell migration, and cell signal transduction pathways. Targeted drug analysis shows that some CDK inhibitors and PI3K-AKT pathway inhibitors may be useful for high DTG-S patients. SIGNIFICANCE: The DTG-S classification adds prognostic and predictive information to classical parameters for HER2-negative patients who receive anthracycline-and/or taxane-based NACT, which could improve the patients' risk stratification and may help guide adjuvant treatment.

Identification of a Three-RNA Binding Proteins (RBPs) Signature Predicting Prognosis for Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: To date, breast cancer remains the primary cause of tumor-related death among women, even though some leap-type developments of oncology have been done to slash the mortality. Considering the tumor heterogeneity and individual variation, the more reliable biomarkers are required to be identified for supporting the development of precision medicine in breast cancer. METHODS: Based on the TCGA-BRCA and METABRIC databases, the differently expressed RNA binding proteins (RBPs) between tumor and normal tissues were investigated. In this study, we focused on the communal differently expressed RBPs in four subtypes of breast cancer. Lasso-penalized Cox analysis, Stepwise-multivariate Cox analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival curve were performed to identify the hub RBP-coding genes in predicting prognosis of breast cancer, and a prognostic model was established. The efficiency of this model was further validated in other independent GSE20685, GSE4922 and FUSCC-TNBC cohorts by calculating the risk score and performing survival analysis, ROC and nomogram. Moreover, pathologic functions of the candidate RBPs in breast cancer were explored using some routine experiments in vitro, and the potential compounds targeting these RBPs were predicted by reviewing the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database. RESULTS: Here, we identified 62 RBPs which were differently expressed between the tumor and normal tissues. Thereinto, three RBPs (MRPL12, MRPL13 and POP1) acted as independent risk factors, and their expression pattern also correlated with poor prognosis of patients. A prognostic model, built with these 3-RBPs, possessed statistical significance to predict the survival probability of patients with breast cancer. Furthermore, experimental validations showed that down-regulating the expression of endogenous MRPL12, MRPL13 or POP1 could dramatically suppress the cellular viability and migration of breast cancer cells in vitro. Besides, some compounds (such as the Acetaminophen, Urethane and Tunicamycin) were predicted for curing breast cancer via targeting MRPL12, MRPL13 and POP1 simultaneously. CONCLUSION: This study identified and established a 3-RBPs-based signature and nomogram for predicting the survival probability of patients with breast cancer. MRPL12, MRPL13 and POP1 might act as oncogenes in maintaining cellular viability and accelerating metastasis of breast cancer cells, implying the possibility of which to be designed as biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets for breast cancer.

A FXYD5/TGF­ß/SMAD positive feedback loop drives epithelial­to­mesenchymal transition and promotes tumor growth and metastasis in ovarian cancer.

Epithelial ovarian cancer is aggressive and lacks effective prognostic indicators or therapeutic targets. In the present study, using immunohistochemistry and bioinformatics analysis on ovarian cancer tissue data from The Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University and The Cancer Genome Atlas database, it was identified that FXYD domain­containing ion transport regulator 5 (FXYD5) expression was upregulated in the SKOV3­IP cell line compared with its parental cell line, SKOV3, and in ovarian cancer tissues compared with in normal tissues. In addition, FXYD5 upregulation was predictive of poor patient survival. Furthermore, through various in vitro (Transwell assay, clonogenic assay and western blot analysis) and in vivo (nude mouse model) experiments, it was demonstrated that FXYD5 promoted the metastasis of ovarian cancer cells. Mechanistically, RNA sequencing, western blot analysis, a luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation were performed to reveal that FXYD5 dispersed the SMAD7­SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2­TGF­ß receptor 1 (TßR1) complex, deubiquitinated and stabilized TßR1, and subsequently enhanced transforming growth factor­ß (TGF­ß) signaling and sustained TGF­ß­driven epithelial­mesenchymal transition (EMT). The TGF­ß­activated SMAD3/SMAD4 complex was in turn directly recruited to the FXYD5 promoter region, interacted with specific SMAD­binding elements, and then promoted FXYD5 transcription. In brief, FXYD5 positively regulated TGF­ß/SMADs signaling activities, which in turn induced FXYD5 expression, creating a positive feedback loop to drive EMT in the process of ovarian cancer progression. Collectively, the findings of the present study suggested a mechanism through which FXYD5 serves a critical role in the constitutive activation of the TGF­ß/SMADs signaling pathways in ovarian cancer, and provided a promising therapeutic target for human ovarian cancer.

Local Surgery Improves Survival in Patients with Primary Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Population-Based Study.

The clinical value of local surgery in the breast cancer patients with distant metastasis is still unclear. A total of 8,922 primary metastatic breast cancer patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were analyzed in the current study. Primary outcome variables included breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) and overall survival (OS). Among the patients, 1,724 (19.3%) who underwent surgical treatment (ST) of primary breast tumor had increased OS (p < 0.001) and BCSS (p < 0.001) compared with those in the nonsurgical treatment (NST) group. Multivariate analysis revealed that surgery improved survival and was an independent prognostic factor for OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.617; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.562-0.676, p < 0.001) and BCSS (HR = 0.623; 95% CI, 0.565-0.686, p < 0.001). Further result showed that ST tended to prolong the survival of patients with 1 or 2 distant metastatic sites (p < 0.05 for OS, p < 0.05 for BCSS). However, no differences were found in prognostic outcomes between different surgical procedure groups (p = 0.886 for OS, p = 0.943 for BCSS). In conclusion, our study suggested that local surgery appeared to confer a survival benefit, which may provide new understanding of treatment for these patients.