Dietary administration of Bacillus subtilis on hematology and non-specific immunity of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus raised at different stocking densities.

An 84-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of the dietary administration of Bacillus subtilis on the growth performance, body composition, intestinal probiotic recovery, hematology, and non-specific immunity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) raised at two stocking densities. Five hundred twenty male Nile tilapias (32.63 ± 1.25 g) were distributed in 16,800-L tanks. The experimental design was completely randomized using four replications and a 2 × 2 factorial scheme with two stocking densities (18.75 fish m(-3) 62.50 fish m(-3)) and two diets (control and with probiotic). The probiotic-supplemented diet included 5 × 10(6) CFU g feed(-1). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the growth performance, body composition, and levels of cortisol and glucose between the animals fed with the control diet and the animals fed with the probiotic-supplemented diet. Differences in the growth performance were observed between the fish reared at different stocking densities; in particular, the fish raised at the high stocking density exhibited reduced weight gain, feed intake, and specific growth rate compared with those raised at the low stocking density. The B. subtilis remained viable after its inclusion in the feed, storage, and passage through the stomach, which demonstrations the feasibility of using this bacteria as a probiotic. Higher values (P < 0.05) in the plasma lysozyme levels and phagocytic activity were observed in the fish that received the probiotic-supplemented diet and reared at the high stocking density, but this difference was not observed in the fish raised at the low stocking density and fed the different diets. The administration of the probiotic caused decreases in the number of erythrocytes and the hematocrit level in the fish reared at the high stocking density, but these erythrocytes showed higher values of mean corpuscular hemoglobin. The stocking density was shown to be a stressor agent that causes a lower fish growth rate. The fish fed the control diet and raised at the high stocking density had lower lysozyme levels than the fish subjected to the other treatments. The inclusion of the probiotic bacteria B. subtilis at a concentration of 5 × 10(6) CFU g feed(-1) benefited the innate immune system of Nile tilapia by decreasing the stress associated with exposure to a high stocking density, increasing the mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and improving the innate immune system (lysozyme and phagocytic activities of macrophages).

Economic feasibility of probiotic use in the diet of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, during the reproductive period

This work examines the economic advantages of probiotic use in the diet of Nile tilapia broodstock during the reproductive period. For this purpose, Bacillus subtilis was applied as a feed additive. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatment groups: the T0 control (without probiotic), the T1 continuous probiotic intake, and the T2 alternate probiotic intake at a dose of 0.50 g kg-1 of feed (1010 CFU g-1 ) with four replicates. For the reproduction assay, 118 females and 48 males of Nile tilapia (proportion 4 males:9 females. hapa-1 ) (weight 527.65 g ± 185.98 g and length 30.16 cm ± 3.57 cm) were distributed into 12 hapas (3.5 × 2.0 × 1.5 m). Reproductive variables (spawning female percentage, egg production, and fry production) were used to calculate the economic feasibility indexes (total cost of nutrition [TcN], gross revenue [GR], and total operational profit [ToP]). The results show increasing values for spawning female number, collected eggs, and surviving fry in the probiotic groups. We recommend continuous intake of probiotic (feed with addition of probiotic) at a dose of 0.5 g kg-1 of feed (1010 CFU g-1 ) during the breeding season of Nile tilapia, due to the suitable reproductive indexes and profitability.

Economic feasibility of probiotic use in the diet of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, during the reproductive period

This work examines the economic advantages of probiotic use in the diet of Nile tilapia broodstock during the reproductive period. For this purpose, Bacillus subtilis was applied as a feed additive. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatment groups: the T0 control (without probiotic), the T1 continuous probiotic intake, and the T2 alternate probiotic intake at a dose of 0.50 g kg-1 of feed (1010 CFU g-1 ) with four replicates. For the reproduction assay, 118 females and 48 males of Nile tilapia (proportion 4 males:9 females. hapa-1 ) (weight 527.65 g ± 185.98 g and length 30.16 cm ± 3.57 cm) were distributed into 12 hapas (3.5 × 2.0 × 1.5 m). Reproductive variables (spawning female percentage, egg production, and fry production) were used to calculate the economic feasibility indexes (total cost of nutrition [TcN], gross revenue [GR], and total operational profit [ToP]). The results show increasing values for spawning female number, collected eggs, and surviving fry in the probiotic groups. We recommend continuous intake of probiotic (feed with addition of probiotic) at a dose of 0.5 g kg-1 of feed (1010 CFU g-1 ) during the breeding season of Nile tilapia, due to the suitable reproductive indexes and profitability.(AU)

Reproductive performance of lambaris fed with distillery dried grains / Desempenho reprodutivo de lambaris alimentados com grãos secos de destilaria

This research was carried out to investigate the influence of dietary inclusion of distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) on reproduction performance of lambari. Four diets were prepared containing 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of DDGS. Fishes were stocked in 16 tanks, provided with biofilter and single system of water recirculation and heating, density were 0.3 fish.L-1, during 150 days. Were determinate: body conditional fator, gonadossomatic index, egg volume, initial fertility, relative initial fertility, fertility rate, spawning rate, final fertility, final relative fertility, hatching and survival rate of larvae, eggs diameter and length of larvae. It was made histology of the gonads of females and males and evaluation of semen. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, and regression trend test. The addition of DDGS in the diets affect the initial fertility in females, the weight, the total length and pattern of males (P 0.05). Were not highlighted differences between the morphological structures of the ovaries, but the testicles of fish fed diet of 30% of DDGS presented abundant sperm cells. The DDGS can be used as alternative protein without generating losses in reproductive performance.

Avaliou-se a influência dos níveis de grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis (DDGS) no desempenho reprodutivo de lambaris. Foram elaboradas dietas contendo 0%, 10%, 20% e 30% de DDGS. Os peixes foram estocados durante 150 dias em 16 tanques, com biofiltro, sistema individual de aquecimento e recirculação de água, na densidade de 0,3 peixe.L-1. Foram determinados: fator de condição corporal, índice gonadossomático, volume dos ovos, fertilidade inicial, fertilidade inicial relativa, taxa de fertilidade, índice de desova, fertilidade final, fertilidade final relativa, taxa de eclosão e de sobrevivência das larvas, diâmetro dos ovos e do vitelo e comprimento das larvas. Realizaram-se também histologia das gônadas das fêmeas e dos machos e avaliação do sêmen. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, regressão e teste de tendência. A adição de DDGS nas dietas afetou a fertilidade inicial nas fêmeas, o peso, o comprimento total e o padrão dos machos (P 0,05). Não foram evidenciadas diferenças entre as estruturas morfológicas dos ovários, mas os testículos dos peixes alimentados com dieta de 30% de DDGS apresentaram células espermáticas em abundância. O DDGS pode ser usado como alternativa proteica, sem gerar prejuízos ao desempenho reprodutivo.

Reproductive performance of lambaris fed with distillery dried grains / Desempenho reprodutivo de lambaris alimentados com grãos secos de destilaria

This research was carried out to investigate the influence of dietary inclusion of distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) on reproduction performance of lambari. Four diets were prepared containing 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of DDGS. Fishes were stocked in 16 tanks, provided with biofilter and single system of water recirculation and heating, density were 0.3 fish.L-1, during 150 days. Were determinate: body conditional fator, gonadossomatic index, egg volume, initial fertility, relative initial fertility, fertility rate, spawning rate, final fertility, final relative fertility, hatching and survival rate of larvae, eggs diameter and length of larvae. It was made histology of the gonads of females and males and evaluation of semen. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, and regression trend test. The addition of DDGS in the diets affect the initial fertility in females, the weight, the total length and pattern of males (P < 0.05). For the remaining variables no differences were found (P > 0.05). Were not highlighted differences between the morphological structures of the ovaries, but the testicles of fish fed diet of 30% of DDGS presented abundant sperm cells. The DDGS can be used as alternative protein without generating losses in reproductive performance.(AU)

Avaliou-se a influência dos níveis de grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis (DDGS) no desempenho reprodutivo de lambaris. Foram elaboradas dietas contendo 0%, 10%, 20% e 30% de DDGS. Os peixes foram estocados durante 150 dias em 16 tanques, com biofiltro, sistema individual de aquecimento e recirculação de água, na densidade de 0,3 peixe.L-1. Foram determinados: fator de condição corporal, índice gonadossomático, volume dos ovos, fertilidade inicial, fertilidade inicial relativa, taxa de fertilidade, índice de desova, fertilidade final, fertilidade final relativa, taxa de eclosão e de sobrevivência das larvas, diâmetro dos ovos e do vitelo e comprimento das larvas. Realizaram-se também histologia das gônadas das fêmeas e dos machos e avaliação do sêmen. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, regressão e teste de tendência. A adição de DDGS nas dietas afetou a fertilidade inicial nas fêmeas, o peso, o comprimento total e o padrão dos machos (P < 0,05). Para as outras variaveis não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05). Não foram evidenciadas diferenças entre as estruturas morfológicas dos ovários, mas os testículos dos peixes alimentados com dieta de 30% de DDGS apresentaram células espermáticas em abundância. O DDGS pode ser usado como alternativa proteica, sem gerar prejuízos ao desempenho reprodutivo.(AU)

Growth performance and chemical composition of pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fed with vegetable oil sources and alpha-lipoic acid / Desempenho produtivo e composição química de pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus) alimentados com óleos vegetais e ácido alfa-lipoico

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different oil sources and alpha-lipoic acid levels on pacus performance, chemical composition of fillets and histological changes in the liver. Were used 480 pacu juveniles (3.35 ± 0.78 g), distributed in 24 experimental units (n = 20). Six treatments were delineated in a completely randomized design (CRD), in a 3x2 factorial scheme, with three sources of oil (soybean, sesame and linseed) and two levels of alpha-lipoic acid (0 and 0.1 %), with four replications. Data were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test (5%). Diets containing linseed oil as the only lipid source provided better indices of final body weight and individual weight gain in pacu juveniles. Crude protein content was higher in fish fillets that fed diets without alpha-lipoic acid. Liver’s histology was not affected by the experimental diets. In conclusion, linseed oil improved final body weight and individual weight gain on pacus, and alpha-lipoic acid did not affect the performance of the animals, however its absence promoted higher levels of crude protein in fish fillets.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de óleos vegetais e níveis de ácido alfa-lipoico sobre o desempenho de pacus, composição química de filés e alterações histológicas no fígado. Foram utilizados 480 juvenis de pacu (3,35 ± 0,78 g), distribuídos em 24 unidades experimentais (n = 20). Foram testados seis tratamentos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), no esquema fatorial 3x2, sendo três fontes de óleo (soja, gergelim e linhaça) e dois níveis de ácido alfa-lipoico (0e 0,1%), com quatro repetições. Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente por análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey (5%). As dietas contendo óleo de linhaça como única fonte lipídica proporcionaram melhores índices de peso médio e ganho de peso individual nos juvenis de pacu. O teor de proteína bruta foi maior nos filés dos peixes alimentados com as dietas sem ácido alfa-lipoico. Os fígados de juvenis de pacu não foram afetados pelas dietas experimentais. Conclui-se que o óleo de linhaça promoveu os melhores índices de peso médio e ganho de peso individual em pacus e o ácido alfa-lipoico não afetou o desempenho dos animais, mas a sua ausência promoveu maiores teores de proteína bruta nos filés dos pacus.

Growth performance and chemical composition of pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fed with vegetable oil sources and alpha-lipoic acid / Desempenho produtivo e composição química de pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus) alimentados com óleos vegetais e ácido alfa-lipoico

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different oil sources and alpha-lipoic acid levels on pacus performance, chemical composition of fillets and histological changes in the liver. Were used 480 pacu juveniles (3.35 ± 0.78 g), distributed in 24 experimental units (n = 20). Six treatments were delineated in a completely randomized design (CRD), in a 3x2 factorial scheme, with three sources of oil (soybean, sesame and linseed) and two levels of alpha-lipoic acid (0 and 0.1 %), with four replications. Data were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukeys test (5%). Diets containing linseed oil as the only lipid source provided better indices of final body weight and individual weight gain in pacu juveniles. Crude protein content was higher in fish fillets that fed diets without alpha-lipoic acid. Livers histology was not affected by the experimental diets. In conclusion, linseed oil improved final body weight and individual weight gain on pacus, and alpha-lipoic acid did not affect the performance of the animals, however its absence promoted higher levels of crude protein in fish fillets.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de óleos vegetais e níveis de ácido alfa-lipoico sobre o desempenho de pacus, composição química de filés e alterações histológicas no fígado. Foram utilizados 480 juvenis de pacu (3,35 ± 0,78 g), distribuídos em 24 unidades experimentais (n = 20). Foram testados seis tratamentos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), no esquema fatorial 3x2, sendo três fontes de óleo (soja, gergelim e linhaça) e dois níveis de ácido alfa-lipoico (0e 0,1%), com quatro repetições. Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente por análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey (5%). As dietas contendo óleo de linhaça como única fonte lipídica proporcionaram melhores índices de peso médio e ganho de peso individual nos juvenis de pacu. O teor de proteína bruta foi maior nos filés dos peixes alimentados com as dietas sem ácido alfa-lipoico. Os fígados de juvenis de pacu não foram afetados pelas dietas experimentais. Conclui-se que o óleo de linhaça promoveu os melhores índices de peso médio e ganho de peso individual em pacus e o ácido alfa-lipoico não afetou o desempenho dos animais, mas a sua ausência promoveu maiores teores de proteína bruta nos filés dos pacus.(AU)

Replacement of animal protein with vegetable protein in the diets of Astyanax altiparanae / Substituição de proteína animal por proteína vegetal em dietas para lambari-do-raboamarelo Astyanax altiparanae

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing animal protein with vegetable protein sources on the productive performance of Astyanax altiparanae (lambari-do-rabo-amarelo). Five experimental diets were formulated with increasing replacement levels of animal protein by vegetable protein. A total of 9000 individuals (initial mean weight 1.18 ± 0.12 g, initial mean length 2.1 ± 0.3 cm) were distributed in 20 net cages (1 m3) with a density of 450 ind. m-3. Cages were randomly placed in a pond (180 m2, 1.5 m deep, 10% water renewal per day). After 63 days of cultivation, total count and individual biometrics from 20% of each experimental unit were taken. Mean weight, total length, survival, feed conversion, biomass weight gain and proximate body composition were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and four replications. The reduction in the formulation cost achieved by increasing levels of vegetable protein compensated the slight decrease in biomass gain. Besides that, inclusion of vegetable protein resulted in greater fat deposition, suggesting future exploration of A. altiparanae as a functional food.(AU)

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da substituição de fontes de proteína animal por fontes proteicas vegetais no desempenho produtivo do Astyanax altiparanae (lambari-do-rabo-amarelo). Cinco dietas experimentais foram formuladas com níveis crescentes de substituição de proteína animal por proteína vegetal. Foi distribuído o total de 9.000 indivíduos (peso médio inicial 1,18 ± 0,12 g, comprimento médio inicial 2,1 ± 0,3 cm) em 20 tanques-rede (1 m3 ; 450 ind. m-3). Os tanques-rede foram aleatoriamente dispostos em um viveiro (180 m2 , profundidade: 1,5 m, renovação de água: 10% ao dia). Após 63 dias de cultivo, foi realizada a contagem total dos indivíduos e biometria individual de 20% de cada unidade experimental. Foram avaliados peso e comprimento médios, sobrevivência, conversão alimentar, ganho em biomassa e composição corporal. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. A diminuição alcançada no custo de formulação pela inclusão de níveis crescentes de proteína de origem vegetal mais que compensou a ligeira diminuição no ganho em biomassa. Ademais, a inclusão de proteína vegetal resultou em maior deposição lipídica, sugerindo exploração futura de A. altiparanae como alimento funcional.(AU)

Replacement of animal protein with vegetable protein in the diets of Astyanax altiparanae / Substituição de proteína animal por proteína vegetal em dietas para lambari-do-raboamarelo Astyanax altiparanae

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing animal protein with vegetable protein sources on the productive performance of Astyanax altiparanae (lambari-do-rabo-amarelo). Five experimental diets were formulated with increasing replacement levels of animal protein by vegetable protein. A total of 9000 individuals (initial mean weight 1.18 ± 0.12 g, initial mean length 2.1 ± 0.3 cm) were distributed in 20 net cages (1 m3) with a density of 450 ind. m-3. Cages were randomly placed in a pond (180 m2, 1.5 m deep, 10% water renewal per day). After 63 days of cultivation, total count and individual biometrics from 20% of each experimental unit were taken. Mean weight, total length, survival, feed conversion, biomass weight gain and proximate body composition were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and four replications. The reduction in the formulation cost achieved by increasing levels of vegetable protein compensated the slight decrease in biomass gain. Besides that, inclusion of vegetable protein resulted in greater fat deposition, suggesting future exploration of A. altiparanae as a functional food.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da substituição de fontes de proteína animal por fontes proteicas vegetais no desempenho produtivo do Astyanax altiparanae (lambari-do-rabo-amarelo). Cinco dietas experimentais foram formuladas com níveis crescentes de substituição de proteína animal por proteína vegetal. Foi distribuído o total de 9.000 indivíduos (peso médio inicial 1,18 ± 0,12 g, comprimento médio inicial 2,1 ± 0,3 cm) em 20 tanques-rede (1 m3 ; 450 ind. m-3). Os tanques-rede foram aleatoriamente dispostos em um viveiro (180 m2 , profundidade: 1,5 m, renovação de água: 10% ao dia). Após 63 dias de cultivo, foi realizada a contagem total dos indivíduos e biometria individual de 20% de cada unidade experimental. Foram avaliados peso e comprimento médios, sobrevivência, conversão alimentar, ganho em biomassa e composição corporal. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. A diminuição alcançada no custo de formulação pela inclusão de níveis crescentes de proteína de origem vegetal mais que compensou a ligeira diminuição no ganho em biomassa. Ademais, a inclusão de proteína vegetal resultou em maior deposição lipídica, sugerindo exploração futura de A. altiparanae como alimento funcional.

Fontes e níveis de proteína na alimentação do lambari-do-rabo-amarelo: desempenho prdutivo e análise econômica / Sources and protein levels in the diet of lambari-do-rabo-amarelo: productive performance and economic analysis

Este trabalho teve como por objetivo desenvolver dietas nutricionalmente adequadas e financeiramente viáveis para o lambari, além de analisar economicamente a viabilidade de produção desta espécie no sistema de tanques-rede como alternativa de renda ao pescador artesanal. Previamente, foram realizados dois ensaios, os quais tiveram por finalidade determinar a densidade de estocagem adequada para lambaris em tanques-rede, bem como ajustar o manejo experimental (sistema de contagem e povoamento, tempo de exposição a anestésicos, dinâmica das biometrias, etc.). [...] Os tratamentos deste experimento não influenciaram na composição corporal dos peixes. As análises bromatológicas de ambas as rações experimentais apresentaram valores condizentes com os propostos na formulação e, portanto, não interferindo no propósito da pesquisa. Complementando os estudos e utilizando os resultados de desempenho produtivo obtidos, realizou-se análise econômica a partir das dietas utilizadas no segundo experimento através do sistema de Partial Budget Analysis in Aquaculture, bem como a projeção de cultivo do lambari em módulos de um a quatro tanques-rede, seguida de análise da viabilidade econômica sob dois cenários de comercialização: R$ 0,30 e 0,20 por unidade. Observou-se que o melhor custo/benefício foi proporcionado pelos peixes alimentados com ração contendo 26% de PB e ingredientes premium, enquanto que a produção de lambaris no sistema de tanques-rede mostrou-se viável, quando comparado com as receitas obtidas por pescadores artesanais, a partir do cultivo em duas unidades de produção (TR), desde que sejam comercializados ao valor de R$ 0,30 por peixe (AU)

This study aimed to develop nutritionally appropriate and financially viable diets for lambari, besides analyze economically the practicability of producing this species in cage system as an alternative f or subsistence fishermen. Previously, two experiments were done, which had the purpose of determin ing the appropriated stocking density for lambaris in cages, as well as adjusting the experimental management (counting and settlement systems, time of exposure to anesthetics, dynamics of biometrics, etc.). [...] The treatments in this experiment did not influence body composition of fish. Bromatological analysis of both experimental diets had values consistent with those proposed in the formulation and, therefore, didn't interfere on the purpose of this research. Finally, complementing the studies and using the results of productive performance obtained, it was performed an economic analysis was performed from the diets used on the second experiment using the model Partial Budget Analysis in Aquaculture, as well as the projection of lambari cultivation in modules from 1 to 4 cages, followed by an analysis of economic viability in two scenes of commercialization: R$ 0,30 and 0,20 per unit. It was observed that the best cost/benefit was provided by fish fed with diet of 26% crude protein and premium ingredients, whereas the production of lambaris in cage system was viable when compared to incomings obtained by subsistence fishermen, since they are cultivated, at least, in 2 modules of production, and the fish are commercialized for R$ 0,30/unit (AU)

Fontes e níveis de proteína na alimentação do lambari-do-rabo-amarelo: desempenho prdutivo e análise econômica / Sources and protein levels in the diet of lambari-do-rabo-amarelo: productive performance and economic analysis

Este trabalho teve como por objetivo desenvolver dietas nutricionalmente adequadas e financeiramente viáveis para o lambari, além de analisar economicamente a viabilidade de produção desta espécie no sistema de tanques-rede como alternativa de renda ao pescador artesanal. Previamente, foram realizados dois ensaios, os quais tiveram por finalidade determinar a densidade de estocagem adequada para lambaris em tanques-rede, bem como ajustar o manejo experimental (sistema de contagem e povoamento, tempo de exposição a anestésicos, dinâmica das biometrias, etc.). [...] Os tratamentos deste experimento não influenciaram na composição corporal dos peixes. As análises bromatológicas de ambas as rações experimentais apresentaram valores condizentes com os propostos na formulação e, portanto, não interferindo no propósito da pesquisa. Complementando os estudos e utilizando os resultados de desempenho produtivo obtidos, realizou-se análise econômica a partir das dietas utilizadas no segundo experimento através do sistema de Partial Budget Analysis in Aquaculture, bem como a projeção de cultivo do lambari em módulos de um a quatro tanques-rede, seguida de análise da viabilidade econômica sob dois cenários de comercialização: R$ 0,30 e 0,20 por unidade. Observou-se que o melhor custo/benefício foi proporcionado pelos peixes alimentados com ração contendo 26% de PB e ingredientes premium, enquanto que a produção de lambaris no sistema de tanques-rede mostrou-se viável, quando comparado com as receitas obtidas por pescadores artesanais, a partir do cultivo em duas unidades de produção (TR), desde que sejam comercializados ao valor de R$ 0,30 por peixe

This study aimed to develop nutritionally appropriate and financially viable diets for lambari, besides analyze economically the practicability of producing this species in cage system as an alternative f or subsistence fishermen. Previously, two experiments were done, which had the purpose of determin ing the appropriated stocking density for lambaris in cages, as well as adjusting the experimental management (counting and settlement systems, time of exposure to anesthetics, dynamics of biometrics, etc.). [...] The treatments in this experiment did not influence body composition of fish. Bromatological analysis of both experimental diets had values consistent with those proposed in the formulation and, therefore, didn't interfere on the purpose of this research. Finally, complementing the studies and using the results of productive performance obtained, it was performed an economic analysis was performed from the diets used on the second experiment using the model Partial Budget Analysis in Aquaculture, as well as the projection of lambari cultivation in modules from 1 to 4 cages, followed by an analysis of economic viability in two scenes of commercialization: R$ 0,30 and 0,20 per unit. It was observed that the best cost/benefit was provided by fish fed with diet of 26% crude protein and premium ingredients, whereas the production of lambaris in cage system was viable when compared to incomings obtained by subsistence fishermen, since they are cultivated, at least, in 2 modules of production, and the fish are commercialized for R$ 0,30/unit

Farelo de algodão na nutrição de tilápias do Nilo na fase de terminação em tanques-rede

As constantes oscilações nos preços da soja tornam necessárias as pesquisas com ingredientes alternativos para serem utilizados na alimentação de animais aquáticos. Sendo o farelo de algodão (FA) um ingrediente promissor, o mesmo foi objeto de estudo da presente pesquisa. Foram formuladas quatro rações isoprotéicas (32% PB) e isoenergéticas (2800 kcal/kg de ED). A ração controle continha 30% de farelo de soja (FS) e 0% de FA. As demais dietas apresentavam 20% de FS e 10% de FA, 10% de FS e 20% de FA e 0% de FS e 30% de FA. As deficiências de lisina e metionina, considerados aminoácidos limitantes para a espécie, foram supridas com a adição de aminoácidos sintéticos (L-Lisina e DL-Metionina). Foram processadas quatro toneladas de cada ração em extrusora industrial. Utilizouse dezesseis unidades experimentais (TR), onde cada unidade (6 m3) foi povoada com 820 peixes pesando em média 0,468 ± 0,050 kg. O experimento teve duração de 64 dias e foi realizado em condições práticas de cultivo no reservatório da hidrelétrica de Chavantes, rio Paranapanema - Estado de São Paulo. O arraçoamento se deu às 08:00; 11:00; 14:00 e 18:00h. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, constituído de quatro níveis de inclusão de FA (0, 10, 20 e 30%) com quatro repetições. Dentre as variáveis observadas, o ganho de peso dos peixes foi significativo entre os tratamentos, sendo que a inclusão de 20% de FA (0,366 kg) foi superior ao tratamento que só continha FS (0,307 kg). Conclui-se que para a tilápia do Nilo na fase de terminação em tanques -rede, a inclusão de 20% de FA na dieta, com a devida suplementação de lisina e metionina, melhora a produtividade

Constant oscillations on soybean prices make necessary the need of new researches with substitutes ingredients to be utilized on feed nutrition of aquatic animals. Once cottonseed meal (CSM) is a promising ingredient, it was the object of this research.To accomplish this research four isoproteic (32% CP) and isoenergetic (2800 kcal ED) diets were formulated. Control diet (T1) contained 30% of SBM and 0% of CSM. The other three diets contained: 20% of SBM and 10% of CSM (T2), 10% of SBM and 20% of CSM (T3) and 0% of SBM and 30% of CSM (T4). Lysine and methionine deficiency was supplied through addition of synthetic amino acid (L-lysine and DL- methionine). Four metric tons of diets were processed in a industrial extruder. Sixteen net cages of 6 m3 (experimental units) were stocked with 820 fish (average weight of 0.468 ± 0.050 g). Experiment lasted 64 days and was carried out under on-farm condition at Chavantes Hidroeletric Reservoir, Paranapanema River, São Paulo State. Food was offered at 8:00, 11:00, 14:00 and 18:00 hs. Experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and four replicates. Weight gain was significantly affected by treatments, being T3 (0.366 kg) higher than T1 (0.307 kg) and T4 (0.299 kg). It was concluded that, for cage raised Nile tilapia on finishing phase, inclusion levels of CSM on diets up to 20%, with the necessary lysine and methionine supplementation, improves productivity

Replacement of animal protein with vegetable protein in the diets of Astyanax altiparanae

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing animal protein with vegetable protein sources on the productive performance of Astyanax altiparanae (lambari-do-rabo-amarelo). Five experimental diets were formulated with increasing replacement levels of animal protein by vegetable protein. A total of 9000 individuals (initial mean weight 1.18 ± 0.12 g, initial mean length 2.1 ± 0.3 cm) were distributed in 20 net cages (1 m3) with a density of 450 ind. m-3. Cages were randomly placed in a pond (180 m2, 1.5 m deep, 10% water renewal per day). After 63 days of cultivation, total count and individual biometrics from 20% of each experimental unit were taken. Mean weight, total length, survival, feed conversion, biomass weight gain and proximate body composition were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and four replications. The reduction in the formulation cost achieved by increasing levels of vegetable protein compensated the slight decrease in biomass gain. Besides that, inclusion of vegetable protein resulted in greater fat deposition, suggesting future exploration of A. altiparanae as a functional food.