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OBJECTIVE: Obesity and hyperglycaemia contribute to the atherosclerotic process in part through oxidative modifications to lipoprotein particles. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a lifestyle intervention on markers of oxidized lipoproteins in obese Latino adolescents with prediabetes. DESIGN: Pre-post design. SETTING: Participants were enrolled into a 12-week lifestyle intervention. Measurements pre- and post-intervention included anthropometrics and body composition, lipid panel, oxidized LDL (oxLDL), oxidized HDL (oxHDL), intake of fresh fruits and vegetables, and cardiorespiratory fitness. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-five obese Latino adolescents (seventeen females, eighteen males; mean age 15·5 (sd 1·0) years; mean BMI percentile 98·5 (sd 1·2)) with prediabetes. RESULTS: Intervention participation resulted in significant reductions in weight (-1·2 %, P = 0·042), BMI and BMI percentile (-2·0 and -0·4 %, respectively, P < 0·001), body fat (-7·0 %, P = 0·025), TAG (-11·8 %, P = 0·032), total cholesterol (-5·0 %, P = 0·002), VLDL-cholesterol (-12·5 %, P = 0·029), and non-HDL-cholesterol (-6·7 %, P = 0·007). Additionally, fitness (6·4 %, P < 0·001) and intake of fruits and vegetables (42·4 %, P = 0·025) increased significantly. OxLDL decreased significantly after the intervention (51·0 (sd 14·0) v. 48·7 (sd 12·8) U/l, P = 0·022), while oxHDL trended towards a significant increase (395·2 (sd 94·6) v. 416·1 (sd 98·4) ng/ml, P = 0·056). CONCLUSIONS: These data support the utility of lifestyle intervention to improve the atherogenic phenotype of Latino adolescents who are at high risk for developing premature CVD and type 2 diabetes.
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BACKGROUND: Studies have examined the associations between emotions and overeating but have only rarely considered associations between emotions and specific food choices. The purpose of this secondary data analysis was to use mobile ecological momentary assessments (mEMAs) to examine associations between emotions and food choices among first-year college students living in residence halls. METHODS: Using an intensive repeated-measures design, mEMAs were used to assess concurrent emotions and food choices in a racially/ethnically diverse sample of first-year college students (n = 663). Emotions were categorized as negative (sad, stressed, tired), positive (happy, energized, relaxed), and apathetic (bored, meh). Assessments were completed multiple times per day on four quasi-randomly selected days (three random weekdays and one random weekend day) during a 7-day period using random prompt times. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to examine between- and within-person associations of emotional status with a variety of healthy and unhealthy food choices (sweets, salty snacks/fried foods, fruits/vegetables, pizza/fast food, sandwiches/wraps, meats/proteins, pasta/rice, cereals), adjusting for gender, day of week, and time of day, accounting for within-person dependencies among repeated measurements of eating behavior. RESULTS: At the between-person level, participants who reported positive emotions more frequently compared to others consumed meats/proteins more often (OR = 1.8; 99% CI = 1.2, 2.8). At the within-person level, on occasions when any negative emotion was reported (versus no negative emotion reported) participants were more likely to consume meats/proteins (OR = 1.5, 99% CI = 1.0, 2.1); on occasions when any positive emotion was reported as compared to occasions with no positive emotions, participants were more likely to consume sweets (OR = 1.7, 99% CI = 1.1, 2.6), but less likely to consume pizza/fast food (OR = 0.6, 99% CI = 0.4, 1.0). CONCLUSIONS: Negative and positive emotions were significantly associated with food choices. mEMA methodology provides a unique opportunity to examine these associations within and between people, providing insights for individual and population-level interventions. These findings can be used to guide future longitudinal studies and to develop and test interventions that encourage healthy food choices among first-year college students and ultimately reduce the risk of weight gain.
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Dieta/estatística & dados numéricos , Emoções , Preferências Alimentares/psicologia , Estudantes/psicologia , Adolescente , Arizona , Avaliação Momentânea Ecológica , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , UniversidadesRESUMO
This study compared acute postexercise oxygen consumption in 11 trained women (age, 46.5 ± 1.6 years; body mass index [BMI], 28.4 ± 1.7 kg·m(-2) and 11 untrained women (age, 46.5 ± 1.5 years; BMI, 27.5 ± 1.5 kg·m(-2)) after resistance exercise (RE). Resistance exercise consisted of 3 sets of 8 exercises (8-12 repetitions at 50-80% 1 repetition maximum). Oxygen consumption (VO2 ml·min(-1)) was measured before and after (0, 20, 40, 60, 90, and 120 minutes) RE. Immediately after cessation of RE (time 0), oxygen consumption increased in both trained and untrained women and remained significantly above baseline through 60 minutes after exercise (p < 0.01). Total oxygen consumption during recovery was 31.3 L in trained women and 27.4 L in untrained women (p = 0.07). In trained women, total oxygen consumption was strongly related to absolute (kg) lean mass (r = 0.88; p < 0.001), relative (kilogram per square meter) lean mass (r = 0.91; p < 0.001), and duration of exercise (r = 0.68; p ≤ 0.05), but in untrained women, only training volume-load was related to total oxygen consumption (r = 0.67; p ≤ 0.05). In trained women, 86% of the variance in oxygen consumption was explained by lean mass and exercise duration, whereas volume-load explained 45% in untrained women. Our findings suggest that, in women, resistance training increases metabolic activity of lean tissue. Postexercise energy costs of RE are determined by the duration of stimulation provided by RE rather than absolute work (volume-load) performed. This phenomenon may be related to type II muscle fibers and increased protein synthesis.
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Metabolismo Energético , Consumo de Oxigênio , Condicionamento Físico Humano/fisiologia , Treinamento Resistido , Adulto , Composição Corporal , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Research on the acute health effects of whole-body vibration with resistance exercise (WBV + RE) for clinical populations is limited. This randomized crossover trial evaluated postexercise hypotension and excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in response to three conditions: WBV + RE, RE alone, and control (CON) in 11 prehypertensive (systolic/diastolic blood pressure: 120-139/80-89 mmHg) adults. METHODS: Following a 12-hour fast with no exercise for the previous 24 hours, resting VO2 and blood pressure (BP) were measured. WBV + RE was performed while standing barefoot on a vibration platform (Pneumex Pro-Vibe) and lifting a bar of 10% body weight. Fifteen repetitions of nine exercises were performed using a 1-minute-to-30-second exercise:rest ratio. RE was identical to WBV + RE but without vibration. During CON, participants remained seated for 15 minutes. Following exercise, VO2 was measured continuously and BP every 15 minutes for 3 hours. RESULTS: Postexercise hypotension and EPOC were significantly different for WBV + RE compared with RE and CON (p <0.001). Postexercise systolic BP was significantly lower for WBV + RE as compared with RE or CON, while diastolic BP was lower for both WBV + RE and RE compared with CON (p < 0.001; WBV + RE: 124 ± 2/72 ± 6 mmHg; RE: 126 ± 2/71 ± 6 mmHg; CON: 128 ± 2/73 ± 6 mmHg). EPOC was significantly (p < 0.001) higher at 15 minutes postexercise for WBV + RE as compared with RE. CONCLUSION: Compared with RE alone, a single bout of WBV + RE resulted in a greater postexercise hypotension response and higher EPOC.
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Eccentric muscle actions (ECC) are characterized by muscle lengthening, despite actin-myosin crossbridge formation. Muscles acting eccentrically are capable of producing higher levels of force compared with muscles acting concentrically. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ECC bench press yields greater strength than concentric (CON) as determined by 1 repetition maximum (1RM). Additionally, a comparison was made examining differences in the number of repetitions to failure at different relative intensities of 1RM. Thirty healthy men (age = 24.63 ± 5.6 years) were tested for 1RM in CON and ECC bench press and the number of repetitions completed at 60, 70, 80, and 90% 1RM. For CON repetitions, the weight was mechanically lowered to the chest, and the participant pressed it up until the elbows were fully extended. The ECC bench press consisted of lowering a barbell from a fully extended elbow position to the chest in a continuous controlled manner for 3 seconds as determined by electronic metronome. Paired t-tests showed that ECC 1RM (115.99 ± 31.08 kg) was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) greater than CON 1RM (93.56 ± 26.56 kg), and the number of repetitions completed at 90% 1RM was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) greater in ECC (7.67 ± 3.24) as compared with CON (4.57 ± 2.21). There were no significant differences in number of completed repetitions during CON and ECC bench press at 60, 70, and 80% 1RM. These data indicate that ECC actions yield increased force capabilities (â¼120%) as compared with CON in the bench press and may be less prone to fatigue, especially at higher intensities. These differences suggest a need to develop unique strategies for training eccentrically.
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Tolerância ao Exercício , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Treinamento Resistido/métodos , Levantamento de Peso/fisiologia , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Contração Muscular , Músculo Esquelético/irrigação sanguínea , Mialgia/fisiopatologia , Fluxo Sanguíneo Regional/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Faith-based programs have shown beneficial effects for health and behaviors. Few have specifically intervened on the spiritual, mental (i.e., stress), and physical dimensions of well-being combined for health and healthy behaviors (i.e., exercise and diet). The purpose of this report is to describe the feasibility of executing a spirituality-based health behavior change, program founded upon the Spiritual Framework of Coping. This study was a quasi-experimental one group pretest-posttest design. Feasibility objectives were assessed, and limited efficacy of pretest and posttest measures was analyzed using paired t test (p < .05). Acceptance of the program was positive, and modest demand was shown with initial interest and an average attendance of 78.7%. The program was successfully implemented as shown by meeting session objectives and 88% homework completion. The program was practical for the intended participants and was successfully integrated within the existing environment. Limited efficacy measures showed no pre-post changes. This study provided preliminary support for the design and further testing of the theoretical components of the Spiritual Framework of Coping that informed the program.
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Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Espiritualidade , Adaptação Psicológica , Dieta , Exercício Físico , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We describe the study design and methods used in a 9-month pedometer-based worksite intervention called "ASUKI Step" conducted at the Karolinska Institutet (KI) in Stockholm, Sweden and Arizona State University (ASU) in the greater Phoenix area, Arizona. METHODS/DESIGN: "ASUKI Step" was based on the theory of social support and a quasi-experimental design was used for evaluation. Participants included 2,118 faculty, staff, and graduate students from ASU (n = 712) and KI (n = 1,406) who participated in teams of 3-4 persons. The intervention required participants to accumulate 10,000 steps each day for six months, with a 3-month follow-up period. Steps were recorded onto a study-specific website. Participants completed a website-delivered questionnaire four times to identify socio-demographic, health, psychosocial and environmental correlates of study participation. One person from each team at each university location was randomly selected to complete physical fitness testing to determine their anthropometric and cardiovascular health and to wear an accelerometer for one week. Study aims were: 1) to have a minimum of 400 employee participants from each university site reach a level of 10,000 steps per day on at least 100 days (3.5 months) during the trial period; 2) to have 70% of the employee participants from each university site maintain two or fewer inactive days per week, defined as a level of less than 3,000 steps per day; 3) to describe the socio-demographic, psychosocial, environmental and health-related determinants of success in the intervention; and 4) to evaluate the effects of a pedometer-based walking intervention in a university setting on changes in self-perceived health and stress level, sleep patterns, anthropometric measures and fitness.Incentives were given for compliance to the study protocol that included weekly raffles for participation prizes and a grand finale trip to Arizona or Sweden for teams with most days over 10,000 steps. DISCUSSION: "ASUKI Step" is designed to increase the number of days employees walk 10,000 steps and to reduce the number of days employees spend being inactive. The study also evaluates the intra- and interpersonal determinants for success in the intervention and in a sub-sample of the study, changes in physical fitness and body composition during the study. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials NCT01537939.
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Actigrafia/instrumentação , Monitorização Ambulatorial/métodos , Projetos de Pesquisa , Universidades , Adulto , Arizona , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Monitorização Ambulatorial/instrumentação , Saúde Ocupacional , Aptidão Física , Sono , Inquéritos e Questionários , SuéciaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To characterize noncombat injury/illness, determine changes in physical fitness, and evaluate the influence of these changes on medical resource utilization by National Guard (NG) Soldiers. METHODS: Fifty-four Soldiers from the Arizona NG completed pre- and postdeployment fitness testing. Additionally, individual deployment medical records were inventoried. RESULTS: The majority of noncombat-related medical visits (41%) were musculoskeletal in nature, followed by miscellaneous (33%) and respiratory (13%). Soldiers experienced significant decreases in percent fat mass (-11.1%, p < 0.001) and VO2 peak (-10.8%, p < 0.001). There were significant increases in push-ups (16.4%, p < 0.001), sit-ups (11.0%, p = 0.001), bench-press (10.2%, p < 0.001), and back squat (14.2%, p < 0.001) measures. VO2 peak was inversely correlated to medical resource utilization (r = -0.45 to -0.28, p < or = 0.05). The tertile of Soldiers experiencing the sharpest declines in VO2 peak had significantly more medical visits over the course of the deployment than the other two tertiles (8.0 vs. 2.6 vs. 3.1 medical visits/Soldier, p < or = 0.05). CONCLUSION: The predominate noncombat medical issue was musculoskeletal injury. NG Soldiers improved their body composition, strength, and endurance but experienced significant declines in aerobic fitness while deployed. These data document the association between declining aerobic fitness and increased utilization of medical resources.
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Militares , Aptidão Física , Adulto , Campanha Afegã de 2001- , Composição Corporal , Feminino , Humanos , Guerra do Iraque 2003-2011 , Força Muscular , Sistema Musculoesquelético/lesões , Consumo de Oxigênio , Resistência Física , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Cardiorespiratory fitness is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in women; however, maximal oxygen consumption (VO(2max)) protocols are not always feasible. The Evaluation of Physical Activity Measures in Middle-Aged Women Study was a 6-week study designed to evaluate six physical activity (PA) measures in women, aged 45-65 years. We investigated the Ebbeling submaximal treadmill (EbbTM) protocol's ability to reflect an active lifestyle in 66 women [median (IQR) age, 51.0 (48.0, 56.5) years]. Participants were screened using ACSM and AHA guidelines and classified as moderate or low cardiovascular risk. VO(2max) was estimated using the EbbTM in all participants (TEST1). Moderate risk women repeated the EbbTM (TEST2) while low risk completed a maximal treadmill test. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and minimal detectable change (MDC(90)) score were calculated to examine reliability. Spearman rank order or Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were used to determine the association between estimated VO(2max) and physical fitness and activity measures. Estimated VO(2max) from the EbbTM protocol had excellent reproducibility [ICC = 0.95 (95% CI: 0.89, 0.98) and MDC(90) was 1.62 mL kg(-1) min(-1). The EbbTM protocol was associated with measured VO(2max) (ρ = 0.48; p = 0.01) and was positively correlated with moderate- (ρ = 0.32; p = 0.02), vigorous- (ρ = 0.47; p = 0.0005) and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA (ρ = 0.36; p = 0.009), pedometer steps (ρ = 0.41; p = 0.002) and inversely correlated with waist circumference (ρ = -0.58; p < 0.0001), body fat (ρ = -0.55; p < 0.0001), and right leg endurance (ρ = -0.41; p = 0.003). The EbbTM protocol was shown to be reliable and associated with objective measures of fitness and PA in healthy, middle-aged women.
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Teste de Esforço , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Caminhada/fisiologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Feminino , Frequência Cardíaca , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Atividade Motora , Aptidão Física , Circunferência da CinturaRESUMO
Although a dose-response relationship between resistance training frequency and strength has been identified, there is limited research regarding the association between frequency and body composition. This study evaluated the effects of 3 vs. 4 d·wk(-1) of resistance training on body composition and strength in middle-aged women. Twenty-one untrained women (age 47.6 ± 1.2 years) completed 8 weeks of resistance training either 3 nonconsecutive days of the week using a traditional total-body protocol (RT3) or 4 consecutive days of the week using an alternating split-training protocol (RT4). The RT3 completed 3 sets of 8 exercises, whereas RT4 completed 3 sets of 6 upper body exercises or 6 sets of 3 lower body exercises. Both groups completed 72 sets per week of 8-12 repetitions at 50-80% 1 repetition maximum. Weekly training volume load was calculated as the total number of repetitions × load (kg) completed per week. Body composition was measured using air displacement plethysmography. At baseline and after 8 weeks of resistance training, there were no significant between-group differences. Both protocols resulted in significant increases in absolute lean mass (1.1 ± 0.3 kg; p = 0.001), body weight (1.02 ± 0.3 kg; p = 0.005), body mass index (0.3 ± 0.1 kg·m(-2); p = 0.006), strength (p < 0.001), and weekly training volume load (p < 0.001). Correlation analysis revealed that weekly training volume load was strongly and positively related to gains in lean mass (r = 0.56, p = 0.05) and strength (r = 0.60, p = 0.006). In these untrained, middle-aged women, initial short-term gains in lean mass and strength were not influenced by training frequency when the number of training sets per week was equated.
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Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Força Muscular/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Treinamento Resistido , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Extremidade Inferior/fisiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cooperação do Paciente , Extremidade Superior/fisiologiaRESUMO
Currently, there is a paucity of literature that describes physical fitness levels in deploying service members. There has been no data collected that evaluate the Army National Guard or Reserves. This descriptive study will provide physical fitness data for soldiers in the Arizona National Guard (AZNG), allowing for a comparison between the active and reserve components. Sixty soldiers from the AZNG were tested before deployment. Body composition was measured by using air displacement plethysmography. Flexibility testing included the sit and reach (SNR), trunk extension (TE), and shoulder elevation (SE) assessments. Muscular strength was determined by the completion of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) bench press and back squat. Muscular endurance was determined by the completion of the Army push-up (P/U) and sit-up (S/U) test. Muscular power was assessed by the completion of the Wingate cycle test and the standing broad jump (SBJ). Cardiorespiratory fitness was determined by the completion of a VO2peak test. The AZNG soldiers demonstrated a fat mass of 22.7 ± 8.9%, SNR, TE, and SE of 30.0 ± 8.9, 117.1 ± 25.2, and 145.5 ± 50.3 cm, 1RM bench press and back squat of 82.2 ± 29.9 and 104.6 ± 29.0 kg, P/U and S/U of 50 ± 18 and 53 ± 14 reps, peak power of 660.9 ± 177.8 W, SBJ of 191.8 ± 28.4 cm, and VO2peak of 48.9 ± 8.8 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1). This is the first study that provides descriptive data for physical fitness in a reserve component. The data demonstrate that these AZNG soldiers are relatively fit and have comparable results to their active duty counterparts. This descriptive data will provide military leadership a better understanding of the condition of soldiers before deployment and will assist them in better preparing soldiers for future conflicts.
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Militares/estatística & dados numéricos , Aptidão Física/fisiologia , Adiposidade/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Arizona/epidemiologia , Composição Corporal , Teste de Esforço , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Força Muscular/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Resistência Física/fisiologia , Amplitude de Movimento Articular/fisiologia , Ombro/fisiologia , Levantamento de Peso/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Our purpose was to evaluate accuracy of multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MFBIA) using air displacement plethysmography (ADP) as the criterion measure. Body composition of 27 women was assessed by ADP followed immediately by MFBIA. There was a strong relationship (p = .01) between ADP and MFBIA in absolute lean mass (r = 0.80), absolute fat mass (r = 0.99), percent lean mass (r = 0.91), and percent fat mass (r = 0.91). Although MFBIA consistently overestimated lean mass and underestimated fat mass compared with ADP, agreement between measurements was within 2%-3% body fat. An accurate assessment tool, MFBIA can be useful in clinical settings.
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Tecido Adiposo/fisiologia , Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Impedância Elétrica , Nível de Saúde , Pletismografia/métodos , Saúde da Mulher , Absorciometria de Fóton/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Dobras CutâneasRESUMO
This study evaluated the effects of various resistance exercise protocols on 24-hour postexercise insulin sensitivity. Seventeen participants with impaired fasting glucose (100-125 mg/dL) completed 4 separate bouts of resistance exercise under moderate intensity (65% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) or high intensity (85% 1RM) conditions within the confines of single set and multiple set protocols. Intravenous fasting blood was taken at baseline and 24 hours postexercise for each exercise condition to measure fasting plasma glucose (G0) and fasting serum insulin (I0) to calculate insulin sensitivity (homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance = (G0*I0)/405). A minimum of 3 days washout was given between each exercise protocol. A 4 x 2 factorial analysis of variance was performed to compare insulin sensitivity and fasting glucose within subjects and between treatments. All of the exercise protocols improved subsequent insulin sensitivity (p = 0.002) and G0 (p = 0.001). In comparison with single set, there was a significantly greater decrease in G0 (p = 0.021) 24 hours after multiple set bouts. High intensity showed significant decreases in insulin sensitivity as compared with moderate intensity protocols (p = 0.046). Effect size data suggest a dose response relationship between program variables of volume and intensity and 24-hour postexercise insulin sensitivity. High-intensity protocols resulted in greater effect sizes for insulin sensitivity (0.83 multiple set; 0.53 single set) as compared with moderate-intensity protocols. The high-intensity, multiple set bout yielded the greatest treatment effect in both fasting glucose (0.61) and insulin sensitivity (0.83). Overall, single set protocols were less effective than multiple set protocols in lowering fasting blood glucose. Findings suggest a dose-response relationship between volume and intensity on insulin sensitivity and fasting blood glucose. Results indicate that resistance exercise is an effective treatment for acutely enhancing insulin sensitivity and regulating blood glucose in individuals with impaired fasting glucose.
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Glicemia/análise , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Treinamento Resistido/métodos , Levantamento de Peso/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Análise de Variância , Antropometria , Área Sob a Curva , Glicemia/metabolismo , Composição Corporal , Estudos Cross-Over , Feminino , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Educação Física e Treinamento/métodos , Probabilidade , Valores de Referência , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Análise e Desempenho de Tarefas , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Resistance training for health is increasingly popular, yet limited research exists regarding the most appropriate and reliable methods to evaluate outcomes among nonathletic populations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences between multiple trials of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) strength in healthy previously untrained women (35.5 +/- 2.1 years). Nineteen participants completed 3 trials of 1RM chest and leg press with at least 24 hours rest between trials. Familiarization was incorporated into trial 1 for both tests. All trials were highly reliable (intraclass correlation = 0.95). For 1RM chest press, nonsignificant strength changes between trials 1-2 and 2-3 were 1.2 +/- 0.3 kg (p = 0.13) and 1.3 +/- 0.4 kg (p = 0.18), respectively, while the overall increase between trials 1-3 was 2.5 +/- 0.7 kg (p = 0.06). For 1RM leg press, strength changes between trials 1-2 and 2-3 were 6.9 +/- 0.6 kg (p = 0.05) and 7.3 +/- 0.4 kg (p = 0.01), respectively, while the overall difference between trials 1-3 was 14.2 +/- 1.0 kg (p < 0.01). In this study of untrained women, evaluation of maximal strength was significantly different between multiple repeated trials of lower-body strength but not upper-body strength. Thus, it was determined that a series of 3 1RM tests was sufficient to obtain a consistent measurement of maximal upper-body strength (chest press) but not lower-body strength (leg press). These findings may be of assistance for efficient reliable field testing of untrained women.
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Extremidade Inferior/fisiologia , Força Muscular/fisiologia , Treinamento Resistido/métodos , Extremidade Superior/fisiologia , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Índice de Massa Corporal , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Aptidão Física/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the feasibility and effectiveness of a home-based exercise intervention using the Wii Fit Plus®. METHODS: A randomized, controlled trial of 24 women (age 53.6 [5.4] y) was used to assess compliance and changes in balance over 12 weeks. Balance was measured via the Berg Balance Scale and Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Techniques-4 Scale at baseline and week 6 and week 12. Participant compliance to the intervention was captured via paper logs and the electronic record collected by the Wii Fit Plus®. RESULTS: Participants in the intervention group were 95% compliant based on electronic records. There were no significant differences between groups for total score on either balance scale. There was a significant group × time interaction in favor of the intervention for maximum velocity y (P < .05), average velocity (P < .05), and was trending for maximum velocity x (P = .05) in the tandem step, eyes closed position. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the Wii Fit Plus® is appropriate for home-based interventions in middle-aged women. Modest improvements in balance indicate that this may be an effective means to improve or maintain balance in older women. More research is needed to determine compliance and benefits to reducing fall risk in durations exceeding 12 weeks.
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Terapia por Exercício/métodos , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Equilíbrio Postural/fisiologia , Jogos de Vídeo/estatística & dados numéricos , Idoso , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Weight Cycling (WC) is a prevalent behavior associated with adverse cardiovascular (CV) health. However, a 2010 review on the effects of WC and blood pressure (BP) determined that there was not enough evidence to draw definitive conclusions. Central BP is the principal predictor of CV risk compared to peripheral BP. The influence that WC may have specifically on central BP is unknown. Cross-sectional observation of self-reported history of WC on measures of CV health was undertaken. Seventy-five women completed a Weight and Lifestyle Inventory questionnaire, which is considered a reliable index of WC (r = 0.87, p < 0.001). Measures of visceral fat, BP, arterial stiffness, and VO2peak were taken. Regression equations were used to assess primary predictors of these outcomes. Seventy-five middle aged (39 ± 11 years), obese (32 ± 7 kg/m2), and relatively unfit (24 ± 8 ml·kg-1 min-1) women completed the study. Visceral fat was the strongest predictor of brachial systolic blood pressure (SBP; r2 = 0.283), brachial diastolic blood pressure (DBP; r2 = 0.176), central SBP (r2 = 0.375), and augmentation index (AIx; r2 = 0.535, all p < 0.001). VO2peak was the strongest predictor of central DBP (r2 = 0.062, p = 0.036) and augmentation pressure (AP; r2 = 0.491, p < 0.001). Weight cycling index was associated with visceral fat (r = 0.521, p < 0.001). Visceral fat was a mediator between WC and central SBP (confidence interval [CI] = 0.0053-0.0602), AP (CI = 0.0507-0.4915), AIx (CI = 0.0025-0.0699), and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (CI = 0.0115-0.1227; all p < 0.05). WC may increase visceral fat accumulation, which was associated with increased central SBP and measures of arterial stiffness.
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PURPOSE: We assessed resting central/peripheral blood pressure (BP), postexercise BP, and hemodynamic responses (stroke volume, cardiac output, and systemic vascular resistance) after acute exercise and 2 wk of aerobic training in lean and centrally obese men matched for BP. METHODS: Eight lean (body mass index < 25 kg·m, visceral fat = 279 ± 224 cm) and eight centrally obese (body mass index > 30 kg·m, visceral fat = 1471 ± 374 cm) men performed six training sessions (3 d·wk for 40 min at 65%-70% HRmax). Resting BP and hemodynamic measurements were obtained at baseline, after exercise for 60 min, and at 24 h and 48 h after the last training session. RESULTS: Postexercise brachial and central systolic BP (SBP) and mean arterial BP decreased 3-4 mm Hg below resting in lean (P < 0.001) and increased by 3 mm Hg in obese (P < 0.02). Posttraining resting brachial/central SBP were reduced by 3-4 mm Hg only in lean men (P < 0.05). Pretraining postexercise hypotension was significantly correlated with the training-induced change in resting brachial SBP at 48 h (r = 0.58, P = 0.02), but not at 24 h (r = 0.38, P = 0.15). Similar correlations were observed between acute reductions in central SBP and central SBP at 24 h (r = 0.43, P = 0.09) and 48 h (r = 0.54, P = 0.03) posttraining. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to the consistent results for lean men, postexercise hypotension was not observed in centrally obese men, and resting SBP was not reduced after a short aerobic training program. Considerable individual variation in postexercise BP response among obese men may have implications for design of exercise interventions to lower BP in these individuals.
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Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Hemodinâmica , Hipotensão/fisiopatologia , Obesidade Abdominal/fisiopatologia , Condicionamento Físico Humano , Magreza/fisiopatologia , Adaptação Fisiológica , Adolescente , Adulto , Pressão Sanguínea , Artéria Braquial/fisiologia , Débito Cardíaco , Artérias Carótidas/fisiologia , Terapia por Exercício , Artéria Femoral/fisiologia , Humanos , Hipotensão/etiologia , Masculino , Obesidade Abdominal/terapia , Condicionamento Físico Humano/efeitos adversos , Análise de Onda de Pulso , Volume Sistólico , Resistência Vascular , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Ketogenic diets have been associated with reductions in free-living physical activity, a response that can be counterproductive in individuals trying to lose weight. To explore whether popular low-carbohydrate diets might impact the desire to exercise by raising blood ketone concentrations, fatigue and perceived effort during exercise were compared in untrained, overweight adults adhering to a ketogenic low-carbohydrate diet or to a control diet low in carbohydrate, but not ketogenic (5%, 65%, and 30% or 40%, 30%, and 30% of energy from carbohydrate, fat, and protein, respectively). In this prospective, randomized, 2-week pilot study, all meals and snacks were provided to subjects, and energy intake was strictly controlled to provide approximately 70% of that needed for weight maintenance. At baseline and at the end of week 2, exercise testing was conducted in fasting participants. Weight loss and the reductions in fat mass did not differ by group during the trial. At week 2, blood beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were 3.6-fold greater for the ketogenic vs nonketogenic group (P=0.018) and correlated significantly with perceived exercise effort (r2=0.22, P=0.049). Blood beta-hydroxybutyrate was also significantly correlated to feelings of "fatigue" (r=0.458, P=0.049) and to "total mood disturbance" (r=0.551, P=0.015) while exercising. These pilot data indicate that ketogenic, low-carbohydrate diets enhance fatigability and can reduce the desire to exercise in free-living individuals.
Assuntos
Dieta com Restrição de Carboidratos , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Fadiga/sangue , Cetonas/sangue , Obesidade/dietoterapia , Adulto , Dieta com Restrição de Carboidratos/efeitos adversos , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Carboidratos da Dieta/metabolismo , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/metabolismo , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Alimentares/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético , Exercício Físico/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/sangue , Sobrepeso , Projetos Piloto , Estudos Prospectivos , Redução de PesoRESUMO
White sesame seed oil (WSSO) has been used in cooking and food preparations for centuries. It has many purported health benefits and may be a promising nutraceutical. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effects of WSSO on fasting blood glucose (GLU) and insulin (INS) in male Sprague-Dawley rats with chemically induced diabetes. A secondary aim was to explore other hematological biomarkers of hepatic, cardiac, and renal function. Sixty-three male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into standard diet groups, normal control (NCON) (n = 21) and diabetic control (DCON) (n = 21), and a diabetic sesame oil (DSO) (n = 21) group, which were fed a diet containing 12% WSSO. Blood samples were analyzed at 0, 30, and 60 days. Differences between groups and across days were assessed with two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. At baseline, GLU and INS were similar in both diabetic groups, mean 248.4 ± 2.8 mg/dL and mean 23.4 ± 0.4 µU/mL, respectively. At 60 days, GLU was significantly (P < .05) higher in DCON (298.0 ± 2.3 mg/dL) compared with DSO (202.1 ± 1.0 mg/dL). INS showed similar favorable trends after WSSO supplementation. Consumption of WSSO significantly improved glucose control and other biomarkers of hepatic stress, as well as cardiac and renal health. WSSO may be a viable functional food to help reduce the detrimental effects of diabetes.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/fisiopatologia , Rim/fisiopatologia , Fígado/metabolismo , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Óleo de Gergelim/metabolismo , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Glicemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Humanos , Insulina/metabolismo , Rim/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Sesamum/química , Sesamum/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Low-carbohydrate diets may promote greater weight loss than does the conventional low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. OBJECTIVE: We compared weight loss and biomarker change in adults adhering to a ketogenic low-carbohydrate (KLC) diet or a nonketogenic low-carbohydrate (NLC) diet. DESIGN: Twenty adults [body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 34.4 +/- 1.0] were randomly assigned to the KLC (60% of energy as fat, beginning with approximately 5% of energy as carbohydrate) or NLC (30% of energy as fat; approximately 40% of energy as carbohydrate) diet. During the 6-wk trial, participants were sedentary, and 24-h intakes were strictly controlled. RESULTS: Mean (+/-SE) weight losses (6.3 +/- 0.6 and 7.2 +/- 0.8 kg in KLC and NLC dieters, respectively; P = 0.324) and fat losses (3.4 and 5.5 kg in KLC and NLC dieters, respectively; P = 0.111) did not differ significantly by group after 6 wk. Blood beta-hydroxybutyrate in the KLC dieters was 3.6 times that in the NLC dieters at week 2 (P = 0.018), and LDL cholesterol was directly correlated with blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (r = 0.297, P = 0.025). Overall, insulin sensitivity and resting energy expenditure increased and serum gamma-glutamyltransferase concentrations decreased in both diet groups during the 6-wk trial (P < 0.05). However, inflammatory risk (arachidonic acid:eicosapentaenoic acid ratios in plasma phospholipids) and perceptions of vigor were more adversely affected by the KLC than by the NLC diet. CONCLUSIONS: KLC and NLC diets were equally effective in reducing body weight and insulin resistance, but the KLC diet was associated with several adverse metabolic and emotional effects. The use of ketogenic diets for weight loss is not warranted.