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BACKGROUND AND AIM: Oxidative stress leads to a compensatory increase in levels of serum ceruloplasmin in patients with such imbalances. Greater than normal serum ceruloplasmin levels are noticed in numerous cancers including the leukemias and Hodgkin's lymphoma. The purpose of the present study was to estimate and evaluate the efficacy of serum ceruloplasmin levels as a potential biomarker in the early detection of oral potentially malignant epithelial lesions (PMELs) including leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present observational study was conducted over a period of 2 years wherein 100 subjects aged between 18 to 60 years were divided into four groups with Group A consisting of 25 healthy controls, Group B and C with 25 patients each, clinically diagnosed with oral leukoplakia and OSMF and Group D with 25 patients clinically diagnosed and histopathologically proven OSCC. The patients were subjected to incisional biopsy after routine hematological investigation while the same sera samples were used for analysis of serum ceruloplasmin levels. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Comparison of serum ceruloplasmin levels between the groups was performed using one way analysis of variance (one way ANOVA) test while P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The mean serum ceruloplasmin levels were found to be 43.19 ± 1.90mg/dl in subjects of group A, 47.68 ± 1.51mg/dl in group B, 47.74 ± 1.45mg/dl in group C and 47.73 ± 0.74mg/dl in group D. Using one-way ANOVA, statistically significant variations were found in the values of mean serum ceruloplasmin levels in subjects of the four groups (F-value = 59.58, P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The observations of the present study revealed that serum ceruloplasmin levels were found to be raised in all 3 study groups including oral leukoplakia, OSMF and OSCC as compared to the controls while the results were found to be statistically significant.
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Background: Traumatic dental injuries are most commonly seen in school age children. This not only affects physical, but, also, the psychological and social well-being of a child. The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries in school children aged between 8 and 13 years and their association with the demographics and other predisposing risk factors. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted as a cross-sectional study design on 1500 school children aged between 8 and 13 years. Apart from clinical examination, all the participants were asked to complete a questionnaire related to the injuries sustained. Statistical analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 (IBM, Chicago). Pearson's Chi-square (Χ²) test was used for categorical data analysis and distribution to determine the association between categorical variables, while P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries in the present study was calculated at 9.7%. Also, the occurrence of such injuries was found to be higher in the age group of 8-11 years with 10 years being the peak age of incidence for sustaining such injuries. Again, crown fracture involving enamel was found to be the most common type of injury sustained, while proclination observed in relation to upper anterior teeth, and incompetent lips were found to be the independent, significant risk predictors associated with the frequency and severity of such injuries. Conclusions: The results obtained in the present study suggested a high prevalence of traumatic dental injuries in school children aged between 8 and 13 years highlighting the need for conducting educational programs, for increasing knowledge and awareness of parents, school children and school faculty in this regard to save the affected child patients from the more dreaded sequelae including complete loss of tooth structure, and social and emotional trauma.
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Background: Dentists are at an increased risk of encountering cross-infections because of working in close proximity with oral mucosa and saliva making use of high-speed rotary instruments during treatment generating large amount of aerosols and splatter which in turn increases the probability of nosocomial spread of infections. The present study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of dentists after the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted using Google Forms wherein a well-structured questionnaire composed of a total of 25 closed-ended questions was distributed among practicing dentists through online mode. Step-wise linear regression analysis was done to determine the influence of independent variables on the knowledge, attitude, and practice scores of the participants. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: On analyzing the results, multiple linear regression analysis revealed no significant difference in the knowledge scores among the participants, while good attitude and practice scores were significantly associated with higher qualification of the participants. Another noteworthy finding in the study was the significant correlation observed between the various components of the knowledge, attitude, and practice scores among the participants (P < 0.05). Conclusion: It could be concluded from the findings of the present survey that dentists were found to have good knowledge scores about the COVID-19 pandemic. They should, however, pay more emphasis on practicing tele-triaging and proper screening and should follow various guidelines and advisories issued from time to time by the competent authorities.
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Dental implants are one of the established treatment protocols to replace/restore lost tooth/teeth structures. Ihde and Ihde redefined concept of strategic implantology based on immediate loading. The aim of present case series was to evaluate efficacy of strategic implants regarding primary stability, quality of bone, survival, and clinical success in long-term. The present case series included a total of 26 patients aged 40 to 70 years restored with strategic implants after an immediate loading protocol. On follow-up visits, clinical assessment of implant stability was done by absence of implant mobility and absence of pain and dysesthesia while radiographically, immediate postoperative crestal bone level was compared with that observed on follow-up visits. Also, integration of apical and/or crestal threads of implants were assessed radiographically for any signs of radiolucency along with healing of sockets and crestal bone levels in relation to abutment margins.
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OBJECTIVE: The shortage of health care professionals in rural areas contributes toward discriminatory health care delivery. The present study was planned with a similar intent and aimed to evaluate the perception of dental students regarding their future in rural areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was designed as a cross-sectional study comprising of a 30-item questionnaire survey instrument distributed among a total of 550 dental students while the results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 12.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Independent student's t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for comparison among the variables while the Chi-square test was used to determine the association between the variables. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: No significant difference was observed in the attitude based on gender (P = 0.43), although, a statistically significant difference was observed in the attitude of students based on the year of their education with a positive attitude toward rural dental practice generally noted in the first year Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) students which significantly declined with the increasing level of education (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Dental students were more influenced by the negative aspects of rural dental practice though they had, in their mind, a positive approach for the same at the beginning of their education, but this significantly declined with the increasing level of their education.
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OBJECTIVE: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is one of the most widely used denture base material because of favorable esthetics and desirable characteristics such as easy handling. Acrylic resins, although, have some inherent disadvantages such as relatively poor physical and mechanical properties. The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare the impact strength of unmodified and modified heat cure PMMA-based denture base material with addition of different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) (0.5, 1, 2 wt%). METHODS: The present in-vitro study comprised of a total of 60 samples allocated to four groups with Group A samples consisting of heat cure acrylic resin without any modification (used as control); Group B samples consisting of heat cure acrylic resin modified with 0.5 wt% of AgNPs; and subsequently, Group C and Group D samples consisting of heat cure acrylic resin modified with 1 wt% and 2 wt% of AgNPs, respectively. The impact strength of the prepared acrylic samples was evaluated using Izod/Charpy Impact Tester, while the values obtained were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), while one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's multiple post-hoc procedures were used for statistical analysis. P < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The highest impact strength was found in Group C samples consisting of heat cure acrylic resin modified with 1 wt% of AgNPs to be closely followed by Group B samples consisting of heat cure acrylic resin modified with 0.5 wt% of AgNPs. Group D samples consisting of heat cure acrylic resin modified with 2 wt% of AgNPs, although, revealed relatively lower impact strength compared to Group B and Group C samples. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of the present study, it was concluded that the impact strength of mechanically modified heat polymerized PMMA resin was significantly enhanced with addition of varying concentrations of AgNPs, although, it was observed that with an increase in the concentration of AgNPs, a subsequent decrease in the tensile strength of the final polymer material was observed.
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OBJECTIVE: The contemporary esthetic restorative materials such as composite resin and glass-ionomer cements and their modifications have all been developed keeping in mind the requirements of permanent teeth. There have been plenty of studies that have focused on the characteristics of these materials in relation to permanent teeth with a relative dearth of such studies as regard to the primary teeth. The present study was undertaken to compare and evaluate the shear bond strength of composite resin, compomer, and resin-modified glass-ionomer cements in primary teeth. METHODS: Thirty non-carious primary molars that were indicated for extraction because of physiological resorption or, for orthodontic reasons, were selected. The selected teeth were randomly allocated to three groups of 10 each for composite, compomer, and resin-modified glass-ionomer cements. The enamel from the occlusal surface of all teeth was removed to expose the superficial dentin and was wet polished with 400 grit sand paper. Composite, compomer, and resin-modified glass-ionomer stubs were bonded on to the occlusal surfaces using a plastic tube as a template. All samples were, then, subjected to thermocycling and evaluation of shear bond strength using the universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min, whereas the results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), whereas one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's multiple post-hoc procedures were used for statistical analysis. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The mean shear bond strength values for Groups I, II, and III were found to be 11.7 ± 3.07 MPa, 7.74 ± 4.16 Mpa, and 4.43 ± 2.08 Mpa, respectively, whereas one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple post-hoc procedures indicated that there were remarkable differences among the three groups with the results being statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Composite resin showed the highest shear bond strength in relation to primary dentin when compared to compomer and resin-modified glass-ionomer cements.
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OBJECTIVE: Appliance biocompatibility, orthodontic treatment efficiency and patient convenience are the major issues confronting contemporary orthodontic practice. Very few studies have been published till date regarding the efficiency of self-ligating brackets as against conventional brackets. Hence, the present study was planned to compare the rate of canine retraction between self-ligating and conventional brackets and to determine the amount of anchorage loss during canine retraction. METHODS: The present clinical study was designed as a prospective, observational study comprising of 25 patients requiring first premolar extraction as a part of orthodontic treatment. Self-ligating and conventional brackets were bonded using a split-mouth study design randomly. Retraction of canines was done with 150 grams of force using Dontrix gauge with E-chains. The study was conducted in relation to upper arch only, while the rate of retraction was evaluated every 4 weeks for 3 months. Average rates of retraction in 3 months were calculated. For anchorage loss, an acrylic guide plug was used in mid-treatment cast (T0) and after 3 months of retraction (T3). The statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Independent t-test was used to compare the means of the two variables studied, while Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between the variables studied in the groups included. P < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The correlation coefficient between the average rate of canine retraction with self-ligating brackets vs. conventional brackets over a period of 3 months came out to be 0.6434, while on comparing the data in terms of anchorage loss over a period of 3 months, the respective correlation coefficient value was found to be 0.6659 with the results being statistically highly significant in either case (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Self-ligating brackets showed double the amount of displacement compared to conventional brackets in some of the cases. Also, chair side time was significantly reduced with self-ligating brackets as against conventional brackets.
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OBJECTIVE: While using preadjusted brackets, the position of the bracket on the crown is one of the deciding factors that determine the tooth's final tip, torque, height, and rotation. The final tooth position is not optimal if the bracket is placed incorrectly or if the varying crown morphology does not correspond with the bracket design. The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare the variations in torque expression in maxillary incisor and canine using different bracket prescriptions placed at different crown levels by finite element method. METHODS: For the present study, three-dimensional models of maxillary right central incisor and canine were made using CREO version 4.0 software. CREO is a powerful three-dimensional (3-D) computer-based, computer-aided design (CAD) software developed by Parametric Technology Corporation (PTC) to aid in design processes. Simulation was done to replicate the clinical situation of an active palatal root torque acting on the incisor and canine. The induced palatal movement of root tips and labial movement of crowns tips, overall stress, and von Mises stress generated in the brackets and the total equivalent strains developed in the periodontal ligament (PDL) were calculated, while the values obtained were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS: Based on the findings of the present study, the average maximum stress produced in the bracket was calculated as 265.069 Mpa in incisor and 166.742 Mpa in the canine. Likewise, the average of the maximum displacement of root apex observed in the present study was calculated as 0.01401 mm in the incisor and 0.00421 mm in the canine, while the average strain developed in the PDL was calculated as 0.0587 for incisor and 0.0498 for the canine. Furthermore, it was, also, observed that the magnitude of strain developed in the PDL increased with increase in the stress produced by the bracket prescription for both incisor and canine. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of the present study, it was concluded that the magnitude of displacement of root apex was significantly influenced by bracket prescription and bracket position. Also, the stress developed in the bracket was influenced by bracket prescription and position, while the variation in crown morphology in the incisor and canine played a significant role in the eventual strain developed in the PDL after torque application.
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Aim Snoring, which falls within the spectrum of sleep-related breathing disorders, is considered to be one of the common symptoms of airway obstruction. Lateral cephalometric analysis is an effective way of diagnosing airway obstruction by evaluating skeletal and soft tissue abnormalities in patients with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). The present study was planned to analyze the pharyngeal space among snorers and nonsnorers in the retroglossal region and in the region of hypopharynx at the level of epiglottis. Materials and Methods The present cross-sectional study included a total of 60 individuals who were grouped into snorers and nonsnorers based on their answers for the study questionnaire related to snoring. Digital lateral cephalograms were taken for all maintaining the exposure parameters while Digora software was used for measurements related to the soft tissue parameters. The two significant soft tissue parameters analyzed were the distance of epiglottis from the tip of the soft palate, the retroglossal length, and the distance of posterior pharynx from the tip of the epiglottis, the pharyngeal space. Statistical Analysis The statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, United States) while paired t -test was used for intergroup analysis. A p -value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The mean retroglossal length was found to be 25.52 mm among the snorers and 23.70 mm among the nonsnorers. In case of pharyngeal space, a mean of 8.54 mm was recorded among the snorers whereas among the nonsnorers, the respective mean value of 10.16 mm was observed. Conclusion In the present study, pharyngeal space was found to be less at the level of the tip of epiglottis among the snorers compared with nonsnorers which can be attributed to be one of the significant reasons behind snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
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Osteoporosis is a specific condition which is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) and deterioration of bone structure resulting in an increased susceptibility to fractures. It contributes to a great deal of morbidity and mortality, and is a large burden to the healthcare system, especially in the case of the elderly population. In the last four decades, a plethora of studies have reported characteristic oral radiographic findings in the early stages of osteoporosis, suggesting the possible use of oral radiographic signs for the early detection of the condition. Digital orthopantomographs (OPGs) are usually taken for the screening of dental patients during routine dental evaluations. These radiographs and the characteristic changes seen on them may have a significant role in the screening for initial osteoporotic changes. A number of precise radiomorphometric indices of the mandible have also been developed to allow quantification of the mandibular bone mass for identification of the initial signs of osteoporosis. The present review focuses on the possible role of panoramic radiographs in the initial screening for osteoporosis in dental clinics in high-risk groups.
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Aim: To assess the influence of gender and age on different parameters of alveolar bone loss using specific radiomorphometric indices on panoramic radiographs to aid in identifying patients with possible low bone mineral density (BMD). Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study included 80 subjects in whom mandibular cortical index (MCI), mandibular cortical width (MCW), panoramic mandibular index (PMI), alveolar bone loss (ABL), and bone height in 1st premolar (Hp) and 1st molar (Hm) were assessed to evaluate the alveolar bone loss. Results: The findings of the present study revealed a significant association between MCI and age for females with C2 and C3 categories being more common with advancing age. Also, a significant difference could be seen in relation to gender (p-value = 0.0315) for MCW with a concomitant decrease in values of MCW in females >60 years of age. The vertical bone height of the edentulous mandible at 1st premolar (Hp) (p-value = 0.0071) and 1st molar (Hm) (p-value = 0.0044) regions were also found to be more in males than females. Conclusion: Panoramic radiographic measurements provided valuable information for alveolar bone loss in terms of gender and age based on specific radiomorphometric parameters.
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Background: The aim of the present study was to detect the prevalence of accidental pathological findings in asymptomatic maxillary sinuses in patients referred for head and neck cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) examination for varied reasons. Methods: The present cross-sectional study included a detailed analysis of CBCT scans of 150 patients aged between 18 and 70 years reporting for varied dental complaints for detecting accidental pathological findings in maxillary sinuses while the patients did not have any complaint pertaining to sinuses. Results: The findings of the present study revealed 58% patients to have pathological findings in maxillary sinuses while they were asymptomatic for sinuses. Furthermore, the prevalence of mucosal thickening was found in 29.3% of the patients while 36.7% patients presented with polypoidal mucosal thickening. Conclusion: Higher prevalence of pathologies in asymptomatic maxillary sinuses found in the present study emphasized significance of a thorough examination of routine dental patients by dento-maxillofacial radiologists with necessary investigations to be advised in the form of higher imaging modalities like CBCT, if necessary.
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CONTEXT AND AIM: A plethora of studies have revealed that there is a lack of general consensus in the precise anatomic detailing of the canals and the major foramen in both the maxillary and mandibular teeth while emphasizing the significance of the same for a successful endodontic treatment. The aim of the present study was to determine the variations in canal morphology, shapes, and positions of major foramen in maxillary and mandibular teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, 420 extracted human maxillary and mandibular teeth with completely formed apices were included. The specimens were cleaned for surface debris including remnants of periodontal tissue and were stored in saline. Examination of the apices was performed with the help of stereomicroscope for their exact shapes and configurations and precise anatomic location. Comparison of different parameters within the group was done using Chi-square test while P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The results of the present study indicated that apical foramen in mandibular teeth showed higher degree of deviation with a prevalence of 70.2% while flat shape of apical foramen was observed only in maxillary teeth. Furthermore, maximum deviation in maxillary teeth was recorded in the canines with a prevalence of 90% while, in mandibular teeth, maximum deviation was recorded with mandibular second premolars with a prevalence of 79.12%. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study revealed that deviation of apical foramen from the root apex was seen in 68.2% of the specimens. Furthermore, deviation was greater in the mandibular than the maxillary teeth.
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PURPOSE: Color blindness is one of the potential disabilities affecting the ability of color perception by the eye. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of color blindness among dental professionals. METHODS: For the present study, a total of 198 dental professionals were randomly selected as subjects who were asked to fill the required questionnaire followed by which their color vision status was evaluated using the Ishihara test. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The prevalence of color blindness, age specificity, and the ratio of the occurrence of color blindness in relation to gender were assessed using Chi-square test for independence and Chi-square test with Yates's correction for independence when the expected frequency was <5. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The present study reported 3.54% prevalence of color blindness among the study population. A higher number of cases were reported from males (9.26%) than females (1.39%). (P < 0.05) Furthermore, the prevalence of color blindness was found to be more in faculty members (5.88%) than in students with a reported prevalence of 3.31%. CONCLUSION: The present study reported high prevalence of color blindness in dental professionals while they were totally unaware of it.
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Defeitos da Visão Cromática , Visão de Cores , Testes de Percepção de Cores , Defeitos da Visão Cromática/epidemiologia , Odontólogos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , PrevalênciaRESUMO
A cyst is defined as a pathological cavity which may or may not have an epithelial lining and which has a fluid, semi-fluid, or gaseous contents and is not formed by accumulation of pus. The calcifying epithelial odontogenic cyst (CEOC) was first reported by Gorlin et al. in 1962. At that time, it was classified as a cyst related to the odontogenic apparatus. It was later renamed as calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor (CCOT) in the World Health Organization classification devised in 2005 due to its histological complexity, morphological diversity, and aggressive proliferation. CCOT was later recognized by numerous names including Gorlin cyst, calcifying ghost cell odontogenic cyst, and/or dentinogenic ghost cell tumor. It has a peak incidence during the second and third decades of life and does not demonstrate any gender predilection. Radiographically, CEOC may appear as a unilocular or multilocular radiolucent lesion with either well-circumscribed or poorly-defined margins and may also be observed in association with unerupted teeth. Calcification is an important radiographic feature for the interpretation of CEOC/CCOT. The typical histopathological features of CEOC include a fibrous wall and lining of odontogenic epithelium with either columnar or cuboidal basal cells resembling ameloblasts. The treatment of choice for CEOC is conservative surgical enucleation, however, recurrence is also not found to be uncommon. Herein, we are reporting a case of the same in a 21-year-old female which was a great dilemma during the diagnostic work-up.
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INTRODUCTION: Salivary gland hypofunction might be associated with various local and systemic conditions and is managed with a plethora of therapeutic options with associated side effects. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is one such option with no known systemic side effects for dealing with this crippling condition. The present study was planned with a similar intent of assessing impact of TENS on salivary flow rates in normal healthy adults according to gender and age groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was designed as a cross-sectional study on 130 healthy adults wherein unstimulated and stimulated saliva was collected for 5 min in graduated test tubes fitted with a funnel while mean salivary flow rates were calculated. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). RESULTS: In the present study, differences between mean unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rates with TENS were found to be statistically significant for both genders (P < 0.001). Furthermore, in relation to age groups included, maximum increase in salivary flow rate was seen in 20-29 years of age group, though significant results were seen in all three age groups included namely 20-29 years, 30-39 years, and 40-49 years (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Based on results from the present study, it could be concluded that TENS comes out to be a safer, nonpharmacological therapeutic option for treating patients with xerostomia.
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BACKGROUND AND AIM: Snoring, which falls within the spectrum of sleep-related breathing disorders, is considered to be one of the common symptoms of airway obstruction. Lateral cephalometric analysis is an effective way of diagnosing airway obstruction by evaluating skeletal and soft-tissue abnormalities in patients with sleep-disordered breathing. The present study was planned to analyze the pharyngeal space among snorers and nonsnorers in retroglossal region and in the region of the hypopharynx at the level of epiglottis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present cross-sectional study included a total of 60 individuals who were grouped into snorers and nonsnorers based on their answers for the study questionnaire related to snoring. Digital lateral cephalograms were taken for all maintaining the exposure parameters, whereas Digora software was used for measurements related to the soft-tissue parameters. The two significant soft-tissue parameters analyzed were the distance of epiglottis from the tip of the soft palate, the retroglossal length and the distance of posterior pharynx from the tip of the epiglottis, the pharyngeal space. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), whereas paired t-test was used for inter-group analysis. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The mean retroglossal length was found to be 25.52 mm among the snorers and 23.70 mm among the nonsnorers. In the case of pharyngeal space, a mean of 8.54 mm was recorded among the snorers, whereas among the nonsnorers, the respective mean value of 10.16 mm was observed. CONCLUSION: In the present study, pharyngeal space was found to be less at the level of the tip of epiglottis among the snorers compared to nonsnorers which can be attributed to be one of the significant reasons behind snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
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Paediatric facial fractures are relatively rare. The inherent elasticity of the bones with more of the cartilage than that of the mineralised bone accounts for this. The principles involved in the management of facial fractures are the same irrespective of the age of the patient; however, in children, the techniques used are necessarily modified by certain anatomical, physiological, psychological and feeding factors related to childhood and the parents. In an attempt to keep the treatment and fixation technique simple, the case, presented here, describes the management of a mandibular parasymphyseal fracture in a 16-month-old child with the use of a prefabricated adaptable surgical splint.
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Fixação de Fratura/instrumentação , Fraturas Mandibulares/cirurgia , Contenções , Humanos , Lactente , Fraturas Mandibulares/diagnóstico por imagem , Fraturas Mandibulares/etiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Coronary artery disease (CAD) has been the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studies indicate that patients with CAD show higher degree of pulp calcifications. Localized pulp calcifications are microscopically apparent in more than half of the teeth in young adolescents. However, pulp stones extending to the entire dentition are infrequent and need further evaluation to predict the risk of other probabilities of associated diseases. The present study was planned to estimate the prevalence of pulp stones in patients diagnosed with or, undergoing treatment for CAD. METHODS: The present study consisted of 300 subjects within an age range of 20-55 years who were divided into the study group consisting of 150 patients including 108 males and 42 females as well as 150 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Pulp stones were imaged using bitewing radiographs using paralleling technique under standard conditions. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS statistics 20 Core system software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) while Chi-square test was used to check the prevalence of pulp stones in patients with CAD in addition to their arch-wise and region-wise distribution. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The present study revealed 100% prevalence of pulp stones in the study group while 90% of the subjects in the control group were also afflicted with pulp stones, though the total number of pulp calcifications observed were lesser in number in the control group compared to the study group (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found, although in the gender predilection for the development of pulp stones in the study group while the control group revealed a definite male predilection with around 96.24% of the males afflicted with pulp stones (P < 0.05). Furthermore, maxillary teeth had a statistically significant predilection for the development of pulp stones in both the study as well as the control groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The patients with CAD have high chance of being affected with pulp stones. Higher prevalence of this entity in multiple teeth may warrant such an individual, in the presence of other compounding risk factors, as a candidate for CAD to be ruled out.