Association between physical activity and quality of life in haemodialysed and peritoneal dialyzed patients in Hungary.

BACKGROUND: Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD) or haemodyalisis (PD) appear to be less physically active than healthy persons, a situation that could lead to reductions in quality of life. The aim of the present study was to assess and compare physical activity and health-related quality of life in renal patients on HD and PD programs. METHODS: In May 2020, 130 patients (106 HD and 24 PD) were enrolled in a study of chronic dialysis programs. All participants received a questionnaire containing information on demographics, treatment, and co-morbidities. Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form, and quality of life was measured using the Kidney Disease Quality of Life-Short Form 12 (KDQOL-SF-12) questionnaire comprising mental (MCS) and physical components (PCS). Non-parametric statistical tests were executed with 0.05 as the level of significance. RESULTS: The physical activity of patients treated in both HD and PD programs could be considered as low, without a statistically significant difference between the two modalities. For the quality of life measures, we found a significant (p = .004) difference regarding Physical Component Summary (PCS) scores, with higher PCS scores in patients treated in the PD programme compared to HD. Furthermore, higher physical activity levels were associated with better quality of life parameters in both groups. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the importance of physical activity among dialysis patients with ESKD, suggesting that greater activity could be associated with a better quality of life.

Effects of a combined aerobic and core stabilization exercise training program on functional capacity, pain, and health-related quality of life in hemodialysis and kidney transplant patients.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) poses a significant public health challenge globally while impacting patients' physical function and quality of life. Addressing the issues of physical inactivity and pain management is essential during treatment to improve health-related quality of life. The present study investigated the effect of an aerobic training program with core stabilization exercises for hemodialysis (HD) patients on a transplant waiting list and renal transplant (RTx) patients. METHODS: A total of 45 patients with CKD were included in the 12-week study: 25 patients receiving HD (12 HD treatment group, 13 HD control group) and 20 patients with RTx (9 RTx treatment group, 11 RTx control group). Functional capacity was measured using the 6-min walk test, pain was measured using the visual analog scale, and health-related quality of life was measured using the Kidney Disease Quality of Life-Short Form 12 questionnaire. Nonparametric statistical tests were performed at a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: Both the HD and RTx treatment groups showed significantly reduced times for the 6-min walking test (p = 0.002 and p = 0.008, respectively), significantly reduced pain severity (p = 0.002 and p = 0.008, respectively), and significantly improved quality of life scores (p = 0.006 and p = 0.041, respectively) by the end of the study compared with control groups. CONCLUSION: Based on the results, structured exercise programs could be effective therapies in CKD management. Therefore, health providers should promote their integration into routine care practices to enhance patient outcomes and well-being.

Association Between Alcohol Consumption and Cardiovascular Risk Based on Data from the Three Generations for Health Program in Hungary.

BACKGROUND Alcohol consumption has a significant effect on cardiovascular health, and risk factors, such as excessive alcohol use, should be avoided. Although alcohol consumption has decreased over the last decade in Hungary, it is still significantly higher than the average across the European Union. The objective of this study was to describe the patterns of alcohol use based on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), with a special focus on cardiovascular risk status (low, moderate, high, or very high). MATERIAL AND METHODS The Three Generations for Health program focuses on the development of primary health care in Hungary. One of the key elements of the program is the identification of risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. An ordinal multiple logistic regression analysis was performed with 10 categorical explanatory variables and the outcome was the categorical cardiovascular risk. RESULTS The database consisted of patients aged 40-65 years with a sample size of 11 348. A significant relationship was found between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular risk status; people with high-risk drinking patterns had higher a value of odds ratio (OR=1.306 [1.003-1.701]) for having a more serious cardiovascular status. According to multiple regression analysis, alcohol dependence was associated with cardiovascular risk. CONCLUSIONS From a public health perspective, the results highlight the importance of reducing alcohol consumption with the help of primary care and preventive services in countries with a high cardiovascular risk profile to reduce the cardiovascular disease-related burden.

Breast cancer screening and its associating factors among hungarian women aged 45-65: a cross-sectional study based on the European health interview surveys from 2009 to 2019.

BACKGROUND: In 2020, globally 685,000 people died, and 2.3 million women were diagnosed with breast cancer. The main cause of cancer deaths among women is breast cancer, which account for 15.5% of all cancer deaths. Most of these could have been avoided with timely diagnosis. The aim of our study was to determine the proportion of breast screening participation in Hungary, and to identify possible factors that may influence breast screening attendance. METHODS: Our data were gathered from the cross-sectional European Health Interview Surveys conducted in Hungary in 2009, 2014, and 2019. In terms of categorical characteristics, Pearson's chi-square test was performed to evaluate the differences between people who have attended breast screening within two years and who have only attended more than two years ago. To determine the factors that may have an impact on the uptake of screening, generalized linear model with logit link function regarding binomial probability distribution was executed. RESULTS: The responses of 2626 women between the age 45-65 were included in our study. In 2009 85% (n=741), in 2014 90% (n=851) and in 2019 87% (n=699) of the respondents claimed to have ever attended a breast screening in their life. In 2009 68% (n=594), in 2014 66% (n=630) and in 2019 64% (n=515) said that they have taken part in breast screening within two years (p=0.331). From 2014 to 2019 (AOR=0.72 [0.57-0.89]) the chance of attending breast screening was decreasing. We observed that both secondary (AOR=1.97 [1.60-2.44]) and tertiary educational level (AOR=2.23 [1.67-3.00]), higher perceived income (AOR=1.54 [1.25-1.90]), and more frequent meeting with the doctor (AOR=1.77 [1.39-2.27]) and with the specialist (AOR=1.88 [1.54-2.28]) appeared as protective factors of breast screening attendance. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the lifetime prevalence of breast screening participation is high, however the recommended biennial rate is relatively low. To increase the participation rate, various initiatives would be needed, especially for women in identified risk groups, which are lower educational level, lower perceived income, and less frequent meeting with the doctor and with the specialist.

The use of the Hungarian Test Your Memory (TYM-HUN), MMSE, and ADAS-Cog tests for patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in a Hungarian population: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) often presages the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Accurate and early identification of cognitive impairment will substantially reduce the burden on the family and alleviate the costs for the whole society. There is a need for testing methods that are easy to perform even in a general practitioner's office, inexpensive and non-invasive, which could help the early recognition of mental decline. We have selected the Test Your Memory (TYM), which has proven to be reliable for detecting AD and MCI in several countries. Our study was designed to test the usability of the Hungarian version of the TYM (TYM-HUN) comparing with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog) in MCI recognition in the Hungarian population. METHODS: TYM test was translated and validated into Hungarian (TYM-HUN) in a previous study. The TYM-HUN test was used in conjunction with and compared with the MMSE and the ADAS-Cog. For our study, 50 subjects were selected: 25 MCI patients and 25 healthy controls (HC). Spearman's rank correlation was used to analyse the correlation between the scores of MMSE and ADAS-Cog with TYM-HUN and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was established. RESULTS: MCI can be distinguished from normal aging using TYM-HUN. We established a 'cut-off' point of TYM-HUN (44/45points) where optimal sensitivity (80%) and specificity (96%) values were obtained to screen MCI. The total TYM-HUN scores significantly correlated with the MMSE scores (ρ = 0.626; p < 0.001) and ADAS-Cog scores (ρ = - 0.723; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that the TYM-HUN is a reliable, fast, self-administered questionnaire with the right low threshold regarding MCI and can be used for the early diagnosis of cognitive impairment.

Patient-related factors, antibiotic prescribing and antimicrobial resistance of the commensal Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae in a healthy population - Hungarian results of the APRES study.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an increasing public health problem worldwide. We studied some patient-related factors that might influence the antimicrobial resistance. and whether the volume of antibiotic prescribing of the primary care physicians correlate with the antibiotic resistance rates of commensal nasal Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. METHODS: The socio-demographic questionnaires, the antibiotic prescription and resistance data of commensal nasal S. aureus and S. pneumoniae were collected in the 20 participating Hungarian practices of the APRES study. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed on the patient-related data and the antimicrobial resistance of the S. aureus and S. pneumoniae on individual, patient level. Ecological analyses were performed with Spearman's rank correlations at practice level, the analyses were performed in the whole sample (all practices) and in the cohorts of primary care practices taking care of adults (adult practices) or children (paediatric practices). RESULTS: According to the multivariate model, age of the patients significantly influenced the antimicrobial resistance of the S. aureus (OR = 0.42, p = 0.004) and S. pneumoniae (OR = 0.89, p < 0.001). Living with children significantly increased the AMR of the S. pneumoniae (OR = 1.23, p = 0.019). In the cohorts of adult or paediatric practices, neither the age nor other variables influenced the AMR of the S. aureus and S. pneumoniae. At practice level, the prescribed volume of penicillins significantly correlated with the resistance rates of the S. aureus isolates to penicillin (rho = 0.57, p = 0.008). The volume of prescribed macrolides, lincosamides showed positive significant correlations with the S. pneumoniae resistance rates to clarithromycin and/or clindamycin in all practices (rho = 0.76, p = 0.001) and in the adult practices (rho = 0.63, p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: The age is an important influencing factor of antimicrobial resistance. The results also suggest that there may be an association between the antibiotic prescribing of the primary care providers and the antibiotic resistance of the commensal S. aureus and S. pneumoniae. The role of the primary care physicians in the appropriate antibiotic prescribing is very important to avoid the antibiotic resistance.

Validation of the Hungarian version of the Test Your Memory.

Concerns regarding the projected prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) over the next several decades have stimulated a need for the detection of AD in its earliest stages. A self-administered cognitive test (Test Your Memory, TYM) is designed as a short, cognitive screening tool for the detection of AD. Our aim was to validate the Hungarian version of the Test Your Memory (TYM-HUN) test for the detection of AD. The TYM-HUN was applied in case of individuals aged 60 years or more, 50 patients with AD and 50 healthy controls were recruited into the study. We compared the diagnostic utility of the Hungarian version of the TYM in AD with that of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The sensitivity and specificity of the TYM-HUN in the detection of Alzheimer's disease were determined. The patients with AD scored an average of 15.5/30 on the MMSE and 20.3/50 on the TYM-HUN. The average score achieved by the members of the healthy control group was 27.3/30 on the MMSE and 42.7/50 on the TYM. The total TYM-HUN scores significantly correlated with the MMSE scores (Spearman's rho, r=0.8830; p<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression model demonstrated that a one-point increase in the TYM score reduced the probability of having AD by 36%. The optimal cut-off score on the TYM-HUN was 35/36 along with 94% sensitivity and 94% specificity for the detection of AD. The TYM has a much wider scoring range than the MMSE and is also a suitable screening tool for memory problems, furthermore, it fulfils the requirements of being a short cognitive test for the non-specialists. The TYM-HUN is useful for the detection of Alzheimer's disease and can be applied as a screening test in Hungarian memory clinics as well as in primary care settings.

Influenza Vaccination Coverage among People with Self-Reported Cardiovascular Diseases-Findings from the Hungarian Implementation of the European Health Interview Survey.

Worldwide, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality. This has significant implications for public health. Influenza, a common infectious disease, poses an increased risk for individuals with chronic conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases. However, little is known about influenza vaccination coverage in this group. This study utilized data from the Hungarian implementation of the European Health Interview Survey to assess influenza vaccination coverage and its determinants among cardiovascular respondents from 2009 to 2019. The findings reveal a downward trend in the vaccination rates over the years (from 24% to 21%), despite the availability of free vaccination in Hungary for this high-risk population. The main factors influencing low influenza vaccine uptake were identified, as follows: young age, a lower level of education, good self-perceived health status, smoking, a lower frequency of medical visits, and not suffering from respiratory diseases. Addressing these disparities necessitates targeted vaccination strategies supported by enhanced education, better access to healthcare services, and the promotion of preventive healthcare measures. Improving vaccination coverage among patients with cardiovascular diseases is imperative for reducing influenza-related morbidity and mortality. This highlights the importance of comprehensive public health interventions and healthcare provider engagement in promoting vaccination among groups at increased risk.

Cardiovascular risk factors among Roma and non-Roma populations in underprivileged settlements.

BACKGROUND: The 'Taking the screening tests close to the people' program offers cardiovascular screening to the inhabitants of underprivileged settlements. This study aimed to evaluate the cardiovascular risk factors of underprivileged populations, including individuals who described themselves as belonging to the Roma population. METHODS: During the program, we collected information about demographic features, lifestyle and current illnesses. A general health assessment (body weight, height, blood pressure and fasting blood glucose) and cardiovascular examination were performed. We analysed data on both Roma and non-Roma groups and used Pearson's chi-squared test and multiple logistic regression models to analyse the factors that contribute to the onset of comorbidities, with a special focus on ethnicity. RESULTS: Data from 6211 participants were processed. Based on self-reports, the non-Roma population consisted of 5352 respondents (1364 men (25.5%) and 3988 women (74.5%)), and the Roma population comprised 859 respondents (200 men (23.3%) and 659 women (76.7%)). A total of 91.2% (4849) of the non-Roma population and 92.5% (788) of the Roma population exercised less than 3 h per week (p < 0.001). Of the non-Roma population, 71.7% (3512) had a body mass index above 25 kg/m2, while the corresponding figure was 72.4% (609) in the Roma population (p = 0.709). The median body mass index was 28.0 (24.6-31.9) in the non-Roma population and 28.8 (24.5-33.0) in the Roma population (p < 0.001). The prevalence of active smokers was 28.7% (1531) in the non-Roma population and 60.3% (516) in the Roma population (p < 0.001). The prevalence of hypertension was 54.9% (2824) in the non-Roma population and 49.8% (412) in the Roma population (p < 0.001). The prevalence of diabetes was 11.5% (95) in the Roma population and 12.2% (619) in the non-Roma population (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: We found a high prevalence of overweight and obesity, a lack of physical activity and an remarkably high smoking rate in the studied underprivileged population. Both type 2 diabetes and hypertension were more common among people living in underprivileged settlements than in the general Hungarian population. People living in underprivileged settlements need more attention in primary care.

Association between Screen Time and Sociodemographic Factors, Physical Activity, and BMI among Children in Six European Countries (Feel4Diabetes): A Cross-Sectional Study.

Screen time among children in most European countries is notably high and is influenced by various sociodemographic and other factors. Our study aimed to explore the associations between parents' sociodemographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, risk status for type 2 diabetes, and their children's BMI, physical activity, and screen time. The data were sourced from the 2016 Feel4Diabetes study, involving 12,280 parents and 12,211 children aged 6-9 years (average age 8.21 years) in a cross-sectional study design. We used a logistic regression model to identify potential factors associated with children's screen time. The results showed that mothers with tertiary education (OR = 0.64; 95%CI = 0.49-0.82; p < 0.001), the middle age group (45-54 years) (OR = 0.81 95%CI = 0.66-0.98; p = 0.033), and families with higher incomes (middle-OR = 0.85; 95%CI = 0.75-0.97; p = 0.014; high-OR = 0.8; 95%CI = 0.69-0.93; p = 0.003) were associated with a decreased chance of children spending more than 2 h/day in front of the screen. In contrast, maternal overweight/obesity (OR = 1.15; 95%CI = 1.03-1.29; p = 0.013) and lower physical activity in children were linked to an increased likelihood of more than 2 h of screen time per day. Our findings suggest that targeted interventions should be developed to mitigate excessive screen time, particularly focusing on low-income families and mothers with low educational levels.

Optimizing cardiopulmonary rehabilitation duration for long COVID patients: an exercise physiology monitoring approach.

The presence of prolonged symptoms after COVID infection worsens the workability and quality of life. 200 adults with long COVID syndrome were enrolled after medical, physical, and mental screening, and were divided into two groups based on their performance. The intervention group (n = 100) received supervised rehabilitation at Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University with the registration number 160/2021 between 01/APR/2021-31/DEC/2022, while an age-matched control group (n = 100) received a single check-up. To evaluate the long-term effects of the rehabilitation, the intervention group was involved in a 2- and 3-month follow-up, carrying out cardiopulmonary exercise test. Our study contributes understanding long COVID rehabilitation, emphasizing the potential benefits of structured cardiopulmonary rehabilitation in enhancing patient outcomes and well-being. Significant difference was found between intervention group and control group at baseline visit in pulmonary parameters, as forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume, forced expiratory volume, transfer factor for carbon monoxide, transfer coefficient for carbon monoxide, and oxygen saturation (all p < 0.05). Our follow-up study proved that a 2-week long, patient-centered pulmonary rehabilitation program has a positive long-term effect on people with symptomatic long COVID syndrome. Our data showed significant improvement between two and three months in maximal oxygen consumption (p < 0.05). Multidisciplinary, individualized approach may be a key element of a successful cardiopulmonary rehabilitation in long COVID conditions, which improves workload, quality of life, respiratory function, and status of patients with long COVID syndrome.

[Summary of the Hungarian Mobile Health Screening Program data for 2021]. / A "Helybe visszük a szurovizsgálatokat" program 2021. évi adatainak összegzése.

INTRODUCTION: In Hungary, significant regional and social inequalities in health status exist. In addition, this is exacerbated by health care inequalities between West and East Hungary. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to summarize the results of the 2021 Hungarian Mobile Health Screening Program, in order to determine the rates of detected cases and to assess the health status differences between different regions. METHOD: A cross-sectional retrospective study was executed to analyze the screening results (n = 5185) of the Hungarian Mobile Health Screening Program. RESULTS: 9% of screening attendees had higher than normal blood glucose level, 25% had abnormal cholesterol levels and 20% had elevated blood pressure. Of those screened, 35% had a not-negative result at the neurological examination, 44% at the dermatological examination, 42% at the cardiological examination, 20% at the spirometry function test, and 4% at the ankle-brachial index measurement. Newly detected gynaecological problems affected 1 in 5 women (21%) and 3 women were diagnosed with malignant tumors. Of those attending oral screening (n = 1836), 90% were directed to different levels of the health care system. CONCLUSION: The results of the Hungarian Mobile Health Screening Program have also demonstrated the health inequalities in our country. The data confirmed the need for the continuation of the Program under the current structure. The aim for the future screening period is to increase the attendance of several examinations and preventive/health promotion advices. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(27): 1070-1076.

Rural family medicine as a career option among Hungarian medical students.

BACKGROUND: The shortage of family physicians is a considerable challenge in Hungary. The number of vacant practices is increasing and the rural and deprived areas are more affected. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate medical students' attitudes towards rural family medicine. METHODS: The current study used a cross-sectional design with a self-administered questionnaire. Each of the four Hungarian medical universities was represented by their medical students from December 2019 to April 2020. RESULTS: The response rate was 67.3% (n = 465/691). Only 5% of the participants plan to be a family doctor, 5% of the students plan to work in rural areas. On a 5-point Likert scale (1 = 'surely not', 5 = 'surely yes'), half of the participants answered 1 or 2 to choose rural medical work, while 17.5% answered 4 or 5. There was a significant relationship between rural working plans and rural origin (OR = 1.97; p = 0.024), and the plan to work in family practice (OR = 4.90; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Family medicine is not a popular career option among Hungarian medical students and rural medical work is even less attractive. Medical students with a rural origin and an interest in family medicine are more likely to plan to work in rural areas. More objective information and experience need to be given to medical students about rural family medicine to increase the attractiveness of the speciality.

Differences between SCORE, Framingham Risk Score, and Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity-Based Vascular Age Calculation Methods Based on Data from the Three Generations Health Program in Hungary.

Early vascular ageing contributes to cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. There are different possibilities to calculate vascular age including methods based on CV risk scores, but different methods might identify different subjects with early vascular ageing. We aimed to compare SCORE and Framingham Risk Score (FRS)-based vascular age calculation methods on subjects that were involved in a national screening program in Hungary. We also aimed to compare the distribution of subjects identified with early vascular ageing based on estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV). The Three Generations for Health program focuses on the development of primary health care in Hungary. One of the key elements of the program is the identification of risk factors of CV diseases. Vascular ages based on the SCORE and FRS were calculated based on previous publications and were compared with chronological age and with each other in the total population and in patients with hypertension or diabetes. ePWV was calculated based on a method published previously. Supernormal, normal, and early vascular ageing were defined as <10%, 10-90%, and >90% ePWV values for the participants. In total, 99,231 subjects were involved in the study, and among them, 49,191 patients had hypertension (HT) and 15,921 patients had diabetes (DM). The chronological age of the total population was 54.0 (48.0-60.0) years, while the SCORE and FRS vascular ages were 59.0 (51.0-66.0) and 64.0 (51-80) years, respectively. In the HT patients, the chronological, SCORE, and FRS vascular ages were 57.0 (51.0-62.0), 63.0 (56.0-68.0), and 79.0 (64.0-80.0) years, respectively. In the DM patients, the chronological, SCORE, and FRS vascular ages were 58.0 (52.0-62.0), 63.0 (56.0-68.0), and 80.0 (76.0-80.0) years, respectively. Based on ePWV, the FRS identified patients with an elevated vascular age with high sensitivity (97.3%), while in the case of the SCORE, the sensitivity was much lower (13.3%). In conclusion, different vascular age calculation methods can provide different vascular age results in a population-based cohort. The importance of this finding for the implementation in CV preventive strategies requires further studies.

Cardiovascular risk management: the success of target level achievement in high- and very high-risk patients in Hungary.

BACKGROUND: The management of risk factors in patients with high cardiovascular risk and its effectiveness is of paramount importance. Over the last decade, several studies have examined the achievement of cardiovascular risk factors' target levels in Europe. In the present Hungarian study, we assessed the cardiovascular risk level of participants aged 40-65 years and the success of achieving risk factors' target levels in high- and very high-risk patients. We compared these results with the results of two similar European studies. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 37,778 patients aged 40-65 years from Hungary between 2019 and 2020. Cardiovascular risk levels and target values were set according to the 2016 European Guideline. Target achievement was evaluated for body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, and HbA1c (in diabetics). RESULTS: For 37,298 patients, all the data were available to determine their cardiovascular risk category. Of these, 23.1% had high and 31.4% had very high cardiovascular risk (men: 27.1 and 39.6%, women: 20.5 and 26.1%, respectively). Achievement of the LDL-C target of 1.8 mmol/l was only 8.0% among very high-risk patients, which was significantly lower than the European average (29%). Achievement of target blood pressure among high-risk patients was better than the European average (63.4% vs. 44.7%, respectively); however, achievement was slightly lower among very high-risk patients compared with the European average (49.4% vs. 58%, respectively). The proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes who achieved a HbA1c below 7% was 57.3% in the high-risk population and 53% in the very high-risk population, which was in line with the European average success rates (58.5 and 54%, respectively). Waist circumference (< 88 cm for women and < 102 cm for men) was achieved by 29.4% of patients in the very high-risk group in our survey, which was lower than the European average of 41%. CONCLUSIONS: The success rate of cardiovascular risk management in Hungary is lower than the European average in several parameters. Furthermore, our data highlight the poor effectiveness of obesity management in Hungary. General practice partnerships may be important sites for positive change.

Differences of cardiovascular risk assessment in clinical practice using SCORE and SCORE2.

OBJECTIVE: Cardiovascular risk estimation is an essential step to reduce the onset of adverse cardiovascular events. For this purpose, the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) risk chart method was used in Europe. In 2021, the SCORE2 algorithm was released, bringing changes in the calculation methodology. This study assessed and compared the level of cardiovascular risk in a population aged 40-65 years using the SCORE and SCORE2 methodologies. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included a total of 85 802 patients in Hungary. Cardiovascular risk levels were determined using the SCORE and SCORE2 risk estimation methods. RESULTS: Using SCORE, 97.7% of men aged 40-50 years were classified as low-moderate risk, which decreased to 32.4% using SCORE2. Using SCORE, 100% of women aged 40-50 years were classified as low-moderate risk, compared with 75.6% using SCORE2. Using SCORE, 36.8% of men aged 50-65 years were classified as high risk and 14.8% as very high risk, and 5.4% of women aged 50-65 years were classified as high risk and 0.5% as very high risk. In this age group, using SCORE2, 50% of men were classified as high risk and 25.8% as very high risk, and 38.8% of women were classified as high risk and 11.9% as very high risk. CONCLUSIONS: When the SCORE2 method was used instead of SCORE 43.91% of the whole population were classified with a higher level of risk, which represents a radical increase in the number of patients with high or very high cardiovascular risk.

Influenza Vaccination Coverage and Its Predictors among Self-Reported Diabetic Patients-Findings from the Hungarian Implementation of the European Health Interview Survey.

In high-risk populations, such as the elderly or those with serious medical issues, for instance, people with cardiovascular diseases or diabetes, influenza can have devastating effects because it might contribute to severe complications or even death. This makes vaccination against influenza an essential component of public health. The primary objective of our research was to identify the characteristics that influenced whether an individual chose to become vaccinated against influenza, with an emphasis on whether they reported having diabetes. The data were obtained from the Hungarian implementation of the European Health Interview Surveys, which were conducted in 2009, 2014, and 2019. The total sample size was 15,874 people. To determine the variables that were related to vaccination, a multivariate logistic regression analysis that included interactions was performed. The overall vaccination coverage was 13% in 2009 and 12% in 2014 and 2019 among non-diabetic respondents; the coverage was 26% in 2009, 28% in 2014, and 25% in 2019 among diabetic respondents. Despite vaccination coverage in both groups being below the optimal level of 75%, we were able to identify factors influencing vaccination coverage. Among diabetic respondents, younger age, lower education level, sex, and co-morbidities were factors that influenced vaccination status. It is important for authorities managing healthcare and medical practitioners to be aware of the potential effects that influenza can have on diabetic patients; therefore, more efforts need to be made to increase the number of diabetic people receiving a vaccination against influenza.

Investigation of the relationship between incidence of mental disorders and economic growth among the Visegrad countries.

Prevention and care for mental disorders represent an important public health task in achieving global development goals. Proper access to adequate healthcare and social services is an important step related to care for mental disorders, which is presumably strongly related to economic growth. The main aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the economic growth and the incidence of mental disorders in the V4 countries. An ecological correlation study was conducted regarding the four Visegrad countries. Indicators were derived from the World Health Organization (WHO) 'Health for All' (HFA) online database and Penn World Table version 10. The incidence of mental disorders increased in the V4 countries throughout the years between 2000-2018 except in Hungary, where a decreasing trend was observed. The prevalence of mental disorders increased in all countries as well, but it stagnated in Hungary. At the same time standardized death rate due to mental disorders increased in all Visegrad countries. According to the Hungarian data, while the prevalence of the disease did not change remarkably, the incidence decreased and the mortality increased as well as the prescription of drugs used in the treatment of mental disorders. This could indicate a serious hidden morbidity.

Freedive Training Gives Additional Physiological Effect Compared to Pulmonary Rehabilitation in COPD.

INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is beneficial for lung mechanics, chest kinematics, metabolism, and inspiratory and peripheral muscle function. Freediving training (FD) can be effective in sportsmen and can improve breath-holding time. AIMS: We sought to determine the effectiveness of freediving training in the pulmonary rehabilitation of COPD patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-three COPD patients (15 men and 8 women; median age 63 years; FEV1: 41% pred; BMI: 28 kg/m2) participated in the FD + PR group (3 weeks PR and 3 weeks FD + PR) and 46 patients with COPD (25 men and 21 women; median age 66 years; FEV1: 43% pred; BMI: 27 kg/m2) participated in an inpatient PR program (6 weeks). Patients performed comfort zone breath holding for 30 min/day. Patients increased their breath-holding time within their comfort zone for 30 min. We detected lung function, chest expansion (CWE), inspiratory muscle pressure (MIP), peripheral muscle function (GS), and exercise capacity (6MWD), and we included breath-holding time (BHT), quality of life score (COPD Assessment Test (CAT)), modified Medical Research Dyspnea Scale (mMRC) score, and the severity of the disease assessed by the BODE index (FEV1, BMI, 6MWD, and mMRC) and an alternative scale (FEV1, BMI, 6MWD, and CAT). RESULT: There were significant differences in the characteristics of the two groups. Significant improvement was detected in all functional and quality of life parameters except lung function in both groups. Significantly higher improvement was detected in CWE, GS, 6MWD, BHT, CAT, mMRC, alternative scale, and MIP. The improvement in forced vital capacity (FVC) was not significant. There were no side effects of FD training. CONCLUSION: The FD method can potentiate the effect of PR, improving not only BHT but also other parameters. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN ISRCTN13019180. Registered 19 December 2017.

An Exploratory Assessment of Factors with Which Influenza Vaccine Uptake Is Associated in Hungarian Adults 65 Years Old and Older: Findings from European Health Interview Surveys.

Influenza vaccination is an imperative public health task for elderly people due to a higher risk of developing more severe complications. The main aim of our study was to determine the influencing factors of being vaccinated against influenza among subjects aged 65 and above. Data were from the Hungarian implementations of the European Health Interview Survey 2009, 2014 and 2019 studies with a final sample size of 3355. A multivariate logistic regression model with interactions was used to identify the possible factors associated with vaccination. Approximately 32% of the participants were vaccinated for the most recent influenza season. The most important factors were identified that contributed to influenza vaccination among individuals, which were the following: educational attainment, having a partner, the annual frequency of specialist and doctor visits, and having comorbidities. Respondents who thought that they could do a lot for their health had higher odds of being immunized. Being obese seemed to be a risk factor. According to our findings, the current influenza vaccination coverage was considered as low in Hungary; hence, the implementation of minor reformulations in the field of health policy is suggested.