Prevalence and development of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: A 16-year longitudinal study in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: We previously investigated the preclinical state of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH): asymptomatic ventriculomegaly with features of iNPH on magnetic resonance imaging (AVIM) found in community inhabitants. The aim of the study was to determine how iNPH develops longitudinally. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A previous longitudinal prospective community-based cohort study was initiated in 2000. The 271 70 year-old participants were followed up in 2016 at the age of 86 years. At this time, 104 participants could be reached for clinical examinations and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). iNPH in this study was diagnosed if the participant had more than one symptom in the clinical triad and disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus (DESH) on MRI, fulfilling at least an Evans index >0.3 (ventricular enlargement, VE) and a narrowing of the subarachnoid space at the high convexity (tight high convexity, THC). Asymptomatic VE (AVE) plus THC were considered AVIM. RESULTS: Longitudinally throughout 16 years, 11 patients with iNPH were found. The hospital consultation rate was only 9%. Five of the eight patients with AVIM (62.5%) and six of 30 with AVE (20.0%) developed iNPH. Cross-sectionally, eight patients had iNPH (8/104, 7.7% prevalence at the age of 86) in 2016. Disease development was classified into THC-preceding and VE-preceding iNPH. One VE-preceding iNPH case was considered a comorbidity of Alzheimer's dementia. CONCLUSION: Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus had a high prevalence among octogenarians in the evaluated community. iNPH developed not only via AVIM but also via AVE, the latter was also frequent in the elderly.

Dysphagia worsens short-term outcomes in patients with acute exacerbation of heart failure.

Dysphagia, defined as a dysfunction in any stage or process of eating, is common in patients with acute exacerbation of heart failure (HF). In some diseases, dysphagia worsens in-hospital mortality, length of hospital stay, and discharge disposition. However, it remains unclear whether dysphagia is associated with poor short-term outcomes in HF patients. The objective of the present study was to determine whether dysphagia affects short-term outcomes in patients with acute exacerbation of HF. A total of 327 patients hospitalized with acute exacerbation of HF were eligible for the study. Patients were divided into a dysphagia group (DG) or a non-dysphagia group (NDG) based on results of the functional oral intake scale (FOIS), which evaluates a patient's ability of eating and swallowing. FOIS is a 7-point scale, with a level of ≤ 5 indicating dysphagia. Following the withdrawal of 16 patients, short-term outcomes such as in-hospital mortality, length of hospital stay, and discharge disposition, of 311 patients were analyzed. All indexes of short-term outcomes were significantly worse in the DG than in the NDG. After propensity score matching, which was performed to adjust for baseline characteristics such as age, sex, height, weight, body mass index, medical history, complications, HF severity, ejection fraction, and biochemical data excluding nutritional status, all short-term outcomes remained significantly worse in the DG than in the NDG. Multivariate analysis showed that FOIS was an independent predictor of in-hospital survival, length of hospital stay, and discharge to home. The present study suggested that dysphagia affected short-term outcomes in patients with acute exacerbation of HF. Therefore, early detection and intervention of dysphagia in HF patients are important.

Dysphagia Hinders Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure from Being Discharged to Home.

Dysphagia, defined as a dysfunction in any stage or process of eating, is common among heart failure (HF) patients. In some diseases state, dysphagia hinders patients from being discharged to home. However, it remains unclear whether dysphagia affects discharge disposition of HF patients. This study aimed to identify the impact of dysphagia on discharge disposition of HF patients. A total of 323 patients, hospitalized with acute exacerbation of HF, were eligible for the study (excluding patients who lived at nursing care facilities before admission). Following the withdrawal of 37 patients, a total of 286 patients were analyzed. Dysphagia was determined using the functional oral intake scale (FOIS), which evaluates a patient's ability to swallow. The FOIS is a 7-point scale, with a level of ≤ 5 indicating dysphagia. Of the 286 patients analyzed, 231 (80.8%) were discharged to home, and 55 were discharged to nursing care facilities or rehabilitation hospitals (non-home). FOIS level was significantly lower, and dysphagia incidence was significantly higher among patients discharged to non-home than among those discharged to home. Multivariate analysis showed that FOIS level was an independent predictor of discharge disposition. Additionally, after propensity score matching, which was performed to adjust for baseline characteristics, FOIS level remained significantly lower in patients discharged to non-home than in those discharged to home. In conclusion, dysphagia hinders patients hospitalized with HF from being discharged to home. We conclude that evaluating dysphagia and its severity on admission is useful for predicting discharge disposition in patients hospitalized with HF.

A multi-center, prospective study on the progression rate of asymptomatic ventriculomegaly with features of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus on magnetic resonance imaging to idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.

INTRODUCTION: Our previous community-based study demonstrated that some individuals with AVIM [asymptomatic ventriculomegaly with features of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)] progressed to iNPH in several years. In this hospital-based study, we investigated the progression rate from AVIM to iNPH and its possible predictors. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of participants with AVIM from several medical institutions/hospitals in Japan. AVIM is defined as "asymptomatic ventriculomegaly with features of iNPH on MRI"; in the present study, asymptomatic was defined as "0 (no symptoms) or 1 (presence of only subjective, but not objective, symptoms) on the iNPH Grading Scale (iNPH-GS)." We also measured possible predicting factors for AVIM-to-iNPH progression, including age, sex, body weight, blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, history of mental disease/head injury/sinusitis/smoking/alcohol-intake, Evans index, and the presence of DESH (disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid-space hydrocephalus) findings on brain MRI, and analyzed these potential predictive values. RESULTS: In 2012, 93 participants with AVIM were registered and enrolled in the study. Of these, 52 participants were able to be tracked for three years (until 2015). Of the 52 participants, 27 (52%) developed iNPH during the follow-up period (11 definite, 6 probable, and 10 possible iNPH), whereas 25 participants remained asymptomatic in 2015. Among the possible predictive factors examined, the baseline scores of iNPH-GS predicted the AVIM-to-iNPH progression. CONCLUSIONS: The multicenter prospective study demonstrated that the progression rate from AVIM to iNPH was ~17% per year, and the baseline scores of iNPH-GS predicted the AVIM-to-iNPH progression.

[A case of neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) presenting with late-onset axonal polyneuropathy].

The patient was a 69-year-old man who had a two-year history of slowly-progressive gait disturbance, paresthesia of the distal legs and bilateral hearing impairment. Nerve conduction study showed symmetric motor-dominant axonal polyneuropathy of the legs. Gadolinium-enhanced brain and spinal cord MRI revealed bilateral vestibular schwannomas, and multiple small schwannomas in the cauda equina, the surface of spinal cord and lumbar muscles. Genetic examination disclosed a point mutation in the exon 2 (T161C: L54P) of the neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) gene, and the diagnosis of NF2 was made. It has been reported that axonal polyneuropathy is frequently observed in patients with NF2. Therefore, it is possible that axonal polyneuropathy of the present patient may be due to the abnormality of the NF2 gene, but not to the direct compression of the tumors, because the localization of his schwannomas in the cauda equina and the spinal cord could not explain his symmetric polyneuropathy. Although this patient showed no characteristic clinical manifestations such as cutaneous lesions, gadolinium-enhanced brain and spinal cord MRI was useful for the detection of asymptomatic schwannomas. NF2 should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with axonal polyneuropathy, even if it is late-onset.

Cognitive impairment, brain ischemia and shorter telomeres are predictors of mortality in the Japanese elderly: A 13-year prospective community-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether cognitive impairment, deep white matter hyperintensity (DWMH) on brain MRI, and shorter telomere length would be predictors of mortality in community-dwelling Japanese elderly. METHODS: We followed 259 individuals (74% of all the residents at age 70) from age 70 to 83 years. The mean observation period was 133 ±â€¯34 months. The key clinical characteristics examined included DWMH on brain MRI and cognitive function. Telomere length was also measured in 81 subjects. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: Of the 259 subjects, 69 subjects (30 men, 39 women; 26.6%) died during the follow-up period. Cognitive impairment, smoking habits, diabetes mellitus, and moderate to severe DWMH were significant predictors of total mortality in univariate analysis. However, only cognitive impairment and moderate to severe DWMH remained as significant independent predictors of death in multivariate analysis. The rate of mortality increased with additional number of risk factors (cognitive impairment and DWMH). The total mortality of subjects with both cognitive impairment and DWMH was 71.4%. The median telomere length was 7.8 kb in the deceased and 8.2 kb in the living subjects. The deceased subjects had significantly shorter telomere length (P = .0025) than the living subjects. Telomere length with moderate to severe DWMH was higher than without moderate to severe DWMH on brain MRI (P = .017). CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed that cognitive impairment, DWMH, and shorter telomere length were significant predictors of total mortality in the community-dwelling Japanese elderly. Furthermore, the combination of cognitive impairment and DWMH increased the mortality rate, as compared with a single risk factor. It is also clarified that a significant difference was present in telomere length by severity of DWMH.

Tooth Loss-associated Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly: A Community-based Study in Japan.

Objective Dementia is a major cause of disruption for a healthy life expectancy in Japan. It has been suggested that the number of teeth is a modifiable risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia. We therefore examined the possible association between the cognitive function and the number of natural and artificial teeth in community-dwelling Japanese elderly individuals. Methods Among the participants in our prospective, community-based study, 210 elderly individuals (103 men and 107 women; 78.1±4.9 years; mean age±standard deviation) underwent both dental examinations and a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), as well as various medical checkups, in 2016 and 2017. Results The number of natural teeth was significantly associated with an individual's MMSE score. The percentage of cognitively normal subjects (MMSE scores: 27-30) decreased significantly with a decrease in the number of natural teeth. Among the MMSE items, the calculation ability was significantly and independently associated with the number of natural teeth. Regression was calculated as the predicted score of MMSE =21+0.3× (years of schooling) +0.1× (number of natural teeth). Among individuals with 19 or fewer natural teeth, those who had a total of 20 teeth or more, including both natural and artificial teeth, had significantly higher MMSE scores than those who had 19 or fewer natural and artificial teeth combined. Conclusion The number of natural teeth was significantly associated with the cognitive function, especially the calculation ability, and the use of artificial teeth was associated with the preservation of the cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly individuals.

Cerebral small vessel disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD): results of a cross-sectional study in community-based Japanese elderly.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is known as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In recent years, several experimental and epidemiological studies have suggested that CKD is associated with endothelial dysfunction; thereby, a CKD state may initiate both large and small vessel damage. The association between renal dysfunction and asymptomatic lacunar infarction was reported in a hospital-based study, whereas the relationship between cerebral small vessel disease (SVD)-related lesions and CKD could not be clarified in a community-based study. We performed a cross-sectional study to determine the relationship between silent cerebral SVD-related lesions and CKD in a total of 625 community-based Japanese elderly. In this study, subjects with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate levels tended to have more lacunar infarcts and higher grades of white matter lesions (WMLs). In addition, the mean grades of WMLs or the mean numbers of lacunar infarction in the subjects with albuminuria were greater than those in subjects without albuminuria. In the logistic regression analysis, the association between the presence of CKD and lacunar infarction or moderate WMLs (Fazekas grades 2 and 3) was statistically significant (odds ratio [OR]: 1.86 and 1.50, respectively). Furthermore, as we performed additional analysis, excluding the subjects with stage 2 hypertension (those with casual blood pressure >or=160/100 mm Hg) or diabetes, CKD remained to be an independent risk for cerebral SVD-related lesions. This is the first study showing the relationship between silent SVD-related brain lesions and the presence of CKD, independently of conventional cardiovascular risk factors, in community-based elderly.

Inflammatory Pseudotumor of the Brain Parenchyma with IgG4 Hypergammaglobulinemia.

A 58-year-old woman with a 1-month history of right hand clumsiness and speaking difficulty was admitted to our hospital. A neurological examination revealed sensory aphasia and right hemiparesis. Her laboratory tests showed elevated serum levels of IgG and IgG4, pancytopenia, and liver dysfunction. The results of the imaging studies of her abdomen were compatible with sclerosing cholangitis. Brain MRI showed extensive signal abnormalities in the left hemisphere on T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images, extending from left internal capsule to the cerebral peduncle with an irregularly enhancing lesion in the left parietal lobe. A brain biopsy revealed lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration and reactive gliosis. Most of the plasma cells were IgG positive; however, IgG4-positive plasma cells were sparsely observed. After the initiation of betamethasone treatment, her symptoms and the brain MRI abnormalities showed significant improvement. The brain biopsy results did not meet the current criteria of IgG4-related disease. This is the first reported case of a tumefactive lesion of the brain parenchyma with serum IgG4 elevation, which was responsive to steroid treatment. The accumulation of a greater number of reports on the pathological investigation of cases of possible IgG4-related disease may help to elucidate the exact role of IgG4 in IgG4-related disorders.

Cognitive Dysfunction and Malnutrition Are Independent Predictor of Dysphagia in Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Congestive Heart Failure.

Early detection and intervention for dysphagia is important in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). However, previous studies have focused on how many patients with dysphagia develop CHF. Studies focusing on the comorbidity of dysphagia in patients with CHF are rare. Additionally, risk factors for dysphagia in patients with CHF are unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to clarify risk factors for dysphagia in patients with acute exacerbation of CHF. A total of 105 patients, who were admitted with acute exacerbation of CHF, were enrolled. Clinical interviews, blood chemistry analysis, electrocardiography, echocardiography, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), exercise tolerance tests, phonatory function tests, and evaluation of activities of daily living (ADL) and nutrition were conducted on admission. After attending physicians permitted the drinking of water, swallowing screening tests were performed. Patients were divided into a dysphagia group (DG) or a non-dysphagia group (non-DG) based on Functional Oral Intake Scale level. Among the 105 patients, 38 had dysphagia. A greater number of patients had history of aspiration pneumonia and dementia, and there was a higher age, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide level in the DG compared with the non-DG. MMSE scores, exercise tolerance, phonatory function, status of ADL, nutrition, albumin, and transthyretin were lower in the DG compared with the non-DG. In multivariate analysis, after adjusting for age and sex, MMSE, BI score, and transthyretin was independently associated with dysphagia. Comorbidity of dysphagia was 36.1% in patients with acute exacerbation of CHF, and cognitive dysfunction and malnutrition may be an independent predictor of dysphagia.

A Segmental Copy Number Loss of the SFMBT1 Gene Is a Genetic Risk for Shunt-Responsive, Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (iNPH): A Case-Control Study.

Little is known about genetic risk factors for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). We examined whether a copy number loss in intron 2 of the SFMBT1 gene could be a genetic risk for shunt-responsive, definite iNPH. Quantitative and digital PCR analyses revealed that 26.0% of shunt-responsive definite iNPH patients (n = 50) had such a genetic change, as compared with 4.2% of the healthy elderly (n = 191) (OR = 7.94, 95%CI: 2.82-23.79, p = 1.8 x 10-5) and 6.3% of patients with Parkinson's disease (n = 32) (OR = 5.18, 95%CI: 1.1-50.8, p = 0.038). The present study demonstrates that a copy number loss within intron 2 of the SFMBT1 gene may be a genetic risk factor for shunt-responsive definite iNPH.

Impact of nocturnal heart rate variability on cerebral small-vessel disease progression: a longitudinal study in community-dwelling elderly Japanese.

Recent evidence has shown an effect of ambulatory heart rate (HR) on cardiovascular events and mortality. Our objective was to determine whether ambulatory HR was related to the progression of cerebral small-vessel disease (SVD) or cognitive decline in community-dwelling elderly people. A cohort of 190 community-dwelling elderly people underwent an ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cognitive testing at baseline, with MRI and cognitive tests repeated 4 years later. HR variability in ABPM was quantified by the s.d. (s.d. and the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), and the relationship between HR variability and the progression of SVD/cognitive decline was investigated. We also assessed the association of nighttime HR variability and nocturnal HR dipping. The nighttime RMSSD of participants with the progression of SVD was significantly higher than that of those without progression of SVD (P<0.05). Moreover, nighttime RMSSD was independently associated with the progression of SVD (1 b.p.m. increment: odds ratio=1.13, 95% confidence interval=1.04-1.24, P<0.01). We failed to confirm an association between cognitive decline and nighttime HR variability. However, s.d. in the daytime and 24-h HR were independently related to cognitive decline (P<0.05). Nocturnal HR dipping was least in the top quartiles of nighttime HR variability, with a monotonic trend of nocturnal HR dipping that was dependent on the quartiles of nighttime HR variability indices (P<0.01). Increased HR variability during the night is a predictor of the progression of SVD in community-dwelling elderly people.

Primary amenorrhea accompanied by adrenal adenoma: start of menarche soon after tumor resection.

We report a patient with primary amenorrhea accompanied by adrenal adenoma. A 21-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of primary amenorrhea and hyperprogesteronemia without virilization. Venous sampling showed progesterone overproduction at the left adrenal gland. Computed tomography revealed a 7 cm mass in left adrenal gland. Serum pregnenorone, 17-hydroxypregnenorone, dehydroepiandrosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, deoxycorticosterone, and 11-deoxycortisol were elevated. The diagnosis of steroid hormone producing tumor was made. Following tumor resection, serum progesterone normalized 4 days later, and menarche occurred 51 days after operation. The present case indicated that adrenal functioning tumor should not be overlooked in patients with primary amenorrhea.

Incidence of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH): a 10-year follow-up study of a rural community in Japan.

BACKGROUND: The epidemiology and pathophysiology of iNPH remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the incidence of iNPH in elderly inhabitants of the community, and to identify how ventriculomegaly develops on brain MRIs and how symptoms develop in iNPH patients. METHODS: In 2000, 350 inhabitants, all 70-year-olds living in the community of Takahata in Japan, were asked to participate in a survey that included a questionnaire, physical examinations, cognitive screenings, and brain MRI studies. Using brain MRI as a screening, we defined having both Evans index of >0.3 and a narrow subarachnoid space and cortical sulci at high convexity (tight high convexity, THC) as suspicious findings for iNPH. Among the subjects who showed the iNPH feature on brain MRI, those who had gait disturbance and/or dementia were defined as possible iNPH. Twice during the 10 years, we administered the same check-up. RESULTS: In the first survey, 271 inhabitants participated. During the 10 years, three new possible iNPH patients were found. The incidence of iNPH above 70 years old was estimated at 1.2/1000 persons per year. The iNPH patients developed their symptoms and brain MRI findings as follows; first, only THC without ventriculomegaly was observed on their brain MRIs, next, asymptomatic ventriculomegaly with features of iNPH on brain MRIs (AVIM) was seen, and then a final expression of symptoms of iNPH was shown. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated incidence of iNPH in a community was higher than those estimated by previous studies where they collected patients at hospitals. There were subclinical or preclinical states before the development of iNPH.

Impact of ambulatory blood pressure variability on cerebral small vessel disease progression and cognitive decline in community-based elderly Japanese.

BACKGROUND: Recent epidemiological studies reported a relationship between 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) variability and cardiovascular events. However, the impact of ABP variability on small vessel disease (SVD) progression or cognitive decline in the elderly has seldom been investigated in community-based longitudinal studies. METHODS: Subjects (n = 210) underwent ABP monitoring, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cognitive testing at baseline and 4 years later. ABP variability was quantified by the SD, weighted SD, coefficient of variation (CV), and average real variability (ARV). ABP variability parameters were divided into 2 groups by median values. RESULTS: Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that higher systolic CV, diastolic weighted SD, and diastolic CV were significant predictors of SVD progression (P = 0.02, 0.03, and 0.02, respectively). In subjects with SVD on the first MRI, higher systolic and diastolic ARV also predicted progression (P = 0.04 and 0.03, respectively). Higher quartiles of systolic weighted SD and CV had higher incidences of SVD progression (P trend = 0.03 and 0.03, respectively, Cochran-Armitage test), and higher quartiles of systolic ARV had higher incidences of SVD progression in subjects with SVD on the first MRI (P trend = 0.03). Higher systolic ARV was an independent predictor of cognitive decline (P < 0.01), and higher tertiles of systolic ARV had higher incidences of cognitive decline (P trend = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: This community-based longitudinal study found that increased ABP variability was associated with SVD progression, particularly in individuals with SVD at baseline. Higher systolic ARV predicted SVD progression and cognitive decline.

Medium-chain triglyceride supplementation under a low-carbohydrate formula is a promising therapy for adult-onset type II citrullinemia.

BACKGROUND: Citrin, encoded by SLC25A13, is a component of the malate-aspartate shuttle, which is the main NADH-transporting system in the liver. Citrin deficiency causes neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis (NICCD), which usually resolves within the first year of life. However, small numbers of adults with citrin deficiency develop hyperammonemic encephalopathy, adult-onset type II citrullinemia (CTLN2), which leads to death due to cerebral edema. Liver transplantation is the only definitive therapy for patients with CTLN2. We previously reported that a lactose (galactose)-restricted and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT)-supplemented formula is notably effective for patients with NICCD. Citrin deficiency may impair the glycolysis in hepatocytes because of an increase in the cytosolic NADH/NAD+ ratio, leading to an energy shortage. MCT administration can provide energy to hepatocytes and was expected to have a good effect on CTLN2. METHODS: An MCT supplementation therapy under a low-carbohydrate formula was administered to five patients with CTLN2. Four of the patients had episodes of hyperammonemic encephalopathy, and one patient had postprandial hyperammonemia with no symptoms. RESULTS: One of the patients displaying hyperammonemic encephalopathy completely recovered with all normal laboratory findings. Others notably improved in terms of clinical and or laboratory findings with no hyperammonemic symptoms; however, the patients displayed persistent mild citrullinemia and occasionally had postprandial mild hyperammonemia most likely due to an irreversible change in the liver. CONCLUSIONS: An MCT supplement can provide energy to hepatocytes and promote hepatic lipogenesis, leading to a reduction in the cytosolic NADH/NAD+ ratio. MCT supplementation under a low-carbohydrate formula could be a promising therapy for CTLN2 and should also be used to prevent CTLN2 to avoid irreversible liver damage.

Subclinical declines in the verbal fluency and motor regulation of patients with AVIM (asymptomatic ventriculomegaly with features of idiopathic NPH on MRI): a case-controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: We previously reported that, on brain MRI, iNPH features were observed in approximately 1% of asymptomatic elderly community dwellers. This phenomenon is designated asymptomatic ventriculomegaly with features of iNPH on MRI (AVIM). The aim of the present study was to clarify whether a subclinical decline in the neuropsychological function is present in patients with AVIM. METHODS: We examined eight subjects with AVIM, six subjects with possible iNPH and 21 elderly controls. Neuropsychological tests were used, including the mini-mental state examination (MMSE), the Hasegawa dementia scale-revised (HDS-R), the frontal assessment battery (FAB), the trail making test A&B and semantic and letter verbal fluency tests. RESULTS: When comparing the individuals with AVIM with the control subjects, significant differences were found in the scores achieved on the semantic verbal fluency tests and Luria's motor series (fist-edge-palm), a subtest of the FAB. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that individuals with AVIM demonstrate a slight subclinical decline in the cognitive function and motor regulation, which may represent a prodromal stage of iNPH.

Lymphomatosis cerebri with intramedullary spinal cord involvement.

Lymphomatosis cerebri (LC) is a rare form of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). Little is known about cases of LC with spinal cord involvement. Among the 11 PCNSL patients treated in our hospital during a four-year period, we identified two cases of LC with spinal cord lesions. One showed a spinal cord lesion followed by leukoencephalopathy. The other showed a spinal cord lesion after LC. In both cases, the histopathology was diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. It is possible that LC may affect the entire central nerve system, and tumor infiltration to the brain and spinal cord in LC may occur more frequently than has been previously considered.

Changes in the subarachnoid space precede ventriculomegaly in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH).

We report on an 80-year-old woman who had shunt-responsive idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). Her brain MRI showed an initial change in the subarachnoid space (a disproportional narrowing of the subarachnoid space at the cerebral high convexities) at the age of 70 years, followed by enlargement of the ventricles (Evans index: 0.31) at the age of 78. The observation suggests that changes in the subarachnoid space may precede ventricular enlargement in iNPH.

An elderly Japanese patient with adult-onset type II citrullinemia with a novel D493G mutation in the SLC25A13 gene.

Mutations in the SLC25A13 gene lead to neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency and/or adult-onset type II citrullinemia (CTLN2). A 62-year-old man presented with recurrent episodes of neuropsychiatric manifestations. On admission, he had disorientation and flapping tremor. Laboratory data showed hyperferritinemia in addition to postprandial hyperammonemia and citrullinemia. A liver biopsy specimen revealed moderate hemosiderin deposits and hepatocytes with macrovesicular fat droplets. Genetic analysis of the SLC25A13 gene identified the previously reported p.S225X mutation and a novel p.D493G mutation. Hyperferritinemia might also be a characteristic finding of CTLN2-related fatty changes of the liver.