A Video-Based Classification System for Assessing Locomotor Skills in Children.

The Test of Gross Motor Development 2 (TGMD-2) is currently the standard approach for assessing fundamental movement skills (FMS), including locomotor and object control skills. However, its extensive application is restricted by its low efficiency and requirement of expert training for large-scale evaluations. This study evaluated the accuracy of a newly-developed video-based classification system (VCS) with a marker-less sensor to assess children's locomotor skills. A total of 203 typically-developing children aged three to eight years executed six locomotor skills, following the TGMD-2 guidelines. A Kinect v2 sensor was used to capture their activities, and videos were recorded for further evaluation by a trained rater. A series of computational-kinematic-based algorithms was developed for instant performance rating. The VCS exhibited moderate-to-very good levels of agreement with the rater, ranging from 66.1% to 87.5%, for each skill, and 72.4% for descriptive ratings. Paired t-test revealed that there were no significant differences, but significant positive correlation, between the standard scores determined by the two approaches. Tukey mean difference plot suggested there was no bias, with a mean difference (SD) of -0.16 (1.8) and respective 95% confidence interval of 3.5. The kappa agreement for the descriptive ratings between the two approaches was found to be moderate (k = 0.54, p < 0.01). Overall, the results suggest the VCS could potentially be an alternative to the conventional TGMD-2 assessment approach for assessing children's locomotor skills without the necessity of the presence of an experienced rater for the administration.

A comparison of p53 and WT1 immunohistochemical expression patterns in tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

AIMS: The treatment of patients with tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is increasingly based on diagnosis on small biopsy samples, and the first surgical sample is often taken post-chemotherapy. p53 and WT1 are important diagnostic markers for HGSC. The effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on p53 and WT1 expression has not been widely studied. We aimed to compare p53 and WT1 expression in paired pre-chemotherapy and post-chemotherapy samples of HGSC. METHODS AND RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was carried out for p53 and WT1 on paired omental HGSC samples pre-chemotherapy and post-chemotherapy. p53 IHC was recorded as normal (wild-type) or abnormal (mutation-type), and was further classified as overexpression, complete absence, or cytoplasmic. WT1 IHC was classified as positive or negative. A subset of cases were further assessed for the extent of nuclear immunoreactivity of WT1 by use of the H-score. Fifty-seven paired samples were stained with p53. Fifty-six of 57 (98%) cases showed mutation-type p53 staining. Pre-chemotherapy and post-chemotherapy IHC results were concordant in 55 of 57 (96%) cases. For WT1, pre-chemotherapy and post-chemotherapy IHC results were concordant in 56 of 58 (97%) cases. In 23 paired WT1 cases, the mean post-treatment H-score decreased from 227 [range 20-298, standard deviation (SD) 64] to 151 (range 0-288, SD 78) (P = 0.0008). CONCLUSIONS: Immunohistochemical expression of p53 (abnormal/mutation-type pattern) and WT1 in HGSC is almost universal and is largely concordant before and after chemotherapy. This finding underscores the reliability of these diagnostic markers in small samples and in surgical samples following neoadjuvant chemotherapy, with very few exceptions. A novel finding was the significant diminution in intensity of WT1 staining following chemotherapy.