Association of robotic approach with patient-reported outcomes after pancreatectomy: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Robotic-assisted pancreatectomy continues to proliferate despite limited evidence supporting its benefits from the patient's perspective. We compared patient-reported outcomes (PROs) between patients undergoing robotic and open pancreatectomies. METHODS: PROs, measured with the FACT-Hep, FACT-G, and HCS, were assessed in the immediate postoperative (i.e., preoperative to discharge) and recovery (i.e., discharge to three months postoperative) periods. Linear mixed models estimated the association of operative approach on PROs. Minimally important differences (MIDs) were also considered. RESULTS: Among 139 patients, 105 (75.5%) underwent robotic pancreatectomies. Compared to those who underwent open operations, those who underwent robotic operations experienced worse FACT-Hep scores that were both statistically and clinically significant (mean difference [MD] 8.6 points, 95% CI 1.0-16.3). Declines in FACT-G (MD 4.3, 95% CI -1.0 to 9.6) and HCS (MD 4.3, 95% CI 0.8-7.9) scores appeared to contribute equally in both operative approaches to the decline in total FACT-Hep score. Patients who underwent robotic versus open operations both statistically and clinically significantly improved due to improvements in HCS (MD 6.1, 95% CI 2.3-9.9) but not in FACT-G (MD 1.2, 95% CI - 5.1-7.4). CONCLUSION: The robotic approach to pancreas surgery might offer, from the patient's perspective, greater improvement in symptoms over the open approach by three months postoperatively.

Robotic Inguinal Hernia Repair: A Large Health System's Experience With the First 300 Cases and Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Over the past 5 y, robotic surgery has expanded within general surgery, especially in regard to hernia repairs. We aimed to evaluate the outcomes of the early experience of over 300 consecutive robotic inguinal hernia repairs performed in an academic multihospital system. METHODS: Consecutive robotic inguinal hernia repairs performed between December 2015 and June 2017 were analyzed. Retrospective chart review was performed, and hospital records were queried. Descriptive statistics were performed. A surgical learning curve case study is presented, breakdown of operative time is delineated, and review of the literature performed. RESULTS: Over a period of 19 mo, 335 robotic inguinal hernia repairs were performed across seven hospitals by 18 surgeons. The mean patient age was 59 y (standard deviation [SD] 14), 93% were male, and the mean body mass index was 27 (SD 4.6). Bilateral hernia repairs were performed on 131 patients (39%). The mean operative time was 102 min (SD 38) and a resident or fellow trainee was present in the operating room for 119 cases (36%). Minor postoperative complications occurred in 54 patients (16%), including 14 with urinary retention (4.2%) and 13 with scrotal swelling (3.9%). The learning curve of the first adopted surgeon was 11-12 cases. CONCLUSIONS: In the largest case series of robotic inguinal hernia repairs to date reporting short-term outcomes, early experience in an academic multihospital system produced safe outcomes including no open conversions, reoperations, and one readmission. In addition, the learning curve is manageable showing improvement in operating time with experience.

Digital Biomarkers of Symptom Burden Self-Reported by Perioperative Patients Undergoing Pancreatic Surgery: Prospective Longitudinal Study.

BACKGROUND: Cancer treatments can cause a variety of symptoms that impair quality of life and functioning but are frequently missed by clinicians. Smartphone and wearable sensors may capture behavioral and physiological changes indicative of symptom burden, enabling passive and remote real-time monitoring of fluctuating symptoms. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine whether smartphone and Fitbit data could be used to estimate daily symptom burden before and after pancreatic surgery. METHODS: A total of 44 patients scheduled for pancreatic surgery participated in this prospective longitudinal study and provided sufficient sensor and self-reported symptom data for analyses. Participants collected smartphone sensor and Fitbit data and completed daily symptom ratings starting at least two weeks before surgery, throughout their inpatient recovery, and for up to 60 days after postoperative discharge. Day-level behavioral features reflecting mobility and activity patterns, sleep, screen time, heart rate, and communication were extracted from raw smartphone and Fitbit data and used to classify the next day as high or low symptom burden, adjusted for each individual's typical level of reported symptoms. In addition to the overall symptom burden, we examined pain, fatigue, and diarrhea specifically. RESULTS: Models using light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) were able to correctly predict whether the next day would be a high symptom day with 73.5% accuracy, surpassing baseline models. The most important sensor features for discriminating high symptom days were related to physical activity bouts, sleep, heart rate, and location. LightGBM models predicting next-day diarrhea (79.0% accuracy), fatigue (75.8% accuracy), and pain (79.6% accuracy) performed similarly. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that digital biomarkers may be useful in predicting patient-reported symptom burden before and after cancer surgery. Although model performance in this small sample may not be adequate for clinical implementation, findings support the feasibility of collecting mobile sensor data from older patients who are acutely ill as well as the potential clinical value of mobile sensing for passive monitoring of patients with cancer and suggest that data from devices that many patients already own and use may be useful in detecting worsening perioperative symptoms and triggering just-in-time symptom management interventions.

Gender Bias Affects Assessment of Frailty and Recommendations for Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Physician gender bias in surgical treatment recommendations is recognized but not well understood. This study hypothesized that gender differences may exist in interpretation of patients' physical behaviors and that these differences may be associated with decision making by providers and surrogate decision makers. METHODS: A pool of Amazon Mechanical Turk workers was solicited to participate in an online assessment. Workers viewed 3 short videos of standardized patients (SPs) trained to exhibit physical characteristics of vigorous, frail, and neither vigorous nor frail (average) behavior and then answered survey questions related to video characteristics and whether they would support the SP's decision to undergo an indicated major lung resection. RESULTS: There were 724 participating workers; their mean age was 42.6 ± 11.8 years, and 386 were women. Men judged the average SP to be younger (P = .025), and women were more likely to recognize weight loss in the frail SP (P = .009). Overall, men and women were equally supportive of lung resection when indicated. The likelihood of supporting a decision to proceed with resection was inversely related to SP distress (P < .001) and was directly related to increasing gait speed (P < .001), energy (P < .001), and strength (P < .001). Male participants were less likely to support resection related to higher energy (P = .02) and strength levels (P = .016). CONCLUSIONS: Gender differences exist in how video portrayal of patient frailty is perceived and affects surgical recommendations. Understanding such differences may aid in educational efforts directed at reducing gender-based biases in treatment recommendations by physicians and surrogate decision makers.

Impact of Enhanced Recovery Pathways and early urinary catheter removal on post-operative urinary retention.

BACKGROUND: Post-operative urinary retention (POUR) is a common complication after colorectal surgery. Enhanced recovery pathways (ERP) typically include early catheter removal but may place patients at risk for POUR. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort analysis of patients undergoing colorectal surgery at a single institution between April 2014 and November 2017. Patients were stratified into non-ERP and ERP cohorts and post-operative outcomes were compared. RESULTS: Of 284 patients studied, ERP was applied to 161 (57%) while the remaining 123 (43%) recovered under standard care. Median duration of indwelling Foleys was 1 day for ERP and 2 days for non-ERP patients (p < 0.001). ERP patients experienced higher rates of straight catheterization (22% vs 12%,p = 0.036), Foley reinsertion (14% vs 7%,p = 0.07), and initiation of alpha antagonists (12% vs 5%,p = 0.04). Significant independent predictors of POUR were age (OR 1.03, p = 0.002), male gender (OR 2.79, p = 0.001), surgery duration (OR 1.27, p = 0.027), and ERP (OR 1.96, p = 0.025). CONCLUSION: ERP following colorectal surgery that include routine early Foley catheter removal on post-operative day one is associated with increased rates of POUR; however, this did not lead to increased rates of catheter-associated urinary tract infections during the index admission in the population studied.

Change in paradigm: impact of an IBD medical home on the outpatient management of acute severe ulcerative colitis.

A 72-year-old man presents with acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC), initially partially responsive to intravenous steroids and infliximab over a 3-day hospital stay. Following discharge and over the course of 15 days, his care was coordinated by the inflammatory bowel disease medical home team, who conducted clinical laboratory assessments and two outpatient flexible sigmoidoscopies to evaluate endoluminal disease activity and treatment response prior to proceeding with a laparoscopic total abdominal colectomy and creation of end ileostomy following medical failure. He was admitted to the hospital for a total of only 7 days, which included attempted medical management of ASUC, surgery and postoperative recovery.

Proficiency-based training and credentialing can improve patient outcomes and decrease cost to a hospital system.

BACKGROUND: While proficiency-based robotic training has been shown to enhance skill acquisition, no studies have shown that training leads to improved outcomes or quality measures. METHODS: Board-certified general surgeons participated in an optional proficiency-based robotic training curriculum and outcomes from robotic hernia cases were analyzed. Multivariable analysis was performed for operative times to adjust for patient and surgical variables. RESULTS: Six out of 16 (38%) surgeons completed training and 210 robotic hernia cases were analyzed. Longer operative times were associated with bilateral repairs (observed-to-expected operative time ratio [OTR] = 1.41, p < 0.001) and incarceration (OTR = 1.24, p = 0.006), while female patients (OTR = 0.87, p = 0.001) and increasing chronologic case order (OTR = 0.94, p < 0.001) were associated with shorter operative times. Surgeons who completed robotic training achieved shorter OTRs than those who did not (p = 0.03). Comparing non-risk adjusted hospital costs, trainees had an average of $1207 in savings (20% reduction) per robotic hernia case. CONCLUSIONS: A structured proficiency-based robotics training curriculum is an effective way to reduce operative times and costs.

Targeting DNA 5mCpG sites with chimeric endonucleases.

Cytosine modification of the dinucleotide CpG in the DNA regulatory region is an important epigenetic marker during early embryo development, cellular differentiation, and cancer progression. In clinical settings, such as anti-cancer drug treatment, it is desirable to develop research tools to characterize DNA sequences affected by epigenetic perturbations. Here, we describe the construction and characterization of two fusion endonucleases consisting of the (5)mCpG-binding domain of human MeCP2 (hMeCP2) and the cleavage domains of BmrI and FokI restriction endonucleases (REases). The chimeric (CH) endonucleases cleave M.HpaII (C(5)mCGG)-and M.SssI ((5)mCpG)-modified DNA. Unmodified DNA and M.MspI-modified DNA ((5)mCCGG) are poor substrates for the CH-endonucleases. Sequencing cleavage products of modified lambda DNA indicates that cleavage takes place outside the (5)mCpG recognition sequence, predominantly 4-17 bp upstream of the modified base (/N(4-17)(5)mCpG, where / indicates the cleavage site). Such (5)mCpG-specific endonucleases will be useful to study CpG island modification of the regulatory regions of tumor suppressor genes, and for the construction of cell-specific and tumor-specific modified CpG island databases.

Understanding Medication Schedules: Do Pictograms Help?

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that pictograms may improve patients' understanding of medication schedules. Understanding a medication schedule is a necessary first step for medication adherence. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine if pictograms improved patients' ability to correctly fill a pillbox. DESIGN: This is a randomized, controlled, crossover pilot study. PARTICIPANTS: This study involves 30 patients on the medical wards of an urban, tertiary care center. MAIN MEASURES: The PillBox Test required participants to fill a 7-day pillbox with pill-sized colored beads. Participants were randomized to either the control or the experimental condition first. In the control condition, a standard pillbox was used with text instructions on the pill bottles. In the experimental condition, a pictogram pillbox was used with text and pictogram instructions on the pill bottles. KEY RESULTS: There was no significant difference in passing on text or pictogram PillBox Test based on the order of group administration. However, 77% of participants reported that pictograms helped them understand medication instructions, 67% of participants preferred pictograms, and 93% felt pictograms should be used on all medication labels. CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, the use of pictograms did not significantly improve participants' ability to correctly fill a pillbox. However, most participants preferred pictograms to text labels. Further research is needed to determine the efficacy of pictograms in specific populations.

Resident attitudes and compliance towards robotic surgical training.

BACKGROUND: Adoption of robotics in general surgery has expanded but there is no mandatory national standardized curriculum for general surgery residents (GSR). METHODS: A survey was administered to all GSRs in 2014 addressing future practice and robotic experience. A non-mandatory robotic curriculum was available for residents to train. Compliance was assessed. In 2016, the same survey was re-administered. Barriers to completing the curriculum were identified. RESULTS: Interest in improving robotic skills remained high (2014 = 97.8% vs 2016 = 95.9%, p = 0.608), and the majority planned to incorporate robotics into future practice (77.8% vs 69.4%; p = 0.358). Only 11 residents (18%) voluntarily completed the curriculum while 36 (60%) started but did not complete. A trend toward increased procedure participation was seen (60.0%-77.6%, p = 0.066). The perceived barriers to completion of the curriculum were length of time required (80%) and lack of access to a simulator (60%). CONCLUSIONS: A structured robotic training curriculum that is non-mandatory is insufficient in helping residents gain fundamental robotic skills.

Factors associated with prolonged hospitalization in patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy.

BACKGROUND: Complex surgeries such as a pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) traditionally have long hospital stays (LOS). METHODS: Patients who underwent elective PD at our institution from 8/2011-6/2015 were retrospectively examined. Interquartile ranges were calculated from LOS. Patient were compared between the highest quartile and the remainder of the cohort. RESULTS: 492 patients had a median LOS of 9 days, with 106 (22%) admitted for >14 days. Characteristics associated with prolong hospitalization include age (p = 0.004) and preoperative albumin <3.5 (p = 0.007). Significant intra-operative measures associated with prolonged LOS were blood loss (EBL, p = 0.004) and increased operative time (p = 0.008). Any complication extended hospitalizations (p < 0.001). Patients in the top quartile were less likely to be discharged home (p < 0.0001) and more likely to be readmitted (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Older patients with hypoalbuminemia are at higher risk of prolonged LOS following PD as well as high EBL, operative time, and surgical complications. Focused efforts to counsel and optimize patients pre-operatively and minimize intra-operative complications may shorten hospital stays.

Mastery-Based Virtual Reality Robotic Simulation Curriculum: The First Step Toward Operative Robotic Proficiency.

OBJECTIVE: Hepatobiliary surgery is a highly complex, low-volume specialty with long learning curves necessary to achieve optimal outcomes. This creates significant challenges in both training and measuring surgical proficiency. We hypothesize that a virtual reality curriculum with mastery-based simulation is a valid tool to train fellows toward operative proficiency. This study evaluates the content and predictive validity of robotic simulation curriculum as a first step toward developing a comprehensive, proficiency-based pathway. DESIGN: A mastery-based simulation curriculum was performed in a virtual reality environment. A pretest/posttest experimental design used both virtual reality and inanimate environments to evaluate improvement. Participants self-reported previous robotic experience and assessed the curriculum by rating modules based on difficulty and utility. SETTING: This study was conducted at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (Pittsburgh, PA), a tertiary care academic teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 17 surgical oncology fellows enrolled in the curriculum, 16 (94%) completed. RESULTS: Of 16 fellows who completed the curriculum, 4 fellows (25%) achieved mastery on all 24 modules; on average, fellows mastered 86% of the modules. Following curriculum completion, individual test scores improved (p < 0.0001). An average of 2.4 attempts was necessary to master each module (range: 1-17). Median time spent completing the curriculum was 4.2 hours (range: 1.1-6.6). Total 8 (50%) fellows continued practicing modules beyond mastery. Survey results show that "needle driving" and "endowrist 2" modules were perceived as most difficult although "needle driving" modules were most useful. Overall, 15 (94%) fellows perceived improvement in robotic skills after completing the curriculum. CONCLUSIONS: In a cohort of board-certified general surgeons who are novices in robotic surgery, a mastery-based simulation curriculum demonstrated internal validity with overall score improvement. Time to complete the curriculum was manageable.

Mesh cruroplasty in laparoscopic repair of paraesophageal hernias is not associated with better long-term outcomes compared to primary repair.

BACKGROUND: Equipoise still exists regarding routine mesh cruroplasty during laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia (PEH). We aimed to determine whether selective mesh cruroplasty is associated with differences in recurrence and patient-reported outcomes. METHODS: We compared symptom outcomes (n = 688) and radiographic recurrences (n = 101; at least 10% [or 2 cm] of stomach above hiatus) for 795 non-emergent PEH repair with fundoplication (n = 106 with mesh). RESULTS: Heartburn, regurgitation, epigastric pain, and anti-reflux medication use decreased significantly in both groups while postoperative dysphagia (mesh; p = 0.14), and bloating (non-mesh; p = 0.32), were unchanged. Radiographic recurrence rates were similar (15 mesh [22%] versus 86 non-mesh [17%]; p = 0.32; median 27 [IQR 14, 53] months), but was associated with surgical dissatisfaction (13% vs 4%; p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Selective mesh cruroplasty was not associated with differences in symptom outcomes or radiographic recurrence rates during laparoscopic PEH repair. Radiographic recurrence was associated with dissatisfaction, emphasizing the need for continued focus on reducing recurrences.

Robotic Pancreatoduodenectomy Biotissue Curriculum has Validity and Improves Technical Performance for Surgical Oncology Fellows.

OBJECTIVE: Obtaining the proficiency on the robotic platform necessary to safely perform a robotic pancreatoduodenectomy is particularly challenging. We hypothesize that by instituting a proficiency-based robotic training curriculum we can enhance novice surgeons' skills outside of the operating room, leading to a shorter learning curve. DESIGN: A biotissue curriculum was designed consisting of sewing artificial organs to simulate a hepaticojejunostomy (HJ), gastrojejunostomy (GJ), and pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ). Three master robotic surgeons performed each biotissue anastomosis to assess validity. Using video review, trainee performance on biotissue drills was evaluated for time, errors and objective structured assessment of technical skills (OSATS) by 2 blinded graders. SETTING: This study is conducted at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (Pittsburgh, PA), a tertiary care academic teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: In total, 14 surgical oncology fellows completed the biotissue curriculum. RESULTS: Fourteen fellows performed 196 anastomotic drills during the first year: 66 (HJ), 64 (GJ), and 66 (PJ). The fellows' performances were analyzed as a group by attempt. The attendings' first attempt outperformed the fellows' first attempt in all metrics for every drill (all p < 0.05). More than 5 analyzed attempts of the HJ, there was improvement in time, errors, and OSATS (all p < 0.01); however, no metric reached attending performance. For the GJ, time, errors, and OSATS all improved more than 5 attempts (all p < 0.01), whereas only errors and OSATS reached proficiency. For the PJ, errors and OSATS both improved over attempts (p < 0.01) and reached proficiency; however, time did not statistically improve nor reach proficiency. The graders scoring correlated for errors and OSATS (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: A pancreatoduodenectomy biotissue curriculum has face and construct validity. The curriculum is feasible and improves errors and technical performance. Time is the most difficult technical parameter to improve. This curriculum is a valid tool for teaching robotic pancreatoduodenectomies with established milestones for reaching optimum performance.

Non-Elective Paraesophageal Hernia Repair Portends Worse Outcomes in Comparable Patients: a Propensity-Adjusted Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Patients undergoing non-elective paraesophageal hernia repair (PEHR) have worse perioperative outcomes. Because they are usually older and sicker, however, these patients may be more prone to adverse events, independent of surgical urgency. Our study aimed to determine whether non-elective PEHR is associated with differential postoperative outcome compared to elective repair, using propensity-score weighting. METHODS: We abstracted data for patients undergoing PEHR (n = 924; non-elective n = 171 (19 %); 1997-2010). Using boosted regression, we generated a propensity-weighted dataset. Odds of 30-day/in-hospital mortality and major complications after non-elective surgery were determined. RESULTS: Patients undergoing non-elective repair were significantly older, had more adverse prognostic factors, and significantly more major complications (38 versus 18 %; p < 0.001) and death (8 versus 1 %; p < 0.001). After propensity weighting, median absolute percentage bias across 28 propensity-score variables improved from 19 % (significant imbalance) to 5.6 % (well-balanced). After adjusting propensity-weighted data for age and comorbidity score, odds of major complications were still nearly two times greater (OR 1.67, CI 1.07-2.61) and mortality nearly three times greater (OR 2.74, CI 0.93-8.1) than for elective repair. CONCLUSIONS: Even after balancing significant differences in baseline characteristics, non-elective PEHR was associated with worse outcomes than elective repair. Symptomatic patients should be referred for elective repair by experienced surgeons.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of mesh vs suture cruroplasty in laparoscopic large hiatal hernia repair.

BACKGROUND: Equipoise exists regarding whether mesh cruroplasty during laparoscopic large hiatal hernia repair improves symptomatic outcomes compared with suture repair. DATA SOURCE: Systematic literature review (MEDLINE and EMBASE) identified 13 studies (1,194 patients; 521 suture and 673 mesh) comparing mesh versus suture cruroplasty during laparoscopic repair of large hiatal hernia. We abstracted data regarding symptom assessment, objective recurrence, and reoperation and performed meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of studies reported significant symptom improvement. Data were insufficient to evaluate symptomatic versus asymptomatic recurrence. Time to evaluation was skewed toward longer follow-up after suture cruroplasty. Odds of recurrence (odds ratio .51, 95% confidence interval .30 to .87; overall P = .014) but not need for reoperation (odds ratio .42, 95% confidence interval .13 to 1.37; overall P = .149) were less after mesh cruroplasty. Quality of evidence supporting routine use of mesh cruroplasty is low. Mesh should be used at surgeon discretion until additional studies evaluating symptomatic outcomes, quality of life, and long-term recurrence are available.

Cancer Recurrence After Esophagectomy: Impact of Postoperative Infection in Propensity-Matched Cohorts.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative infection increases cancer recurrence and worsens survival in colorectal cancer, but the relationship for esophagogastric adenocarcinoma after esophagectomy is not well defined. We aimed to determine whether recurrence and survival after minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophagogastric adenocarcinoma were influenced by postoperative infection using propensity-matched analysis. METHODS: We abstracted data for 810 patients (1997-2010) and defined exposure as at least 1 in-hospital or 30-day infectious complication (n = 206 [25%]). Using 29 pretreatment/intraoperative variables, patients were propensity-score matched (caliper = 0.05). Time to cancer recurrence and survival (Kaplan-Meier curves and the Breslow test), and associated factors (Cox regression with shared frailty) were assessed. RESULTS: After propensity matching (n = 167 pairs), median bias across propensity-score variables was reduced from 12.9% (p < 0.001) to 4.4% (p = 1.000). Postoperative infection was not associated with rate (n = 60 versus 63; McNemar p = 0.736) or time to recurrence in those in whom disease recurred (median, 10.7 versus 11.1 months; Wilcoxon signed-rank p = 0.455) but was associated with shorter overall survival (n = 124 versus 102 deaths; median, 26 versus 41 months; Breslow p = 0.002). After adjusting for age, body mass index, neoadjuvant therapy, sex, comorbidity score, positive resection margins, pathologic stage, R0 resection, and recurrence, postoperative infection was associated with a 44% greater hazard for death (hazard ratio, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.89). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with esophagogastric adenocarcinoma, infections after esophagectomy were not associated with an increased rate or earlier time to recurrence when baseline characteristics associated with infection risk were balanced using propensity-score matching. Despite this, overall survival was shorter in patients with infectious complications. After adjusting for other important survival predictors, infections after esophagectomy continued to be independently associated with worse survival.

Total heterotopic ossification of an acellular dermal matrix used for abdominal wall reconstruction.

Heterotopic ossification is an observable phenomenon in the setting of abdominal wounds, estimated to effect 25% of all patients after midline abdominal surgery. The development of acellular dermal matrices has revolutionised the approach in repairing abdominal hernias, especially for potentially contaminated wounds. We describe a case of heterotopic bone formation incorporating the whole of an acellular dermal matrix in a patient on chronic steroid therapy.

Isolation of Leclercia adecarboxylata from a wound infection after exposure to hurricane-related floodwater.

A man in his early 80s presented to our emergency department with painless redness and swelling in his right leg. One week prior, he cleaned up floodwater in his basement after Hurricane Irene passed the Mid-Atlantic region of the USA in August 2011. Physical examination included large purple bullae and raised concern for necrotising fasciitis. Wound culture revealed a polymicrobial infection including Leclercia adecarboxylata.