SpecLipIDA: a pseudotargeted lipidomics approach for polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), play an important role in the nutritional value of milk lipids. However, a comprehensive analysis of PUFAs and their esters in milk is still scarce. In this study, we developed a novel pseudotargeted lipidomics approach, named SpecLipIDA, for determining PUFA lipids in milk. Triglycerides (TGs) and phospholipids (PLs) were separated using NH2 cartridges, and mass spectrometry data in the information-dependent acquisition (IDA) mode were preprocessed by MS-DIAL, leading to improved identification in subsequent targeted analysis. The target matching algorithm, based on specific lipid cleavage patterns, demonstrated enhanced identification of PUFA lipids compared to the lipid annotations provided by MS-DIAL and GNPS. The approach was applied to identify PUFA lipids in various milk samples, resulting in the detection of a total of 115 PUFA lipids. The results revealed distinct differences in PUFA lipids among different samples, with 44 PUFA lipids significantly contributing to these differences. Our study indicated that SpecLipIDA is an efficient method for rapidly and specifically screening PUFA lipids.

Non-targeted mass spectrometry and feature-based molecular networking for determination of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids in milk.

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) represent trace lipids with significant natural biological functions. While exogenous FAHFAs have been extensively studied, research on FAHFAs in milk remains limited, constraining our grasp of their nutritional roles. This study introduces a non-targeted mass spectrometry approach combined with chemical networking of spectral fragmentation patterns to uncover FAHFAs. Through meticulous sample handling and comparisons of various data acquisition and processing modes, we validate the method's superiority, identifying twice as many FAHFAs compared to alternative techniques. This validated method was then applied to different milk samples, revealing 45 chemical signals associated with known and potential FAHFAs, alongside findings of 66 ceramide/hexosylceramide (Cer/HexCer), 48 phosphatidyl ethanolamine/lyso phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE/LPE), 21 phosphatidylcholine/lysophosphatidylcholine (PC/LPC), 16 phosphatidylinositol (PI), 7 phosphatidylserine (PS), and 11 sphingomyelin (SM) compounds. This study expands our understanding of the FAHFA family in milk and provides a fast and convenient method for identifying FAHFAs.

Effect of different gelators on the physicochemical properties and microstructure of coconut oleogels.

BACKGROUND: The inherent properties of coconut oil (CO), including its elevated saturated fatty acid content and low melting point, make it suitable for application in plastic fat processing. The present study explores the physicochemical characteristics, micromorphology and oxidative stability of oleogels produced from CO using various gelators [ethylcellulose (EC), ß-sitosterol/γ-oryzanol (PS) and glyceryl monostearate (MG)] to elucidate the formation mechanisms of coconut oleogels (EC-COO, PS-COO and MG-COO). RESULTS: Three oleogel systems exhibited a solid-like behavior, with the formation of crystalline forms dominated by ß and ß'. Among them, PS-COO exhibited enhanced capability with respect to immobilizing liquid oils, resulting in solidification with high oil-binding capacity, moderate hardness and good elasticity. By contrast, MG-COO demonstrated inferior stability compared to PS-COO and EC-COO. Furthermore, MG-COO and PS-COO demonstrated antioxidant properties against CO oxidation, whereas EC-COO exhibited the opposite effect. PS-COO and EC-COO exhibited superior thermodynamic behavior compared to MG-COO. CONCLUSION: Three oleogels based on CO were successfully prepared. The mechanical strength, storage modulus and thermodynamic stability of the CO oleogel exhibited concentration dependence with increasing gelling agent addition. PS-COO demonstrated relatively robust oil-binding capacity and oxidative stability, particularly with a 15% PS addition. This information contributes to a deeper understanding of CO-based oleogels and offers theoretical insights for their application in food products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Sciadonic acid ameliorates cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression by modulating the immune response and altering the gut microbiota.

BACKGROUND: Cyclophosphamide (Cy) is a frequently used chemotherapeutic drug, but long-term Cy treatment can cause immunosuppression and intestinal mucosal damage. The intestinal mucosal barrier and gut flora play important roles in regulating host metabolism, maintaining physiological functions and protecting immune homeostasis. Dysbiosis of the intestinal flora affects the development of the intestinal microenvironment, as well as the development of various external systemic diseases and metabolic syndrome. RESULTS: The present study investigated the influence of sciadonic acid (SA) on Cy-induced immunosuppression in mice. The results showed that SA gavage significantly alleviated Cy-induced immune damage by improving the immune system organ index, immune response and oxidative stress. Moreover, SA restored intestinal morphology, improved villus integrity and activated the nuclear factor κB signaling pathway, stimulated cytokine production, and reduced serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels. Furthermore, gut microbiota analysis indicated that SA increased t beneficial bacteria (Alistipes, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Rikenella and Odoribacter) and decreased pathogenic bacteria (norank-f-Oscillospiraceae, Ruminococcus and Desulfovibrio) to maintain intestinal homeostasis. CONCLUSION: The present study provided new insights into the SA regulation of intestinal flora to enhance immune responses. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Windows Scanning Multiomics: Integrated Metabolomics and Proteomics.

Metabolomics and proteomics offer significant advantages in understanding biological mechanisms at two hierarchical levels. However, conventional single omics analysis faces challenges due to the high demand for specimens and the complexity of intrinsic associations. To obtain comprehensive and accurate system biological information, we developed a multiomics analytical method called Windows Scanning Multiomics (WSM). In this method, we performed simultaneous extraction of metabolites and proteins from the same sample, resulting in a 10% increase in the coverage of the identified biomolecules. Both metabolomics and proteomics analyses were conducted by using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), eliminating the need for instrument conversions. Additionally, we designed an R-based program (WSM.R) to integrate mathematical and biological correlations between metabolites and proteins into a correlation network. The network created from simultaneously extracted biomolecules was more focused and comprehensive compared to those from separate extractions. Notably, we excluded six pairs of false-positive relationships between metabolites and proteins in the network established using simultaneously extracted biomolecules. In conclusion, this study introduces a novel approach for multiomics analysis and data processing that greatly aids in bioinformation mining from multiomics results. This method is poised to play an indispensable role in systems biology research.

Medium chain triglyceride and medium-and long chain triglyceride: metabolism, production, health impacts and its applications - a review.

Structured lipid is a type of modified form of lipid that is "fabricated" with the purpose to improve the nutritional and functional properties of conventional fats and oils derived from animal and plant sources. Such healthier choice of lipid received escalating attention from the public for its capability to manage the rising prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Of which, medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT) and medium-and long-chain triacylglycerol (MLCT) are the few examples of the "new generation" custom-made healthful lipids which are mainly composed of medium chain fatty acid (MCFA). MCT is made up exclusively of MCFA whereas MLCT contains a mixture of MCFA and long chain fatty acid (LCFA), respectively. Attributed by the unique metabolism of MCFA which is rapidly metabolized by the body, MCFA and MCT showed to acquire multiple physiological and functional properties in managing and reversing certain health disorders. Several chemically or enzymatically oils and fats modification processes catalyzed by a biological or chemical catalyst such as acidolysis, interesterification and esterification are adopted to synthesis MCT and MLCT. With their purported health benefits, MCT and MLCT are widely being used as nutraceutical in food and pharmaceutical sectors. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review on MCT and MLCT, with an emphasis on the basic understanding of its structures, properties, unique metabolism; the current status of the touted health benefits; latest routes of production; its up-to-date applications in the different food systems; relevant patents filed and its drawbacks.

Blueberry Anthocyanins from Commercial Products: Structure Identification and Potential for Diabetic Retinopathy Amelioration.

The aim of the present study was to determine the major anthocyanins of blueberry extracts from northeast China and explore their vision health improvement effects. HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS results suggested that six different anthocyanins were accurately identified, among which the Cy-3-glu (C3G) was the most abundant, ranging from 376.91 ± 7.91 to 763.70 ± 4.99 µM. The blueberry extract contained a higher purity of anthocyanins, and the anthocyanosides reached 342.98 mg/kg. The anti-oxidative stress function of C3G on HG-treated ARPE-19 cells were evaluated, and showed that the GSSG level of HG-cells pretreated with 10 µM C3G was significantly decreased, while the Nrf2 and NQO1 gene expression levels were increased. Further molecular docking (MD) results indicated that the C3G displayed favorable binding affinity towards REDD1, and only the B-ring of the C3G molecule displayed binding interactions with the CYS-140 amino acids within the REDD1 protein. It implied that the oxidative stress amelioration effects of C3G on the ARPE-19 cells were related to the REDD1 protein, which was probably via the Nrf2 pathways, although further studies are needed to provide mechanism evidence. The present study provides novel insights into understanding the roles of blueberry anthocyanins in ameliorating oxidative stress-induced BRB damage in the retina.

Effect of potassium salts on the structure of γ-cyclodextrin MOF and the encapsulation properties with thymol.

BACKGROUND: Thymol is a natural essential oil with strong volatility, low solubility, poor dispersion, strong irritation, and an unpleasant smell, which often requires appropriate porous materials to encapsulate thymol during the application process. However, the encapsulation efficiency of thymol in inclusion complexes is low, and new methods of encapsulation need to be developed. In the present study, the encapsulation capacity, storage stability, and antibacterial activity of thymol were investigated using γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) by cocrystallization and high-temperature adsorption methods. The effect of different potassium salts (i.e. KOH, KCl, and KAc) on the structure and complexation of γ-CD-MOFs was also analyzed. RESULTS: Compared with γ-CD, the thymol encapsulation capacity of γ-CD-MOFs was increased by two- to three-fold, with the encapsulation content following the order: KAc-γ-CD-MOF (293.8 mg g-1 ) > KOH-γ-CD-MOF (287.7 mg g-1 ) > KCl-γ-CD-MOF (249.3 mg g-1 ). The anions in the solution participate in the coordination and influence the symmetry relationship between atoms and ions. This explains the differences in both the three-dimensional γ-CD-MOF structure and the thymol encapsulation amount, as well as the high storage stability of thymol. CONCLUSION: The in vitro release kinetics and antibacterial experiments showed that the inclusion complexes prepared by γ-CD-MOFs had higher stability, sustainability, and antibacterial activity, which suggests that it is an excellent complex material for industrial and agricultural applications. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Deep-frying oil induces cytotoxicity, inflammation and apoptosis on intestinal epithelial cells.

BACKGROUND: Deep-frying oil has been found to cause inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the molecular mechanism of the effect of deep-frying palm oil on IBD still remains undetermined. RESULTS: In the present study, bioinformatics and cell biology were used to investigate the functions and signal pathway enrichments of differentially expressed genes. The bioinformatics analysis of three original microarray datasets (GSE73661, GSE75214 and GSE126124) in the NCBI-Gene Expression Omnibus database showed 17 down-regulated genes (logFC < 0) and 2 up-regulated genes (logFC > 0) existed in the enteritis tissue. Meanwhile, pathway enrichment and protein-protein interaction network analysis suggested that IBD is relevant to cytotoxicity, inflammation and apoptosis. Furthermore, Caco-2 cells were treated with the main oxidation products of deep-frying oil-total polar compounds (TPC) and its components (polymerized triglyceride, oxidized triglycerides and triglyceride degradation products) isolated from deep-frying oil. The flow cytometry experiment revealed that TPC and its components could induce apoptosis, especially for oxidized triglyceride. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that TPC and its component could induce Caco-2 cell apoptosis through AQP8/CXCL1/TNIP3/IL-1. CONCLUSION: The present study provides fundamental knowledge for understanding the effects of deep-frying oils on the cytotoxic and inflammatory of Caco-2 cells, in addition to clarifying the molecular function mechanism of deep-frying oil in IBD. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Metabolomic analysis reveals the valuable bioactive compounds of Ardisia elliptica.

INTRODUCTION: Ardisia elliptica Thunb. (Primulaceae) is a medicinal herb that is traditionally used for the treatment of fever, diarrhoea, measles and herpes. However, there is limited information regarding the correlation of its phytoconstituents with the bioactivity. Optimisation of solvent extraction is vital for maximising retention of bioactive molecules. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the metabolite variations in A. elliptica leaves and the correlation with antioxidant activities. METHODOLOGY: Total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) radicals scavenging assays were performed on A. elliptica leaves extracted with four different ethanol ratios (0%, 50%, 70% and absolute ethanol). The correlation of metabolites with antioxidant activities was evaluated using a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics approach. RESULTS: The results showed that the 50% and 70% ethanolic extracts retained the highest TPC, and the 70% ethanolic extract was the most active, exhibiting half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) values of 10.18 ± 0.83 and 43.05 ± 1.69 µg/mL, respectively, in both radical scavenging assays. A total of 46 metabolites were tentatively identified, including flavonoids, benzoquinones, triterpenes and phenolic derivatives. The 50% and 70% ethanolic extracts showed similarities in metabolites content and were well discriminated from water and absolute ethanol extracts in a principal component analysis (PCA) model. Moreover, 31 metabolites were found to contribute significantly to the differentiation and antioxidant activity. CONCLUSION: This study provides information on bioactive compounds in A. elliptica leaves, which is promising as a functional ingredient for food production or for the development of phytomedicinal products.

Fabrication of oil-in-water emulsions as shelf-stable liquid non-dairy creamers: effects of homogenization pressure, oil type, and emulsifier concentration.

BACKGROUND: The popularity of coffee, the second most consumed beverage in the world, contributes to the high demand for liquid non-dairy creamer (LNDC). In this study, palm olein emulsions (as LNDCs) were investigated as alternatives to the more common soybean oil-based LNDCs. LNDCs were prepared via different homogenization pressures (100-300 bar) using different types of oil (palm olein and soybean oil) and concentrations of DATEM emulsifier (5-20 g kg-1 ). RESULTS: Increases in homogenization pressure and emulsifier concentration were observed to have significant (P < 0.05) effects on the physicochemical properties (particle size, pH, and viscosity) of the LNDCs. Palm olein and soybean oil LNDCs prepared using 15 g kg-1 and 10 g kg-1 DATEM emulsifier, respectively, were determined to be the most stable (as observed throughout a 15-day storage period at ambient temperature of 28 ± 2 °C), with properties closest to those of a commercial LNDC. When added to black coffee, both LNDCs displayed a good whitening effect by increasing the L* value from 26.73 ± 0.16 (black coffee) to ≥40.82 ± 0.56 (black coffee + LNDCs). Sensory evaluation showed that there were no significant (P > 0.05) differences between the prepared and commercial LNDCs in terms of their color, appearance, and overall acceptability. CONCLUSION: Shelf-stable LNDCs with qualities comparable to commercial LNDC were successfully fabricated. Valuable insights into the effects of homogenization pressure, oil type, and emulsifier concentration, as well as functionality and consumer acceptance of the LNDCs when added into black coffee, were obtained. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Pickering emulsion-templated ionotropic gelation of tocotrienol microcapsules: effects of alginate and chitosan concentrations and gelation process parameters.

BACKGROUND: Throughout the past decade, Pickering emulsion has been increasingly utilized for the encapsulation of bioactive compounds due to its high stability and biocompatibility. In the present work, palm tocotrienols were initially encapsulated in a calcium carbonate Pickering emulsion, which was then subjected to alginate gelation and subsequent chitosan coating. The effects of wall material (alginate and chitosan) concentrations, gelation pH and time, and chitosan coating time on the encapsulation efficiency of palm tocotrienols were explored. RESULTS: Our findings revealed that uncoated alginate microcapsules ruptured upon drying and exhibited low encapsulation efficiency (13.81 ± 2.76%). However, the addition of chitosan successfully provided a more complex and rigid external wall structure to enhance the stability of the microcapsules. By prolonging the crosslinking time from 5 to 30 min and increasing the chitosan concentration from 0.1% to 0.5%, the oil encapsulation efficiency was increased by 28%. Under the right gelation pH (pH 4), the extension of gelation time from 1 to 12 h resulted in an increase in alginate-Ca2+ crosslinkings, thus strengthening the microcapsules. CONCLUSION: With the optimum formulation and process parameters, a high encapsulation efficiency (81.49 ± 1.75%) with an elevated oil loading efficiency (63.58 ± 2.96%) were achieved. The final product is biocompatible and can potentially be used for the delivery of palm tocotrienols. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Nutritive bambara groundnut powdered drink mix: characterization and in-vivo assessment of the cholesterol-lowering effect.

Drought has become more frequent due to climate change and its effects on the agricultural sector can be devastating. This increases the need for drought tolerant crops such as the Bambara groundnut (BGN) to be farmed in Malaysia. The development of BGN to a product suitable for consumers in this region has not been studied. Therefore, this research aimed to determine consumer acceptability of a nutritive BGN powdered drink mix using the Just-About-Right (JAR) method. BGN flour was produced by mixing soy powder with 0% BGN powder (0B100S), 10% BGN powder (10B90S), 20% BGN powder (20B80S) and 30% BGN powder (30B70S), respectively. The physicochemical properties of the powdered drink mix and its microbiological changes upon storage for six months were then determined. In addition, in-vivo assessment of the cholesterol-lowering effect of this product was conducted. Sample 10B90S was the most preferred sample among the sensory panellists (overall acceptability = 72%). Sample 10B90S remained stable after six months of ambient storage. Rats fed with sample 30B70S showed the most improvement in blood cholesterol levels. In conclusion, nutritive BGN powdered drink mix exhibited good physicochemical properties and could be useful for food applications.

Production, safety, health effects and applications of diacylglycerol functional oil in food systems: a review.

Diacylglycerol (DAG) is a world leading anti-obesity functional cooking oil synthesized via structural modification of conventional fats and oils. DAG exits in three stereoisomers namely sn-1,2-DAG, sn-1,3-DAG, and sn-2,3-DAG. DAG particularly sn-1,3-DAG demonstrated to have the potential in suppressing body fat accumulation and lowering postprandial serum triacylglycerol, cholesterol and glucose level. DAG also showed to improve bone health. This is attributed to DAG structure itself that caused it to absorb and digest via different metabolic pathway than conventional fats and oils. With its purported health benefits, many studies attempt to enzymatically or chemically synthesis DAG through various routes. DAG has also received wide attention as low calorie fat substitute and has been incorporated into various food matrixes. Despite being claimed as healthy cooking oil the safety of DAG still remained uncertain. DAG was banned from sale as it was found to contain probable carcinogen glycidol fatty acid esters. The article aims to provide a comprehensive and latest review of DAG emphasizing on its structure and properties, safety and regulation, process developments, metabolism and beneficial health attributes as well as its applications in the food industry.

A Theoretical Study of Metalloporphyrin-Based Fluorescent Array Sensor using Density Functional Theory.

The influences of metal atoms on optimized geometry structures, relative energies, frontline molecular orbitals, and binding energies of metalloporphyrin-based fluorescent array sensor were systematically investigated by density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/LAN2DZ level. DFT calculated results reveal that the selected metal atoms in the center of the metalloporphyrin plane provide difference performances of metalloporphyrin-based fluorescent array sensor for the rapid determination of trimethylamine. The calculated binding energies have displayed in the following order at the most stable states: zinc porphyrin (ZnP) < copper porphyrin (CuP) < silver porphyrin (AgP) < iron porphyrin (FeP) < tin porphyrin (SnP) < cobalt porphyrin (CoP) < ruthenium porphyrin (RuP) < manganese porphyrin (MnP). Therefore, this theoretical study provides a design mechanism for how to choose a proper metal atom for low or high concentration trimethylamine. This research also suggests that theoretical results may be useful for the rapid detection of food containing trimethylamine.

Antioxidant, α-Glucosidase, and Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Activities of Six Algerian Traditional Medicinal Plant Extracts and 1H-NMR-Based Metabolomics Study of the Active Extract.

Claims of effective therapy against diabetes using plants including Peganum harmala L., Zygophyllum album, Anacyclus valentinus L., Ammodaucus leucotrichus, Lupinus albus, and Marrubium vulgare in Algerian empirical medicine prompted our interest in evaluating their antidiabetic activity by screening their free radical scavenging (DPPH), α-glucosidase, and nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activities as well as the total phenolic content (TPC). Extracts of the selected plants were prepared using different ratios of ethanol (0, 50, 80, and 100%). In this study, 100%, and 80% ethanol extracts of L. albus were found to be the most potent, in inhibiting α-glucosidase activity with IC50 values of 6.45 and 8.66 µg/mL, respectively. The 100% ethanol extract of A. leucotrichus exhibited the highest free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 26.26 µg/mL. Moreover, the highest TPC of 612.84 µg GAE/mg extract was observed in M. vulgare, extracted with 80% ethanol. Metabolite profiling of the active extract was conducted using 1H-NMR metabolomics. Partial least square analysis (PLS) was used to assess the relationship between the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of L. albus and the metabolites identified in the extract. Based on the PLS model, isoflavonoids (lupinoisoflavone G, lupisoflavone, lupinoisolone C), amino acids (asparagine and thiamine), and several fatty acids (stearic acid and oleic acid) were identified as metabolites that contributed to the inhibition of α-glucosidase activity. The results of this study have clearly strengthened the traditional claim of the antihyperglycemic effects of L. albus.

Spray Drying for the Encapsulation of Oils-A Review.

The application of the spray drying technique in the food industry for the production of a broad range of ingredients has become highly desirable compared to other drying techniques. Recently, the spray drying technique has been applied extensively for the production of functional foods, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Encapsulation using spray drying is highly preferred due to economic advantages compared to other encapsulation methods. Encapsulation of oils using the spray drying technique is carried out in order to enhance the handling properties of the products and to improve oxidation stability by protecting the bioactive compounds. Encapsulation of oils involves several parameters-including inlet and outlet temperatures, total solids, and the type of wall materials-that significantly affect the quality of final product. Therefore, this review highlights the application and optimization of the spray drying process for the encapsulation of oils used as food ingredients.

Improving Vesicular Integrity and Antioxidant Activity of Novel Mixed Soy Lecithin-Based Liposomes Containing Squalene and Their Stability against UV Light.

In order to improve the membrane lipophilicity and the affinity towards the environment of lipid bilayers, squalene (SQ) could be conjugated to phospholipids in the formation of liposomes. The effect of membrane composition and concentrations on the degradation of liposomes prepared via the extrusion method was investigated. Liposomes were prepared using a mixture of SQ, cholesterol (CH) and Tween80 (TW80). Based on the optimal conditions, liposome batches were prepared in the absence and presence of SQ. Their physicochemical and stability behavior were evaluated as a function of liposome constituent. From the optimization study, the liposomal formulation containing 5% (w/w) mixed soy lecithin (ML), 0.5% (w/w) SQ, 0.3% (w/w) CH and 0.75% (w/w) TW80 had optimal physicochemical properties and displayed a unilamellar structure. Liposome prepared using the optimal formulation had a low particle size (158.31 ± 2.96 nm) and acceptable %increase in the particle size (15.09% ± 3.76%) and %trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (%TEAC) loss (35.69% ± 0.72%) against UV light treatment (280-320 nm) for 6 h. The interesting outcome of this research was the association of naturally occurring substance SQ for size reduction without the extra input of energy or mechanical procedures, and improvement of vesicle stability and antioxidant activity of ML-based liposome. This study also demonstrated that the presence of SQ in the membrane might increase the acyl chain dynamics and decrease the viscosity of the dispersion, thereby limiting long-term stability of the liposome.

In-vitro bioaccessibility of spray dried refined kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) seed oil applied in coffee drink.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a coffee beverage matrix on the oil release percentage and bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds from microencapsulated refined kenaf seed oil (MRKSO) using an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model. Refined kenaf seed oil was spray-dried with gum arabic, ß-cyclodextrin, and sodium caseinate. Oil release percentage, total phenolic content, radical scavenging activity of DPPH and ABTS, tocopherol and tocotrienol contents, as well as phytosterol content, were measured in the oil released from digested MRKSO along with the coffee matrix and compared to the digested MRKSO without coffee matrix and undigested MRKSO. Refined kenaf seed oil showed a significantly higher oxidative stability index than crude, degummed, and neutralized oil samples. About 91.2 and 94.7% of the oils were released from the digested MRKSO without and with coffee matrix, respectively. Oil released from the digested MRKSO with coffee matrix showed an increase in the total phenolic content (200.5%), DPPH (172.7%), and ABTS (68.1%) values, tocopherol and tocotrienol contents (24.6%), as well as the phytosterol content (62.0%), compared to oil released from the digested MRKSO without coffee matrix. MRKSO was successfully incorporated in the coffee drink and can use as a partial replacement for coffee creamers or supplementation in coffee drinks.

Sargassum Seaweed as a Source of Anti-Inflammatory Substances and the Potential Insight of the Tropical Species: A Review.

Sargassum is recognized both empirically and scientifically as a potential anti-inflammatory agent. Inflammation is an important response in the body that helps to overcome various challenges to body homeostasis such as microbial infections, tissue stress, and certain injuries. Excessive and uncontrolled inflammatory conditions can affect the pathogenesis of various diseases. This review aims to explore the potential of Sargassum's anti-inflammatory activity, not only in crude extracts but also in sulfated polysaccharides and purified compounds. The tropical region has a promising availability of Sargassum biomass because its climate allows for the optimal growth of seaweed throughout the year. This is important for its commercial utilization as functional ingredients for both food and non-food applications. To the best of our knowledge, studies related to Sargassum's anti-inflammatory activity are still dominated by subtropical species. Studies on tropical Sargassum are mainly focused on the polysaccharides group, though there are some other potentially bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, terpenoids, fucoxanthin, fatty acids and their derivatives, typical polar lipids, and other groups. Information on the modulation mechanism of Sargassum's bioactive compounds on the inflammatory response is also discussed here, but specific mechanisms related to the interaction between bioactive compounds and targets in cells still need to be further studied.