RESUMO
Despite the lower incidence of non-melanoma skin cancers in skin of color populations, greater morbidity and mortality have been reported. Literature describing non-melanoma skin cancers in Native Americans is scarce. We designed a retrospective review study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of non-melanoma skin cancers (basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma) in Native American patients treated with Mohs micrographic surgery between January 2015 and August 2020, at a single academic center. Twenty-six patients with 28 tumors were identified; 12 squamous cell carcinomas (92% well-differentiated) and 16 basal cell carcinomas (94% nodular). Most tumors were on the head and neck, with mean size of 563mm2 (squamous cell carcinomas) and 350mm2 (basal cell carcinomas). Tumor clearance was achieved in one stage for 75% of tumors. Recurrence was seen in two patients with squamous cell carcinoma. No mortality reported, although follow up was limited. Few Native Americans patients underwent Mohs micrographic surgery for non-melanoma skin cancers. Squamous cell cancers were larger, lower risk while basal cell carcinomas were predominantly nodular. Average time from biopsy to Mohs micrographic surgery was three months. Further studies are needed to better characterize non-melanoma skin cancers in Native Americans and to identify barriers to prompt care.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Basocelular , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias Cutâneas , Humanos , Cirurgia de Mohs , Neoplasias Cutâneas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/cirurgia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Carcinoma Basocelular/epidemiologia , Carcinoma Basocelular/cirurgia , Carcinoma Basocelular/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/epidemiologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/cirurgia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/cirurgia , Indígena Americano ou Nativo do AlascaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Melanoma in situ (MIS) can have poorly defined borders and subclinical extension that makes margin control challenging. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a promising noninvasive technique that can be used to assess subclinical spread. OBJECTIVE: To optimize surgical margins of histology-proven MIS using RCM mosaics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective review of 22 patients with histology-proven MIS who underwent RCM margin mapping prior to staged excision, between August 1, 2018, and August 13, 2020, at the Department of Dermatology, University of New Mexico, School of Medicine. RESULTS: Twenty patients (91%) had tumor clearance on the first stage using a 3-mm surgical margin after confocal margin mapping. CONCLUSION: Reflectance confocal microscopy margin mapping using the mosaic device tends to clear MIS in one stage, and the use of the handheld device may improve the accuracy for difficult anatomic areas. Current Procedural Terminology codes for RCM do not reflect the time required and complexity of the procedure. Reflectance confocal microscopy margin mapping prior to excision has the potential to decrease the number of stages needed for melanoma removal, reduce treatment time, and cost.
Assuntos
Margens de Excisão , Melanoma/cirurgia , Microscopia Confocal , Neoplasias Cutâneas/cirurgia , Adulto , Idoso , Carcinoma in Situ , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Melanoma/patologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cirurgia de Mohs , Estudos Prospectivos , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Melanoma Maligno CutâneoRESUMO
Grover disease (GD) is an acquired, nonfamilial, nonimmune mediated, transient or persistent acantholytic dermatosis. Herein, we present a 72-year-old man who had clinical and histopathologic findings of GD following two weeks of treatment with vemurafenib without MEK inhibitor. The patient was successfully treated with topical emollients and a high-potency corticosteroid. Meanwhile, vemurafenib was temporarily discontinued. Drug-induced GD has increasingly been reported in patients on BRAF inhibitor monotherapy as an immune-related adverse event. The cutaneous side effects seem to arise secondary to a paradoxical activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling of BRAF inhibitor treatment, leading to keratinocyte proliferation. Although the pathogenesis of GD has not been delineated, there is suggestion of activation of T lymphocytes, particularly helper cells under the action of pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in proliferation of keratinocytes. Combination therapy with a MEK inhibitor appears to prevent BRAF-induced GD. Given that there is a higher prevalence of GD in patients with hematologic malignancy, a direct causal relationship between the initiation of vemurafenib therapy and development of GD in this case may be difficult to establish.
Assuntos
Acantólise/induzido quimicamente , Ictiose/induzido quimicamente , Leucemia de Células Pilosas/complicações , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/efeitos adversos , Vemurafenib/efeitos adversos , Acantólise/patologia , Idoso , Biópsia/métodos , Humanos , Ictiose/patologia , Leucemia de Células Pilosas/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas B-raf/antagonistas & inibidores , Indução de Remissão , Pele/patologia , Vemurafenib/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Using distraction osteogenesis (DO) to regenerate robust endogenous bone could greatly enhance postoncologic reconstruction of head and neck cancer. However, radiation (XRT) corrosive effects still preclude DO's immense potential. We posit that adjunctive pretreatment with the radioprotectant amifostine (AMF) can optimize wound healing and allow for successful DO with quantifiable enhancements in bony union and strength despite previous surgical bed irradiation. METHODS: Two groups of murine left hemimandibles were exposed to a human equivalent radiation dosage fractionated over 5 daily doses of 7 Gy. AMF-XRT-DO (n = 30) received AMF before radiation, whereas XRT-DO (n = 22) was untreated. All animals underwent left hemimandibular osteotomy and external fixator placement, followed by distraction to a 5.1-mm gap. Left hemimandibles were harvested and mechanically tested for parameters of strength, yield, and breaking load. RESULTS: Radiation-related complications such as severe alopecia were significantly increased in XRT-DO compared with the AMF-treated group (P = 0.001), whereas infection and death were comparable (P = 0.318). Upon dissection, bony defects were grossly visible in XRT-DO distraction gap compared with AMF-XRT-DO, which exhibited significantly more complete unions (P = 0.004). Those results were significantly increased in the specimens prophylactically treated with AMF (yield: 39.41 N vs 21.78 N, P = 0.023; breaking load: 61.74 N vs 34.77 N, P = 0.044; respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed that AMF enhances biomechanical strength, regeneration, and bony union after radiation in a murine model of DO. The use of prophylactic AMF in combination with DO offers the promise of an alternative reconstructive option for patients afflicted with head and neck cancer.
Assuntos
Amifostina/uso terapêutico , Mandíbula/cirurgia , Osteogênese por Distração , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/prevenção & controle , Protetores contra Radiação/uso terapêutico , Amifostina/farmacologia , Animais , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Regeneração Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Mandíbula/efeitos dos fármacos , Protetores contra Radiação/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide pandemic that impacts more than 387 million people, with 29 million individuals affected in the United States alone. Diabetic patients have a 25% lifetime risk of developing a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). Having a DFU is associated with a risk of recurrence approaching 70%. In addition, 1 in 6 patients with DFU will have a lower-limb amputation, with an associated increase in mortality ranging from 47% to 70%. Therefore, limb salvage is critical in patients with DFU. CASE STUDY: This article describes the case of a 70-year-old man with diabetes mellitus, end-stage renal disease, and peripheral arterial occlusive disease who presented with a 1.5% total-body-surface-area, third-degree burn to the left hallux with dry gangrene extending to the midfoot. Ankle brachial indexes were 0.66 on the left and 0.64 on the right. Toe pressures on the left were absent because of extensive dry gangrene. His right foot had a prior transmetatarsal amputation. Using a retrograde pedal approach, a chronic total occlusion of the left posterior tibial artery was recanalized with balloon angioplasty. He then underwent a transmetatarsal amputation with closure, except that the plantar medial side could not be closed without tension. Therefore, an autologous full-thickness skin graft, from the amputation specimen, was used to bridge the defect. DISCUSSION: At 32-week follow-up, the wound was healed, the graft had fully incorporated, and the patient was ambulating well using custom orthotic footwear. The creative use of amputated tissue to assist with wound coverage has not been well described in the literature.
Assuntos
Queimaduras/cirurgia , Pé Diabético/cirurgia , Salvamento de Membro/métodos , Doença Arterial Periférica/cirurgia , Retalhos Cirúrgicos/transplante , Idoso , Cotos de Amputação/cirurgia , Queimaduras/diagnóstico , Pé Diabético/fisiopatologia , Sobrevivência de Enxerto , Humanos , Isquemia/complicações , Isquemia/diagnóstico , Isquemia/cirurgia , Masculino , Doença Arterial Periférica/diagnóstico , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Transplante Autólogo , Resultado do Tratamento , Cicatrização/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Nonmelanoma skin cancers rarely arise from venous leg ulcers (VLUs). Although basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common nonmelanoma skin cancer, its association with lower-extremity ulcers is not as frequently reported as other malignancies. OBJECTIVE: To report a case series of biopsy-proven BCC from lower-extremity ulcers of patients who presented at a multispecialty wound clinic. METHODS: Four male patients (mean age, 82.75 years) with 4 chronic VLUs (duration ranging from 2 months to 10 years) underwent a biopsy of their ulcerative lesions. RESULTS: Histologic examination of the specimens revealed 4 cases of BCC. All of the lesions were surgically excised, followed by split-thickness skin graft (n = 2) or healing by secondary intention (n = 2). All of the patients remained healed at follow-up ranging from 15 to 27 months, except for 1 patient who opted for conservative management and had not completely healed at 14 months' follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Biopsies are warranted for any VLU with documented stalled healing following 3 months of standard of care. One biopsy is performed at the periphery of the ulcer and another at the base in order to rule out the presence of malignant transformation because of BCC, squamous cell carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, or metastases.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Basocelular/patologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Úlcera Varicosa/patologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biópsia por Agulha , Carcinoma Basocelular/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Basocelular/cirurgia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Seguimentos , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Cirurgia de Mohs/métodos , Estudos de Amostragem , Neoplasias Cutâneas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Cutâneas/cirurgia , Resultado do Tratamento , Úlcera Varicosa/diagnóstico , Úlcera Varicosa/cirurgiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cryotherapy is a commonly discussed method for treatment of basal cell carcinoma skin cancer. Some uncertainty remains about its efficacy relative to other modalities. OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy and adverse events profile of cryotherapy for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma compared to other therapeutic options or non-intervention. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, OVID, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINHAL, and CANCERLIT databases for the following terms: "cryotherapy", AND "basal cell carcinoma", OR "cryosurgery" OR "cryoablation" up to April 2018. Two independent reviewers screened the results and extracted the data. Study endpoints included basal cell carcinoma recurrence, cosmetic outcome, and healing time. Study quality was assessed using the Jadad scale. RESULTS: Six clinical studies met our inclusion criteria. The efficacy and safety of cryotherapy alone or with curettage in the treatment of primary superficial and nodular basal cell carcinoma was comparable to photodynamic therapy and surgery, respectively. Cryotherapy was inferior to radiation in terms of recurrence rate. Most patients had better cosmetic outcomes with photodynamic therapy and surgery compared to cryotherapy alone, and cryotherapy with curettage. CONCLUSION: Current available data suggests equivalent efficacy of cryotherapy alone compared to photodynamic therapy or surgery, but inferior to radiotherapy. More studies are necessary to draw definitive conclusions.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Basocelular/cirurgia , Criocirurgia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/cirurgia , Carcinoma Basocelular/tratamento farmacológico , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Dermatológicos , Humanos , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/epidemiologia , Fotoquimioterapia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/tratamento farmacológico , Trietilenomelamina , CicatrizaçãoRESUMO
Inattention to differences between animal strains is a potential cause of irreproducibility of basic science investigations. Accordingly, the authors' laboratory sought to ensure that cross-comparisons of results generated from studies of mandibular physiology utilizing the Sprague Dawley and Lewis rat strains are valid. The authors specifically investigated baseline histomorphometrics, bone mineral density, and biomechanical strength of the unaltered endogenous mandibles of the inbred, isogenic Lewis rat, and the outbred, nonisogenic Sprague Dawley rat to determine if they are indeed equal. The authors hypothesized that little difference would be found within these metrics.The authors' study utilized 20 male Lewis and Sprague Dawley rats, which underwent no manipulation other than final dissection and analysis. Ten rats from each strain underwent bone mineral density and biomechanical strength analysis. The remaining rats underwent histological analysis. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed and the P value was set at 0.05.Lewis rats had a significantly greater number of empty lacunae. Sprague Dawley rats exhibited a significantly greater ratio of bone volume-to-total volume, bone mineral density, tissue mineral density, bone volume fraction, and total mineral content. No differences were found during biomechanical testing.This study demonstrates that differences exist between the Lewis and Sprague Dawley rat within unaltered baseline mandibular tissue. However, these differences appear to have limited functional impact, as demonstrated by similar biomechanical strength metrics. Other specific differences not addressed in this manuscript may exist. However, the authors believe that researchers may confidently cross-compare results between the 2 strains, while taking into account the differences found within this study.
Assuntos
Mandíbula/anatomia & histologia , Mandíbula/fisiologia , Animais , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Densidade Óssea , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos Lew , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant international health concern affecting more than 387 million individuals. A diabetic person has a 25% lifetime risk of developing a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), leading to limb amputation in up to one in six DFU patients. Low-level light therapy (LLLT) uses low-power lasers or light-emitting diodes to alter cellular function and molecular pathways, and may be a promising treatment for DFU. The goal of this systematic review is to examine whether the clinical use of LLLT is effective in the healing of DFU at 12 and 20 weeks in comparison with the standard of care, and to provide evidence-based recommendation and future clinical guidelines for the treatment of DFU using LLLT. On September 30, 2015, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases using the following terms: "diabetic foot" AND "low level light therapy," OR "light emitting diode," OR "phototherapy," OR "laser." The relevant articles that met the following criteria were selected for inclusion: randomized control trials (RCTs) that investigated the use of LLLT for treatment of DFU. Four RCTs involving 131 participants were suitable for inclusion based upon our criteria. The clinical trials used sham irriadiation, low dose, or nontherapeutic LLLT as placebo or control in comparison to LLLT. The endpoints included ulcer size and time to complete healing with follow-up ranging from 2 to 16 weeks. Each article was assigned a level of evidence (LOE) and graded according to the Oxford Center for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence Grades of Recommendation criteria. Limitations of reviewed RCTs include a small sample size (N < 100), unclear allocation concealment, lack of screening phase to exclude rapid healers, unclear inclusion/exclusion criteria, short (<30 days) follow-up period, and unclear treatment settings (wavelength and treatment time). However, all reviewed RCTs demonstrated therapeutic outcomes with no adverse events using LLLT for treatment of DFU. This systematic review reports that LLLT has significant potential to become a portable, minimally invasive, easy-to-use, and cost effective modality for treatment of DFU. To enthusiastically recommend LLLT for treatment of DFU, additional studies with comparable laser parameters, screening period to exclude rapid healers, larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are required. We envision future stringent RCTs may validate LLLT for treatment of DFU. Systematic review registration number: PROSPERO CRD42015029825.
Assuntos
Pé Diabético/terapia , Terapia com Luz de Baixa Intensidade , Cicatrização/fisiologia , Amputação Cirúrgica/estatística & dados numéricos , Análise Custo-Benefício , Pé Diabético/patologia , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Humanos , Terapia com Luz de Baixa Intensidade/economia , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) represent a significant complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). DFU affect one in four patients with DM and treatments of DFU are limited and challenging. The management of DFU remains a significant healthcare and socioeconomic burden ($245 billion). There is a wide range of advanced therapies for DFU, but these are costly and have demonstrated only minimal efficacy in limited published studies. An emerging treatment modality to improve DFU and optimize wound healing is the use of low-level light therapy (LLLT). LLLT involves the use of light in the form of low-level or low-power laser or light emitting diodes to alter biochemical pathways, which may result in changes to cell shape, cell migration, and cell signaling.
OBJECTIVE: To review published clinical experiences (case series and case reports) using LLLT for treatment of DFU, and provide evidence-based recommendations and future directions on the potential of LLLT as a therapeutic modality for DFU.
METHODS AND MATERIALS: On January 16, 2016 we searched the published literature using databases: PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Web of Science with key terms: "diabetic foot" AND ("low level laser therapy" OR "low level light therapy" OR "LLLT" OR "light emitting diode" OR "phototherapy" OR "laser").
RESULTS: After screening of titles, abstracts and/or full-text, 7 original articles were suitable in our review. Our review contains 5 case series and 2 case reports that evaluated LLLT for treatment of DFU, and all reviewed studies have shown positive improvement of DFU using LLLT with no adverse events, albeit with limitations that may be minimized with future RCTs.
CONCLUSIONS: LLLT is an emerging and promising treatment modality to current alternatives that are costly and have shown limited success. Based upon the published evidence, we envision additional research may allow for stronger recommendation with LLLT for treatment of DFU.
J Drugs Dermatol. 2016;15(7):843-848.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus/radioterapia , Pé Diabético/diagnóstico , Pé Diabético/radioterapia , Terapia com Luz de Baixa Intensidade/métodos , Humanos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
PURPOSE: The vascularity, bone mineral density distribution, and histomorphometric data between the inbred, isogenic Lewis rat and the outbred, nonisogenic Sprague Dawley rat within mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) were evaluated to allow future researchers to compare the results generated from these 2 animals. We hypothesized that little difference would be found between the 2 strains within these metrics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We implemented a comparative study between the Lewis and Sprague Dawley rat strains within MDO. The sample was composed of 17 male Lewis and 17 male Sprague Dawley rats that underwent surgical external fixation and distraction. The rats' hemimandibles were distracted to a total distance of 5.1 mm. After 28 days of consolidation, 9 rats from each group underwent bone mineral density distribution analysis. The remaining rats from each group were analyzed for the vascular and histologic metrics. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed, and the P value was set at .05. RESULTS: We demonstrated successful MDO in all the rats, with no significant difference found in the histologic or bone mineral density distribution metrics. No significant differences were found in any of the vascular metrics, with the exception of vascular separation, which was not normalized to the mandibular volume (P = .048). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study have demonstrated that little dissimilarity exists between the isogenic Lewis and outbred Sprague Dawley models of MDO. Thus, researchers can confidently compare the gross results between the 2 strains, with consideration of the very small differences between the 2 models. For studies that require an isogenic strain, the Lewis rat is an apt surrogate for the Sprague Dawley strain.
Assuntos
Densidade Óssea , Mandíbula/cirurgia , Osteogênese por Distração/métodos , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Masculino , Mandíbula/diagnóstico por imagem , Camundongos , Osteotomia/métodos , Ratos Endogâmicos Lew , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Microtomografia por Raio-XRESUMO
According to the American Society of Clinical Oncology, in 2012, more than 53,000 new cases of head and neck cancers (HNCs) were reported in the United States alone and nearly 12,000 deaths occurred relating to HNC. Although radiotherapy (XRT) has increased survival, the adverse effects can be unrelenting and their management is rarely remedial. Current treatment dictates surgical mandibular reconstruction using free tissue transfer. These complex operations entail extended hospitalizations and attendant complications often lead to delays in initiation of adjuvant therapy, jeopardizing prognosis as well as quality of life. The creation of new bone by distraction osteogenesis (DO) generates a replacement of deficient tissue from local substrate and could have immense potential therapeutic ramifications. Radiotherapy drastically impairs bone healing, precluding its use as a reconstructive method for HNC. We posit that the deleterious effects of XRT on bone formation could be pharmacologically mitigated. To test this hypothesis, we used a rodent model of DO and treated with amifostine, a radioprotectant, to assuage the XRT-induced injury on new bone formation. Amifostine had a profound salutary effect on bone regeneration, allowing the successful implementation of DO as a reconstructive technique. The optimization of bone regeneration in the irradiated mandible has immense potential for translation from the bench to the bedside, providing improved therapeutic options for patients subjected to XRT.
Assuntos
Amifostina/farmacologia , Regeneração Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Mandíbula/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteogênese por Distração , Lesões por Radiação/tratamento farmacológico , Protetores contra Radiação/farmacologia , Radioterapia/efeitos adversos , Amifostina/administração & dosagem , Amifostina/uso terapêutico , Animais , Regeneração Óssea/efeitos da radiação , Masculino , Mandíbula/efeitos da radiação , Mandíbula/cirurgia , Protetores contra Radiação/administração & dosagem , Protetores contra Radiação/uso terapêutico , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
We report a patient with radiation (fluoroscopic)-induced dermatitis that produced symptoms similar to notalgia paresthetica.
Assuntos
Doença da Artéria Coronariana/cirurgia , Fluoroscopia/efeitos adversos , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/métodos , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Periférico/diagnóstico , Prurido/diagnóstico , Radiodermite/diagnóstico , Stents , Idoso , Dorso , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Masculino , Radiodermite/etiologiaRESUMO
Complications from radiation exposure during fluoroscopic guidance of cardiac catheterization may occur. With repeated procedures, the risk for cutaneous injuries increases. Herein, we describe a 59-year-old man with extensive coronary artery disease, who had undergone multiple revascularization procedures and developed a non-healing ulcer on his left inferior scapula. The patient's medical history, physical exam findings, and histopathology gave clues to a case of radiation-induced dermatitis and necrosis.
Assuntos
Doença da Artéria Coronariana/cirurgia , Fluoroscopia/efeitos adversos , Radiodermite/etiologia , Pele/patologia , Angioplastia Coronária com Balão/métodos , Dorso , Cateterismo Cardíaco/métodos , Ponte de Artéria Coronária/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Necrose , Radiodermite/patologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Radiation is known to decrease osteocyte count and function, leading to bone weakening. A treatment strategy to mitigate these consequences could have immense therapeutic ramifications. The authors previously reported significantly decreased osteocyte count and mineralization capacity in a rat model of fracture healing after radiotherapy. They hypothesized that amifostine (AMF) would preserve osteocyte number and function in this model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six rats were divided into 3 groups: fracture, radiated fracture, and radiated fracture with AMF. Radiated groups underwent human-equivalent radiotherapy to the mandible before fixator placement and mandibular osteotomy. The AMF group received a subcutaneous injection before each dose of radiotherapy. After 40 days, mandibles were harvested for histologic processing. Quantification of osteocyte count (Oc), empty lacunae (EL), and osteoid ratio (osteoid volume [OV] to tissue volume [TV]) was performed and the results were compared using analysis of variance (P < .05). RESULTS: Radiated fractures showed significantly decreased Oc, increased EL, and a decreased capacity to produce new osteoid at the fracture site as measured with OV/TV compared with nonradiated fractures. In mandibles treated with AMF, these metrics were not statistically different than the control, indicating a preservation of osteocyte number and function. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the hypothesis that AMF preserves osteocyte number and function, thereby preventing the pernicious effects of radiotherapy on the cellular environment of fracture healing. Based on these findings, the authors encourage future investigation of this promising therapy for use in the prevention of pathologic fractures and osteoradionecrosis.
Assuntos
Amifostina/uso terapêutico , Consolidação da Fratura/efeitos dos fármacos , Consolidação da Fratura/efeitos da radiação , Osteócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteócitos/efeitos da radiação , Protetores contra Radiação/uso terapêutico , Radioterapia/efeitos adversos , Animais , Regeneração Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Regeneração Óssea/efeitos da radiação , Calcificação Fisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Calcificação Fisiológica/efeitos da radiação , Contagem de Células , Masculino , Osteotomia Mandibular , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Perhaps the most vexing and exigent problem confronting head and neck cancer reconstruction is overcoming the impediments of collateral damage imposed by radiation therapy (XRT) on normal surrounding tissue. Radiation therapy is detrimental to bone and soft tissue repair resulting in an unacceptably high incidence of devastating wound healing complications as well as the associated morbidity of late pathologic fractures, reduced bone healing, and osteoradionecrosis. The consequences of XRT on bone vasculature, long known to be affected by radiation, have been poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to analyze the degree by which irradiation degrades existing bone vascularity using a powerful micro-computed tomography technique to attain highly precise quantitative metrics of the vascular tree. METHODS: Fourteen 400-g male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 35 Gy of fractionated XRT at 7 Gy/d. The animals were euthanized after 28 days, and the left ventricle was fixed and injected with Microfil (MV-122; Flow Tech, Carver, Mass) contrast. Left hemimandibles were dissected and scanned using high-resolution micro-computed tomography (18-µm voxels). The vessel number, thickness, separation, connectivity, and vessel volume fraction were analyzed for the region of interest, defined to be the volume behind the third molar spanning a total distance of 5.1 mm. RESULTS: Stereologic analysis and subsequent analysis of variance test demonstrated a significant and quantifiable diminution in the irradiated vasculature when compared with control animals. The vessel volume fraction (0.016 vs 0.032, P ≤ 0.003) and vessel thickness (0.042 vs 0.067 mm, P ≤ 0.001) were markedly reduced. Interestingly, further analysis demonstrated no significant differences between vessel separation and vessel number. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study specifically quantify the corrosive affects of XRT on the vasculature of the mandible. The data from this novel technique go even further and imply retention of blood vessels but a degradation of their quality and size. Further experiments can now be directed at therapeutic interventions to reverse this process and better understand the underlying mechanism of XRT-induced bone injury.
Assuntos
Mandíbula/irrigação sanguínea , Microvasos/efeitos da radiação , Microtomografia por Raio-X , Animais , Fracionamento da Dose de Radiação , Masculino , Mandíbula/diagnóstico por imagem , Mandíbula/efeitos da radiação , Microvasos/diagnóstico por imagem , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Head and neck cancer most often requires a multimodality approach to treatment that includes the use of radiotherapy. Unfortunately, radiation treatment can cause significant locoregional adverse effects with the particularly debilitating sequelae of late pathologic fracture. We aimed to define comprehensive metrics that will allow us to evaluate the efficacy of therapies aimed at assuaging the damaging effects of radiation on fracture healing.Six male rats (XRT/Fx) received a 36-Gy preoperative radiation dose delivered in 10 fractions over 10 days to their left hemimandible, whereas 6 other rats were not irradiated (Fx). After a recovery period, a unilateral osteotomy was performed with external distractor placement set to a 2.1-mm fracture gap on all the animals. Following a 28-day consolidation interval, mandibles were harvested and scanned via micro-computed tomography. Radiomorphometrics were extracted and analyzed with significance at P < 0.05.A quantifiable decrease in bone volume fraction (73.9% vs 78.6%; P < 0.05) was observed in XRT/Fx compared with Fx, without significant change in bone mineral density. Microarchitectural metrics were significantly altered in XRT/Fx compared with Fx, specifically trabecular thickness (0.37 vs 0.30 µm; P = 0.01), trabecular number (2.18 vs 2.45 N/mm; P = 0.04), and bone surface-bone volume ratio (5.50 vs 6.70; P = 0.01).We found that the irradiated and fractured bone demonstrated a significant diminution in bone quality and strength. We have established predictable and reliable radiographic measures that quantitatively demonstrate the degradative effects of radiation on fracture repair. We can now utilize these comprehensive metrics to evaluate the benefits of therapeutic interventions to remediate the damaging effects of radiation on fracture healing.
Assuntos
Densidade Óssea/efeitos da radiação , Consolidação da Fratura/efeitos da radiação , Mandíbula/efeitos da radiação , Fraturas Mandibulares/patologia , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/patologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Consolidação da Fratura/fisiologia , Fraturas Espontâneas/etiologia , Masculino , Mandíbula/cirurgia , Fraturas Mandibulares/etiologia , Osteotomia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Microtomografia por Raio-XRESUMO
The advent of stem cell-based therapies makes current models of mandibular distraction osteogenesis unwieldy. We thereby designed an isogenic model of distraction osteogenesis whose purpose was to allow for the free transfer of cells and components between rats. As immune response plays a significant role in healing and prevention of infection, an immune-competent mode is desirable rather than an athymic rat/xenograft model. The purposes of this study were as follows: (1) to replicate established models of distraction osteogenesis in a rodent model using an isogenic rat strain, and (2) to characterize the differences between inbred, isogenic rats and outbred rats in mandibular distraction osteogenesis via radiomorphometry and biomechanical response analysis. We demonstrated successful distraction osteogenesis to 5.1 mm in all Lewis (isogenic) rat mandibles as well as all Sprague-Dawley (outbred) rat mandibles, with no significant difference in volume-normalized radiomorphometrics, trending difference in non-volume-normalized radiomorphometrics and significant differences in biomechanical response parameters. We attribute the differences demonstrated to the decreased size of the Lewis rat mandible in comparison to Sprague-Dawley mandibles. We also provide information with caring with the additional needs of the Lewis rat. Given these differences, we find that Lewis rats function as an excellent model for isogenic mandibular distraction osteogenesis, but data procured may not be comparable between isogenic and nonisogenic models.
Assuntos
Modelos Animais de Doenças , Mandíbula/cirurgia , Osteogênese por Distração , Animais , Densidade Óssea , Masculino , Mandíbula/diagnóstico por imagem , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos Lew , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Estresse Mecânico , Microtomografia por Raio-XRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Tissue analysis of bone regenerate has suggested an intense vascular response after mandibular distraction osteogenesis (DO). Quantifying and three-dimensionally imaging this vascular response could be of immense clinical import in efforts to advance the utility of bone regeneration and repair. Conventional quantification of vascular responses has heretofore focused on inexact, cumbersome measurements of blood flow and histologic vessel counting. Using micro-computed tomography after vessel perfusion, we posit that quantitative vascular metrics will be significantly higher in mandibular DO compared with those observed in fracture repair (FxR) after bony union. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats underwent mandibular osteotomy and external fixator placement. A DO group (n=9) underwent a 5.1-mm distraction, whereas a FxR group (n=12) had a 2.1-mm fixed gap set. Forty days after surgery, Microfil was perfused into the vasculature, and imaging ensued. Vascular radiomorphometrics were calculated for the regions of interest. Independent-samples t-test was performed for comparison, with statistical significance set at P≤0.05. RESULTS: Stereological analysis demonstrated statistically significant increases in the distracted vasculature compared with fracture repair: vessel volume fraction (5.4% versus 2.8%, P=0.030) and vessel number (0.86 versus 0.50 mm, P=0.014). CONCLUSIONS: We report robust and quantifiable increases in vascular density in DO compared with FxR. Our findings support a significant distinction between the regenerative processes of mandibular DO from the reparative mechanisms controlling fracture healing. A better understanding of the differences between the 2 types of bone formation may enable clinicians to selectively optimize therapeutic outcomes in the future.