RESUMO
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a consequence of glucose intolerance with an inadequate production of insulin that happens during pregnancy and leads to adverse health consequences for both mother and fetus. GDM patients are at higher risk for preeclampsia, and developing diabetes mellitus type 2 in later life, while the child born to GDM mothers are more prone to macrosomia, and hypoglycemia. The universally accepted diagnostic criteria for GDM are lacking, therefore there is a need for a diagnosis of GDM that can identify GDM at its early stage (first trimester). We have reviewed the literature on proteins and metabolites fingerprints of GDM. Further, we have performed protein-protein, metabolite-metabolite, and protein-metabolite interaction network studies on GDM proteins and metabolites fingerprints. Notably, some proteins and metabolites fingerprints are forming strong interaction networks at high confidence scores. Therefore, we have suggested that those proteins and metabolites that are forming protein-metabolite interactomes are the potential biomarkers of GDM. The protein-metabolite biomarkers interactome may help in a deep understanding of the prognosis, pathogenesis of GDM, and also detection of GDM. The protein-metabolites interactome may be further applied in planning future therapeutic strategies to promote long-term health benefits in GDM mothers and their children.
Assuntos
Diabetes Gestacional , Gravidez , Feminino , Criança , Humanos , Biomarcadores , PrognósticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Snake bite is an emergency in tropical and subtropical countries. It is a neglected disease and is most commonly seen in rural setups, where people are ignorant about the venomous snake bites. It results in increased mortality and morbidity because precious time is wasted, either in consulting traditional healers or waiting for the development of signs and symptoms of envenomation. Then only the patient is shifted to a health center. Here we studied the clinical profile, management, and outcome of snake bite patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was done by retrieving the records of patients with snake bites admitted to the Department of Medicine, Indira Gandhi Medical College & Hospital, Shimla, from 1st January 2017 through December 2019. The recorded data was entered in a precoded performa, and analysis was done with respect to various variables. RESULT: We evaluated the records of 190 patients. The incidence of the bite was higher among females, 62.1% (n = 118). The commonest age group involved was 21-50 years, 70.1% (n = 34). In 55.8% (n = 106), the site of the bite was the upper limb. The daytime bite was present in 54.7% (n = 106). The maximum incidence of snake bites was found during the rainy season, 81.5% (n = 155). 28.4% (n = 54) of patients presented within 6 hours of the bite. Coagulopathy [whole blood clotting test (WBCT) of >20 minutes] and neurotoxicity were seen in 77.9 and 7.9% of patients, respectively. Anti-snake venom (ASV) was given to 87.8% (n = 167) of patients. In 80% (n = 152) of the cases, hospital stay was up to 3 days. Mortality was seen in only two (1.05%) cases. CONCLUSION: There is a need to create awareness among the community, particularly in rural areas, about snake bite envenomation and early transportation of victims to the nearest health center. Training of health professionals is also needed to manage cases of snake bites efficiently and judiciously, thereby reducing morbidity and morbidity.
Assuntos
Mordeduras de Serpentes , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Antivenenos/uso terapêutico , Mordeduras de Serpentes/epidemiologia , Mordeduras de Serpentes/terapia , Mordeduras de Serpentes/diagnóstico , Venenos de Serpentes , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Atenção Terciária à SaúdeRESUMO
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with the increase of glucose in the blood rather than being absorbed by the cells. A better understanding of the signaling pathways is necessary to understand the pathophysiology of GDM. This study provides details about a series of signaling pathways and protein-protein interactions involved in the pathogenesis of GDM and their evaluations in GDM development. Protein-protein interactions were found between proteins of several signaling pathways that suggest interlink between these signaling pathways. Protein-protein interactions were generated with high confidence interaction scores based on textmining, cooccurrence, coexpression, neighborhood, gene fusion, experiments, and databases. The dysregulation of signaling pathways may also contribute to the increased risk of complications associated with GDM in the mother and child. Further, studies on signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of GDM would help in the development of an effective intervention to prevent GDM along with the identification of key targets for effective therapies in the future.
Assuntos
Diabetes Gestacional , Diabetes Gestacional/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Mapas de Interação de Proteínas , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Chromatin condenses several folds to form mitotic chromosomes during cell division and decondenses post-mitotically to reoccupy their nuclear territory and regain their specific transcriptional profile in a precisely lineage specific manner. This necessitates that the features of nuclear architecture and DNA topology persist through mitosis. We compared the proteome of nuclease and high salt resistant fraction of interphase nucleus known as nuclear matrix (NuMat) and an equivalent biochemical fraction in the mitotic chromosome known as mitotic chromosome scaffold (MiCS). Our study elucidates that as much as 67% of the NuMat proteins are retained in the MiCS indicating that the features of nuclear architecture in interphase nucleus are retained on the mitotic chromosomes. Proteins of the NuMat/MiCS have large dynamic range of MS signal and were detected in sub-femtomolar amounts. Chromatin/RNA binding proteins with hydrolase and helicase activity are highly enriched in NuMat as well as MiCS. Although several transcription factors involved in functioning of interphase nucleus are present exclusively in NuMat, protein components responsible for assembly of membrane-less nuclear bodies are uniquely retained in MiCS. Our study clearly indicates that the features of nuclear architecture, in the structural context of NuMat, are retained in MiCS and possibly play an important role in maintenance of cell lineage specific transcriptional status during cell division and thereby, serve as components of cellular memory.
Assuntos
Cromossomos/metabolismo , Drosophila melanogaster/citologia , Drosophila melanogaster/metabolismo , Mitose , Matriz Nuclear/metabolismo , Animais , Eletroforese em Gel Bidimensional , Proteoma/metabolismo , Controle de Qualidade , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is used to restore movements in paretic limbs after severe paralyses resulting from neurological injuries such as spinal cord injury (SCI). Most chronic FES systems utilize an implantable electrical stimulator to deliver a small electric current to the targeted muscle or nerve to stimulate muscle contractions. These implanted stimulators are generally bulky, mainly due to the size of the batteries. Furthermore, these battery-powered stimulators are required to be explanted every few years for battery replacement which may result in surgical failures or infections. Hence, a wireless power transfer technique is desirable to power these implantable stimulators. METHODS: Conventional wireless power transduction faces significant challenges for safe and efficient energy transfer through the skin and deep into the body. Inductive and electromagnetic power transduction is generally used for very short distances and may also interfere with other medical measurements such as X-ray and MRI. To address these issues, we have developed a wireless, ultrasonically powered, implantable piezoelectric stimulator. The stimulator is encapsulated with biocompatible materials. RESULTS: The stimulator is capable of harvesting a maximum of 5.95 mW electric power at an 8-mm depth under the skin from an ultrasound beam with about 380 mW/cm2 of acoustic intensity. The stimulator was implanted in several paraplegic rats with SCI. Our implanted stimulator successfully induced several hindlimb muscle contractions and restored leg movement. CONCLUSIONS: A battery-free miniature (10 mm diameter × 4 mm thickness) implantable stimulator, developed in the current study is capable of directly stimulating paretic muscles through external ultrasound signals. The required cost to develop the stimulator is relatively low as all the components are off the shelf.
Assuntos
Estimulação Elétrica/instrumentação , Próteses e Implantes , Tecnologia sem Fio/instrumentação , Animais , Estimulação Elétrica/métodos , Movimento/fisiologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Powdery mildew (PM, caused by Golovinomyces orontii) is one of the major diseases on sunflower that causes severe yield losses in the tropics. Sources of resistance to PM are reported in an exotic accession and some wild Helianthus species. The present study aims at quantitative proteomic analysis of susceptible, resistant, and immune genotypes of sunflower in response to PM infection at 3, 7, 10 days post infection. The majority of differentially expressed proteins in the resistant genotype belonged to oxidative stress (catalase, ATP-sulfurylase, and formate dehydrogenase), defense (HSP-70, heat shock transcription factors), and photosynthesis (LHCB3). In case of immune genotype, 50% of proteins are related to photosynthesis, which play a key role in plant immunity, whereas a few similar proteins are also expressed in the susceptible genotype, but in their reduced abundance besides being inadequate in timing of expression probably leading to its susceptibility to PM. KEGG enrichment analysis shows that carbon metabolism (6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase), photosynthesis, and plant-pathogen protein pathways are key pathways governing the resistance. The transcriptional expression of eight of nine differentially expressed proteins are in agreement with the expression of proteins at the corresponding time. The present study provides information on the key proteins that are upregulated in resistant and immune genotypes which restrict the disease progression and constitutes the first quantitative proteomic data of sunflower-PM infection process.
Assuntos
Ascomicetos/fisiologia , Helianthus/genética , Helianthus/imunologia , Doenças das Plantas/genética , Proteômica/métodos , Resistência à Doença , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Genótipo , Helianthus/microbiologia , Fotossíntese , Doenças das Plantas/imunologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMO
The investigation of post-translational modifications (PTMs) plays an important role for the study of type 2 diabetes. The importance of PTMs has been realized with the advancement of analytical techniques. The challenging detection and analysis of post-translational modifications is eased by different enrichment methods and by high throughput mass spectrometry based proteomics studies. This technology along with different quantitation methods provide accurate knowledge about the changes happening in disease conditions as well as in normal conditions. In this review, we have discussed PTMs such as phosphorylation, N-glycosylation, O-GlcNAcylation, acetylation and advanced glycation end products in type 2 diabetes which have been characterized by high throughput mass spectrometry based proteomics analysis.
RESUMO
The Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India, was host for an international forum, or "brainstorming meeting," on proteomics held in November 2014, which provided the opportunity to showcase proteomic science in India and to allow discussions between Indian scientists and students and several international visitors. This provided an amalgamation of speakers and participants whose interests lay mainly in developing and using mass-spectrometry-based proteomics to advance their research work. A week-long workshop with hands-on training in proteomic methodology followed the meeting.
Assuntos
Proteômica/métodos , Índia , Espectrometria de Massas/métodosRESUMO
Regulation of protein function by reversible post-translational modification, SUMOylation, is widely conserved in the eukaryotic kingdom. SUMOylation is essential for cell growth, division, and adaptation to stress in most organisms, including fungi. As these are key factors in determination of fungal virulence, in this study, we have investigated the importance of SUMOylation in the human pathogen, Candida glabrata We identified the enzymes involved in small ubiquitin-like modifier conjugation and show that there is strong conservation between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and C. glabrata We demonstrate that SUMOylation is an essential process and that adaptation to stress involves changes in global SUMOylation in C. glabrata Importantly, loss of the deSUMOylating enzyme CgUlp2 leads to highly reduced small ubiquitin-like modifier protein levels, and impaired growth, sensitivity to multiple stress conditions, reduced adherence to epithelial cells, and poor colonization of specific tissues in mice. Our study thus demonstrates a key role for protein SUMOylation in the life cycle and pathobiology of C. glabrata.
Assuntos
Candida glabrata/enzimologia , Candida glabrata/patogenicidade , Candidíase/enzimologia , Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Sumoilação , Fatores de Virulência/metabolismo , Animais , Candida glabrata/genética , Candidíase/genética , Candidíase/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Endopeptidases/genética , Feminino , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Fatores de Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
A 30-d course of oral administration of a semipurified extract of the root of Withania somnifera consisting predominantly of withanolides and withanosides reversed behavioral deficits, plaque pathology, accumulation of ß-amyloid peptides (Aß) and oligomers in the brains of middle-aged and old APP/PS1 Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice. It was similarly effective in reversing behavioral deficits and plaque load in APPSwInd mice (line J20). The temporal sequence involved an increase in plasma Aß and a decrease in brain Aß monomer after 7 d, indicating increased transport of Aß from the brain to the periphery. Enhanced expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) in brain microvessels and the Aß-degrading protease neprilysin (NEP) occurred 14-21 d after a substantial decrease in brain Aß levels. However, significant increase in liver LRP and NEP occurred much earlier, at 7 d, and were accompanied by a rise in plasma sLRP, a peripheral sink for brain Aß. In WT mice, the extract induced liver, but not brain, LRP and NEP and decreased plasma and brain Aß, indicating that increase in liver LRP and sLRP occurring independent of Aß concentration could result in clearance of Aß. Selective down-regulation of liver LRP, but not NEP, abrogated the therapeutic effects of the extract. The remarkable therapeutic effect of W. somnifera mediated through up-regulation of liver LRP indicates that targeting the periphery offers a unique mechanism for Aß clearance and reverses the behavioral deficits and pathology seen in Alzheimer's disease models.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/sangue , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína-1 Relacionada a Receptor de Lipoproteína de Baixa Densidade/biossíntese , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Withania/química , Administração Oral , Doença de Alzheimer/sangue , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/genética , Animais , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Proteína-1 Relacionada a Receptor de Lipoproteína de Baixa Densidade/genética , Proteína-1 Relacionada a Receptor de Lipoproteína de Baixa Densidade/fisiologia , Masculino , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Microglia/efeitos dos fármacos , Microglia/patologia , Neprilisina/biossíntese , Neprilisina/genética , Neprilisina/fisiologia , Oligonucleotídeos Antissenso/farmacologia , Especificidade de Órgãos , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Raízes de Plantas/química , Placa Amiloide/patologia , Presenilina-1/genética , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
The Hypothalmic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis also known as the HPA axis is central to stress response. It also acts as the relay center between the body and the brain. We analysed hypothalamic proteome from mice subjected to chronic social defeat paradigm using iTRAQ based quantitative proteomics to identify changes associated with stress response. We identified greater than 2000 proteins after processing our samples analysed through Q-Exactive (Thermo) and Orbitrap Velos (Thermo) at 5% FDR. Analysis of data procured from the runs showed that the proteins whose levels were affected belonged primarily to mitochondrial and metabolic processes, translation, complement pathway among others. We also found increased levels of fibrinogen, myelin basic protein (MBP) and neurofilaments (NEFL, NEFM, NEFH) in the hypothalamus from socially defeated mice. Interestingly, research indicates that these proteins are upregulated in blood and CSF of subjects exposed to trauma and stress. Since hypothalamus secreted proteins can be found in blood and CSF, their utility as biomarkers in depression holds an impressive probability and should be validated in clinical samples.
Assuntos
Hipotálamo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Derrota Social , Estresse Psicológico , Animais , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Estresse Psicológico/metabolismo , Estresse Psicológico/sangue , Masculino , Proteômica/métodos , Camundongos , Proteoma/metabolismoAssuntos
Metagenoma , Envelhecimento , Diversidade Cultural , Meio Ambiente , Comportamento Alimentar , Humanos , Estilo de VidaRESUMO
In-depth MS-based proteomics has necessitated fractionation of either proteins or peptides or both, often requiring considerable analysis time. Here we employ long liquid chromatography runs with high resolution coupled to an instrument with fast sequencing speed to investigate how much of the proteome is directly accessible to liquid chromatography-tandem MS characterization without any prefractionation steps. Triplicate single-run analyses identified 2990 yeast proteins, 68% of the total measured in a comprehensive yeast proteome. Among them, we covered the enzymes of the glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathway targeted in a recent multiple reaction monitoring study. In a mammalian cell line, we identified 5376 proteins in a triplicate run, including representatives of 173 out of 200 KEGG metabolic and signaling pathways. Remarkably, the majority of proteins could be detected in the samples at sub-femtomole amounts and many in the low attomole range, in agreement with absolute abundance estimation done in previous works (Picotti et al. Cell, 138, 795-806, 2009). Our results imply an unexpectedly large dynamic range of the MS signal and sensitivity for liquid chromatography-tandem MS alone. With further development, single-run analysis has the potential to radically simplify many proteomic studies while maintaining a systems-wide view of the proteome.
Assuntos
Proteoma/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Técnicas de Cultura de Células , Fracionamento Celular , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Marcação por Isótopo , Limite de Detecção , Redes e Vias Metabólicas , Proteoma/isolamento & purificação , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismoRESUMO
Translation initiation from the ribosomal P-site is the specialty of the initiator tRNAs (tRNA(fMet)). Presence of the three consecutive G-C base pairs (G29-C41, G30-C40 and G31-C39) in their anticodon stems, a highly conserved feature of the initiator tRNAs across the three kingdoms of life, has been implicated in their preferential binding to the P-site. How this feature is exploited by ribosomes has remained unclear. Using a genetic screen, we have isolated an Escherichia coli strain, carrying a G122D mutation in folD, which allows initiation with the tRNA(fMet) containing mutations in one, two or all the three G-C base pairs. The strain shows a severe deficiency of methionine and S-adenosylmethionine, and lacks nucleoside methylations in rRNA. Targeted mutations in the methyltransferase genes have revealed a connection between the rRNA modifications and the fundamental process of the initiator tRNA selection by the ribosome.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Iniciação Traducional da Cadeia Peptídica/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/metabolismo , Ribossomos/metabolismo , 5,10-Metilenotetra-Hidrofolato Redutase (FADH2)/biossíntese , 5,10-Metilenotetra-Hidrofolato Redutase (FADH2)/genética , Substituição de Aminoácidos/genética , Sequência de Bases , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/biossíntese , Metilação , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutação , RNA Bacteriano/metabolismo , RNA Ribossômico 16S/fisiologia , RNA de Transferência de Metionina/genéticaAssuntos
Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Orientia tsutsugamushi/patogenicidade , Tifo por Ácaros/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulina M/imunologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Orientia tsutsugamushi/imunologia , Prognóstico , Tifo por Ácaros/imunologia , Tifo por Ácaros/patologia , Adulto JovemAssuntos
Antivenenos/uso terapêutico , Bungarotoxinas , Bungarus , Diagnóstico Tardio , Elapidae , Mordeduras de Serpentes , Animais , Bungarotoxinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Bungarotoxinas/toxicidade , Diagnóstico Tardio/mortalidade , Diagnóstico Tardio/prevenção & controle , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Diagnóstico Precoce , Intervenção Médica Precoce , Humanos , Índia , Neurotoxinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Neurotoxinas/toxicidade , Sono , Mordeduras de Serpentes/diagnóstico , Mordeduras de Serpentes/mortalidade , Mordeduras de Serpentes/fisiopatologia , Mordeduras de Serpentes/terapia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Appearances of SARS-CoV-2 variants have created havoc and additional challenges for the ongoing vaccination drive against pandemic COVID-19. Interestingly, several vaccine platforms are showing great potential to produce successful vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Billions of COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered worldwide. Mix-and-Match COVID-19 vaccines involving the mixing of the same platform vaccines and also two different vaccine platforms may provide greater protection against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. COVID-19 vaccines have become one of the most important tools to mitigate the ongoing pandemic COVID-19. AREAS COVERED: We describe SARS-Cov-2 variants, their impact on the population, COVID-19 vaccines, diverse vaccine platforms, doses of vaccines, the efficacy of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, mitigation of the COVID-19 transmission- alternatives to vaccines. EXPERT OPINION: Diverse vaccine platforms may safeguard against ongoing, deadly SARS-CoV-2 and its infectious variants. The efficacies of COVID-19 vaccines are significantly high after the administration of the second dose. Further, it protects individuals including vulnerable patients with co-morbidities from SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. The hospitalizations and deaths of the individuals may be prevented by COVID-19 vaccines.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Eficácia de Vacinas , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/virologia , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2/genéticaRESUMO
The SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers host kinases and is responsible for heavy phosphorylation in the host and also in the virus. Notably, phosphorylations in virus were achieved using the host enzyme for its better survival and further mutations. We have attempted to study and understand the changes that happened in phosphorylation during and post SARS-CoV-2 infection. There were about 70 phosphorylation sites detected in SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins including N, M, S, 3a, and 9b. Furthermore, more than 15,000 host phosphorylation sites were observed in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. SARS-CoV-2 affects several kinases including CMGC, CK2, CDK, PKC, PIKFYVE, and EIF2AK2. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 regulates various signaling pathways including MAPK, GFR signaling, TGF-ß, autophagy, and AKT. These elevated kinases and signaling pathways can be potential therapeutic targets for anti-COVID-19 drug discovery. Specific inhibitors of these kinases and interconnected signaling proteins have great potential to cure COVID-19 patients and slow down the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.