RESUMO
KRAS is one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes in human cancer. Despite substantial efforts, no clinically applicable strategy has yet been developed to effectively treat KRAS-mutant tumors. Here, we perform a cell-line-based screen and identify strong synergistic interactions between cell-cycle checkpoint-abrogating Chk1- and MK2 inhibitors, specifically in KRAS- and BRAF-driven cells. Mechanistically, we show that KRAS-mutant cancer displays intrinsic genotoxic stress, leading to tonic Chk1- and MK2 activity. We demonstrate that simultaneous Chk1- and MK2 inhibition leads to mitotic catastrophe in KRAS-mutant cells. This actionable synergistic interaction is validated using xenograft models, as well as distinct Kras- or Braf-driven autochthonous murine cancer models. Lastly, we show that combined checkpoint inhibition induces apoptotic cell death in KRAS- or BRAF-mutant tumor cells directly isolated from patients. These results strongly recommend simultaneous Chk1- and MK2 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of KRAS- or BRAF-driven cancers.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Proteínas ras/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão , Animais , Pontos de Checagem do Ciclo Celular , Quinase 1 do Ponto de Checagem , Dano ao DNA , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Xenoenxertos , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos , Transplante de Neoplasias , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas B-raf/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras) , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
Lung adenocarcinoma, the most common subtype of non-small cell lung cancer, is responsible for more than 500,000 deaths per year worldwide. Here, we report exome and genome sequences of 183 lung adenocarcinoma tumor/normal DNA pairs. These analyses revealed a mean exonic somatic mutation rate of 12.0 events/megabase and identified the majority of genes previously reported as significantly mutated in lung adenocarcinoma. In addition, we identified statistically recurrent somatic mutations in the splicing factor gene U2AF1 and truncating mutations affecting RBM10 and ARID1A. Analysis of nucleotide context-specific mutation signatures grouped the sample set into distinct clusters that correlated with smoking history and alterations of reported lung adenocarcinoma genes. Whole-genome sequence analysis revealed frequent structural rearrangements, including in-frame exonic alterations within EGFR and SIK2 kinases. The candidate genes identified in this study are attractive targets for biological characterization and therapeutic targeting of lung adenocarcinoma.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Genes Neoplásicos , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Estudos de Coortes , Exoma , Feminino , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Taxa de MutaçãoRESUMO
Signaling by ErbB receptors requires the activation of their cytoplasmic kinase domains, which is initiated by ligand binding to the receptor ectodomains. Cytoplasmic factors contributing to the activation are unknown. Here we identify members of the cytohesin protein family as such factors. Cytohesin inhibition decreased ErbB receptor autophosphorylation and signaling, whereas cytohesin overexpression stimulated receptor activation. Monitoring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) conformation by anisotropy microscopy together with cell-free reconstitution of cytohesin-dependent receptor autophosphorylation indicate that cytohesins facilitate conformational rearrangements in the intracellular domains of dimerized receptors. Consistent with cytohesins playing a prominent role in ErbB receptor signaling, we found that cytohesin overexpression correlated with EGF signaling pathway activation in human lung adenocarcinomas. Chemical inhibition of cytohesins resulted in reduced proliferation of EGFR-dependent lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results establish cytohesins as cytoplasmic conformational activators of ErbB receptors that are of pathophysiological relevance.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Fatores de Troca do Nucleotídeo Guanina/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/metabolismo , Animais , Dimerização , Proteínas Ativadoras de GTPase/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Ativadoras de GTPase/genética , Proteínas Ativadoras de GTPase/metabolismo , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Fatores de Troca do Nucleotídeo Guanina/antagonistas & inibidores , Fatores de Troca do Nucleotídeo Guanina/genética , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Camundongos , Transplante de Neoplasias , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Transdução de Sinais , Transplante Heterólogo , Triazóis/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related death worldwide. Over the past 15 years no major improvement of survival rates could be accomplished. The recently discovered histone methyltransferase KMT9 that acts as epigenetic regulator of prostate tumor growth has now raised hopes of enabling new cancer therapies. In this study, we aimed to identify the function of KMT9 in lung cancer. METHODS: We unraveled the KMT9 transcriptome and proteome in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells using RNA-Seq and mass spectrometry and linked them with functional cell culture, real-time proliferation and flow cytometry assays. RESULTS: We show that KMT9α and -ß subunits of KMT9 are expressed in lung cancer tissue and cell lines. Importantly, high levels of KMT9α correlate with poor patient survival. We identified 460 genes that are deregulated at the RNA and protein level upon knock-down of KMT9α in A549 cells. These genes cluster with proliferation, cell cycle and cell death gene sets as well as with subcellular organelles in gene ontology analysis. Knock-down of KMT9α inhibits lung cancer cell proliferation and induces non-apoptotic cell death in A549 cells. CONCLUSIONS: The novel histone methyltransferase KMT9 is crucial for proliferation and survival of lung cancer cells harboring various mutations. Small molecule inhibitors targeting KMT9 therefore should be further examined as potential milestones in modern epigenetic lung cancer therapy.
RESUMO
Following genotoxic stress, cells activate a complex signalling network to arrest the cell cycle and initiate DNA repair or apoptosis. The tumour suppressor p53 lies at the heart of this DNA damage response. However, it remains incompletely understood, which signalling molecules dictate the choice between these different cellular outcomes. Here, we identify the transcriptional regulator apoptosis-antagonizing transcription factor (AATF)/Che-1 as a critical regulator of the cellular outcome of the p53 response. Upon genotoxic stress, AATF is phosphorylated by the checkpoint kinase MK2. Phosphorylation results in the release of AATF from cytoplasmic MRLC3 and subsequent nuclear translocation where AATF binds to the PUMA, BAX and BAK promoter regions to repress p53-driven expression of these pro-apoptotic genes. In xenograft experiments, mice exhibit a dramatically enhanced response of AATF-depleted tumours following genotoxic chemotherapy with adriamycin. The exogenous expression of a phospho-mimicking AATF point mutant results in marked adriamycin resistance in vivo. Nuclear AATF enrichment appears to be selected for in p53-proficient endometrial cancers. Furthermore, focal copy number gains at the AATF locus in neuroblastoma, which is known to be almost exclusively p53-proficient, correlate with an adverse prognosis and reduced overall survival. These data identify the p38/MK2/AATF signalling module as a critical repressor of p53-driven apoptosis and commend this pathway as a target for DNA damage-sensitizing therapeutic regimens.
Assuntos
Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/fisiologia , Apoptose/fisiologia , Dano ao DNA/fisiologia , Proteínas Repressoras/fisiologia , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/fisiologia , Transporte Ativo do Núcleo Celular , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/genética , Pontos de Checagem do Ciclo Celular , Dano ao DNA/genética , Doxorrubicina/farmacologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Neoplasias do Endométrio/genética , Feminino , Amplificação de Genes , Dosagem de Genes , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Camundongos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Complexos Multiproteicos , Cadeias Leves de Miosina/metabolismo , Neuroblastoma/genética , Neuroblastoma/mortalidade , Pressão Osmótica , Fosforilação , Prognóstico , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , Proteínas Repressoras/genéticaRESUMO
Systematic efforts are underway to decipher the genetic changes associated with tumor initiation and progression. However, widespread clinical application of this information is hampered by an inability to identify critical genetic events across the spectrum of human tumors with adequate sensitivity and scalability. Here, we have adapted high-throughput genotyping to query 238 known oncogene mutations across 1,000 human tumor samples. This approach established robust mutation distributions spanning 17 cancer types. Of 17 oncogenes analyzed, we found 14 to be mutated at least once, and 298 (30%) samples carried at least one mutation. Moreover, we identified previously unrecognized oncogene mutations in several tumor types and observed an unexpectedly high number of co-occurring mutations. These results offer a new dimension in tumor genetics, where mutations involving multiple cancer genes may be interrogated simultaneously and in 'real time' to guide cancer classification and rational therapeutic intervention.
Assuntos
Análise Mutacional de DNA/métodos , Mutação , Neoplasias/genética , Oncogenes , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Genoma Humano , Genótipo , HumanosRESUMO
MOTIVATION: Cancer genomes are characterized by the accumulation of point mutations and structural alterations such as copy-number alterations and genomic rearrangements. Among structural changes, systematic analyses of copy-number alterations have provided deeper insight into the architecture of cancer genomes and had led to new potential treatment opportunities. During the course of cancer genome evolution, selection mechanisms are leading to a non-random pattern of mutational events contributing to fitness benefits of the cancer cells. We therefore developed a new method to dissect random from non-random patterns in copy-number data and thereby to assess significantly enriched somatic copy-number aberrations across a set of tumor specimens or cell lines. In contrast to existing approaches, the method is invariant to any strictly monotonous transformation of the input data which results to an insensitivity of differences in tumor purity, array saturation effects and copy-number baseline levels. RESULTS: We applied our approach to recently published datasets of small-cell lung cancer and squamous cell lung cancer and validated its performance by comparing the results to an orthogonal approach. In addition, we found a new deletion peak containing the HLA-A gene in squamous cell lung cancer.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/genética , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA , Genoma Humano , Genômica/métodos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Antígenos HLA-A/genética , HumanosRESUMO
The EGFR T790M mutation has been identified in tumors from lung cancer patients that eventually develop resistance to erlotinib. In this study, we generated a mouse model with doxycycline-inducible expression of a mutant EGFR containing both L858R, an erlotinib-sensitizing mutation, and the T790M resistance mutation (EGFR TL). Expression of EGFR TL led to development of peripheral adenocarcinomas with bronchioloalveolar features in alveoli as well as papillary adenocarcinomas in bronchioles. Treatment with an irreversible EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), HKI-272, shrunk only peripheral tumors but not bronchial tumors. However, the combination of HKI-272 and rapamycin resulted in significant regression of both types of lung tumors. This combination therapy may potentially benefit lung cancer patients with the EGFR T790M mutation.
Assuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Brônquicas/genética , Receptores ErbB/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Mutação , Animais , Neoplasias Brônquicas/tratamento farmacológico , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Imuno-Histoquímica , Marcação In Situ das Extremidades Cortadas , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos , Quinolinas/administração & dosagem , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Sirolimo/administração & dosagemRESUMO
The proto-oncogene KRAS is mutated in a wide array of human cancers, most of which are aggressive and respond poorly to standard therapies. Although the identification of specific oncogenes has led to the development of clinically effective, molecularly targeted therapies in some cases, KRAS has remained refractory to this approach. A complementary strategy for targeting KRAS is to identify gene products that, when inhibited, result in cell death only in the presence of an oncogenic allele. Here we have used systematic RNA interference to detect synthetic lethal partners of oncogenic KRAS and found that the non-canonical IkappaB kinase TBK1 was selectively essential in cells that contain mutant KRAS. Suppression of TBK1 induced apoptosis specifically in human cancer cell lines that depend on oncogenic KRAS expression. In these cells, TBK1 activated NF-kappaB anti-apoptotic signals involving c-Rel and BCL-XL (also known as BCL2L1) that were essential for survival, providing mechanistic insights into this synthetic lethal interaction. These observations indicate that TBK1 and NF-kappaB signalling are essential in KRAS mutant tumours, and establish a general approach for the rational identification of co-dependent pathways in cancer.
Assuntos
Genes ras/genética , Proteína Oncogênica p21(ras)/genética , Proteína Oncogênica p21(ras)/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Interferência de RNA , Alelos , Apoptose , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Genes Letais , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Proto-Oncogene Mas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-rel/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Proteína bcl-X/metabolismoRESUMO
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for about 15% of all lung cancers. The prognosis of SCLC patients is devastating and no biologically targeted therapeutics are active in this tumor type. To develop a framework for development of specific SCLC-targeted drugs we conducted a combined genomic and pharmacological vulnerability screen in SCLC cell lines. We show that SCLC cell lines capture the genomic landscape of primary SCLC tumors and provide genetic predictors for activity of clinically relevant inhibitors by screening 267 compounds across 44 of these cell lines. We show Aurora kinase inhibitors are effective in SCLC cell lines bearing MYC amplification, which occur in 3-7% of SCLC patients. In MYC-amplified SCLC cells Aurora kinase inhibition associates with G2/M-arrest, inactivation of PI3-kinase (PI3K) signaling, and induction of apoptosis. Aurora dependency in SCLC primarily involved Aurora B, required its kinase activity, and was independent of depletion of cytoplasmic levels of MYC. Our study suggests that a fraction of SCLC patients may benefit from therapeutic inhibition of Aurora B. Thus, thorough chemical and genomic exploration of SCLC cell lines may provide starting points for further development of rational targeted therapeutic intervention in this deadly tumor type.
Assuntos
Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Pontos de Checagem da Fase G2 do Ciclo Celular/fisiologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Carcinoma de Pequenas Células do Pulmão/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Pequenas Células do Pulmão/genética , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Aurora Quinase B , Aurora Quinases , Benzotiazóis , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Primers do DNA/genética , Diaminas , Citometria de Fluxo , Pontos de Checagem da Fase G2 do Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Immunoblotting , Compostos Orgânicos , Inibidores de Fosfoinositídeo-3 Quinase , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/metabolismo , Quinolinas , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase ReversaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The individual HLA-I genotype is associated with cancer, autoimmune diseases and infections. This study elucidates the role of germline homozygosity or allelic imbalance of HLA-I loci in esophago-gastric adenocarcinoma (EGA) and determines the resulting repertoires of potentially immunogenic peptides. METHODS: HLA genotypes and sequences of either (1) 10 relevant tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) or (2) patient-specific mutation-associated neoantigens (MANAs) were used to predict good-affinity binders using an in silico approach for MHC-binding (www.iedb.org). Imbalanced or lost expression of HLA-I-A/B/C alleles was analyzed by transcriptome sequencing. FluoroSpot assays and TCR sequencing were used to determine peptide-specific T-cell responses. RESULTS: We show that germline homozygosity of HLA-I genes is significantly enriched in EGA patients (n=80) compared with an HLA-matched reference cohort (n=7605). Whereas the overall mutational burden is similar, the repertoire of potentially immunogenic peptides derived from TAAs and MANAs was lower in homozygous patients. Promiscuity of peptides binding to different HLA-I molecules was low for most TAAs and MANAs and in silico modeling of the homozygous to a heterozygous HLA genotype revealed normalized peptide repertoires. Transcriptome sequencing showed imbalanced expression of HLA-I alleles in 75% of heterozygous patients. Out of these, 33% showed complete loss of heterozygosity, whereas 66% had altered expression of only one or two HLA-I molecules. In a FluoroSpot assay, we determined that peptide-specific T-cell responses against NY-ESO-1 are derived from multiple peptides, which often exclusively bind only one HLA-I allele. CONCLUSION: The high frequency of germline homozygosity in EGA patients suggests reduced cancer immunosurveillance leading to an increased cancer risk. Therapeutic targeting of allelic imbalance of HLA-I molecules should be considered in EGA.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma , Peptídeos , Humanos , Peptídeos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T , Antígenos HLA , Antígenos de Neoplasias , Desequilíbrio Alélico , Adenocarcinoma/metabolismo , Células Germinativas/metabolismoRESUMO
The sensitivity of conventional DNA sequencing in tumor biopsies is limited by stromal contamination and by genetic heterogeneity within the cancer. Here, we show that microreactor-based pyrosequencing can detect rare cancer-associated sequence variations by independent and parallel sampling of multiple representatives of a given DNA fragment. This technology can thereby facilitate accurate molecular diagnosis of heterogeneous cancer specimens and enable patient selection for targeted cancer therapies.
Assuntos
Mapeamento Cromossômico/métodos , DNA de Neoplasias/genética , Mutação , Neoplasias/genética , Sequência de Bases , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Somatic alterations in cellular DNA underlie almost all human cancers. The prospect of targeted therapies and the development of high-resolution, genome-wide approaches are now spurring systematic efforts to characterize cancer genomes. Here we report a large-scale project to characterize copy-number alterations in primary lung adenocarcinomas. By analysis of a large collection of tumours (n = 371) using dense single nucleotide polymorphism arrays, we identify a total of 57 significantly recurrent events. We find that 26 of 39 autosomal chromosome arms show consistent large-scale copy-number gain or loss, of which only a handful have been linked to a specific gene. We also identify 31 recurrent focal events, including 24 amplifications and 7 homozygous deletions. Only six of these focal events are currently associated with known mutations in lung carcinomas. The most common event, amplification of chromosome 14q13.3, is found in approximately 12% of samples. On the basis of genomic and functional analyses, we identify NKX2-1 (NK2 homeobox 1, also called TITF1), which lies in the minimal 14q13.3 amplification interval and encodes a lineage-specific transcription factor, as a novel candidate proto-oncogene involved in a significant fraction of lung adenocarcinomas. More generally, our results indicate that many of the genes that are involved in lung adenocarcinoma remain to be discovered.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/genética , Genoma Humano/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Deleção Cromossômica , Cromossomos Humanos Par 14/genética , Amplificação de Genes/genética , Genômica , Genótipo , Humanos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Perda de Heterozigosidade/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Proto-Oncogene Mas , Interferência de RNA , Fator Nuclear 1 de Tireoide , Fatores de Transcrição/genéticaRESUMO
Gene fusions involving the catalytic domain of tyrosine kinases (TKs) are found in a variety of hematological and solid tumor malignancies. Clinically, TK fusions have emerged as prime targets for therapy with small molecule kinase inhibitors. Unfortunately, identification of TK fusions has been hampered by experimental limitations. Here, we developed version 2.0 of a genomically based systematic kinase fusion screen and used it to detect a novel imatinib-sensitive C6orf204-PDGFRB fusion in a patient with precursor T lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-ALL) and an associated myeloproliferative neoplasm with eosinophilia. These data validate the ability of this targeted capture-sequencing approach to detect TK fusion events in small amounts of DNA extracted directly from patient samples.
Assuntos
Transtornos Mieloproliferativos/genética , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/genética , Translocação Genética , Adulto , Algoritmos , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Bases , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Biologia Computacional , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto , Ordem dos Genes , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Células K562 , Cariotipagem , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Transtornos Mieloproliferativos/complicações , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células T Precursoras/complicações , Alinhamento de Sequência , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
The emergence of resistance to targeted therapies restrains their efficacy. The development of rationally guided drug combinations could overcome this currently insurmountable clinical challenge. However, our limited understanding of the trajectories that drive the outgrowth of resistant clones in cancer cell populations precludes design of drug combinations to forestall resistance. Here, we propose an iterative treatment strategy coupled with genomic profiling and genome-wide CRISPR activation screening to systematically extract and define preexisting resistant subpopulations in an EGFR-driven lung cancer cell line. Integrating these modalities identifies several resistance mechanisms, including activation of YAP/TAZ signaling by WWTR1 amplification, and estimates the associated cellular fitness for mathematical population modeling. These observations led to the development of a combination therapy that eradicated resistant clones in large cancer cell line populations by exhausting the spectrum of genomic resistance mechanisms. However, a small fraction of cancer cells was able to enter a reversible nonproliferative state of drug tolerance. This subpopulation exhibited mesenchymal properties, NRF2 target gene expression, and sensitivity to ferroptotic cell death. Exploiting this induced collateral sensitivity by GPX4 inhibition clears drug-tolerant populations and leads to tumor cell eradication. Overall, this experimental in vitro data and theoretical modeling demonstrate why targeted mono- and dual therapies will likely fail in sufficiently large cancer cell populations to limit long-term efficacy. Our approach is not tied to a particular driver mechanism and can be used to systematically assess and ideally exhaust the resistance landscape for different cancer types to rationally design combination therapies. SIGNIFICANCE: Unraveling the trajectories of preexisting resistant and drug-tolerant persister cells facilitates the rational design of multidrug combination or sequential therapies, presenting an approach to explore for treating EGFR-mutant lung cancer.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Humanos , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Transdução de Sinais , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , MutaçãoRESUMO
Human lung adenosquamous cell carcinoma (LUAS), containing both adenomatous and squamous pathologies, harbors strong plasticity and is significantly associated with poor prognosis. We established an up-to-date comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic landscape of LUAS in 109 Chinese specimens and demonstrated LUAS development via adeno-to-squamous transdifferentiation. Unsupervised transcriptomic clustering and dynamic network biomarker analysis identified an inflammatory subtype as the critical transition stage during LUAS development. Dynamic dysregulation of the counteracting lineage-specific transcription factors (TFs), containing adenomatous TFs NKX2-1 and FOXA2, and squamous TFs TP63 and SOX2, finely tuned the lineage transition via promoting CXCL3/5-mediated neutrophil infiltration. Genomic clustering identified the most malignant subtype featured with STK11-inactivation, and targeting LSD1 through genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition almost eradicated STK11-deficient lung tumors. These data collectively uncover the comprehensive molecular landscape, oncogenic driver spectrum and therapeutic vulnerability of Chinese LUAS.
RESUMO
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab232.].
RESUMO
Genomic profiling revealed the identity of at least 5 subtypes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), including the MCD/C5 cluster characterized by aberrations in MYD88, BCL2, PRDM1, and/or SPIB. We generated mouse models harboring B cell-specific Prdm1 or Spib aberrations on the background of oncogenic Myd88 and Bcl2 lesions. We deployed whole-exome sequencing, transcriptome, flow-cytometry, and mass cytometry analyses to demonstrate that Prdm1- or Spib-altered lymphomas display molecular features consistent with prememory B cells and light-zone B cells, whereas lymphomas lacking these alterations were enriched for late light-zone and plasmablast-associated gene sets. Consistent with the phenotypic evidence for increased B cell receptor signaling activity in Prdm1-altered lymphomas, we demonstrate that combined BTK/BCL2 inhibition displays therapeutic activity in mice and in five of six relapsed/refractory DLBCL patients. Moreover, Prdm1-altered lymphomas were immunogenic upon transplantation into immuno-competent hosts, displayed an actionable PD-L1 surface expression, and were sensitive to antimurine-CD19-CAR-T cell therapy, in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE: Relapsed/refractory DLBCL remains a major medical challenge, and most of these patients succumb to their disease. Here, we generated mouse models, faithfully recapitulating the biology of MYD88-driven human DLBCL. These models revealed robust preclinical activity of combined BTK/BCL2 inhibition. We confirmed activity of this regimen in pretreated non-GCB-DLBCL patients. See related commentary by Leveille et al., p. 8. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1.
Assuntos
Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B , Fator 88 de Diferenciação Mieloide , Humanos , Camundongos , Animais , Fator 88 de Diferenciação Mieloide/genética , Fator 88 de Diferenciação Mieloide/metabolismo , Linfócitos B , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/genética , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/terapia , Plasmócitos/metabolismo , Plasmócitos/patologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The discovery of frequent 8p11-p12 amplifications in squamous cell lung cancer (SQLC) has fueled hopes that FGFR1, located inside this amplicon, might be a therapeutic target. In a clinical trial, only 11% of patients with 8p11 amplification (detected by FISH) responded to FGFR kinase inhibitor treatment. To understand the mechanism of FGFR1 dependency, we performed deep genomic characterization of 52 SQLCs with 8p11-p12 amplification, including 10 tumors obtained from patients who had been treated with FGFR inhibitors. We discovered somatically altered variants of FGFR1 with deletion of exons 1-8 that resulted from intragenic tail-to-tail rearrangements. These ectodomain-deficient FGFR1 variants (ΔEC-FGFR1) were expressed in the affected tumors and were tumorigenic in both in vitro and in vivo models of lung cancer. Mechanistically, breakage-fusion-bridges were the source of 8p11-p12 amplification, resulting from frequent head-to-head and tail-to-tail rearrangements. Generally, tail-to-tail rearrangements within or in close proximity upstream of FGFR1 were associated with FGFR1 dependency. Thus, the genomic events shaping the architecture of the 8p11-p12 amplicon provide a mechanistic explanation for the emergence of FGFR1-driven SQLC. Specifically, we believe that FGFR1 ectodomain-deficient and FGFR1-centered amplifications caused by tail-to-tail rearrangements are a novel somatic genomic event that might be predictive of therapeutically relevant FGFR1 dependency.