Patient Demographic Factors Affect Response Rates to Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Total Hip Arthroplasty Patients.

BACKGROUND: The Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS JR) is a widely used patient-reported outcome measures questionnaire for total hip arthroplasty (THA). However, not all patients choose to complete HOOS JR, and thus, a subset of the THA population may be underrepresented. This study aims to investigate the association between patient demographic factors and HOOS JR response rates. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of adult, English-speaking patients who underwent primary THA by a fellowship-trained arthroplasty surgeon between 2017 and 2023 at a single, high-volume academic institution. The HOOS JR completion status-complete or incomplete-was recorded for each patient within 90 days of surgery. Standard statistical analyses were performed to assess completion against multiple patient demographic factors. RESULTS: Of the 2,908 total patients, 2,112 (72.6%) had complete and 796 (27.4%) had incomplete HOOS JR questionnaires. Multivariate analysis yielded statistical significance (P < .05) for the distribution of patient age, race, insurance, marital status, and income quartile with respect to questionnaire completion. Patient sex or religion did not affect response rates. Failure to complete HOOS JR (all P < .001) was associated with patients aged 18 to 39 (59.8%), who identified as Black (36.4%) or "other" race (39.6%), were never married (38%), and were in the lower half income quartiles (43.9%, 35.9%) when compared to the overall incomplete rate. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple patient demographic factors may affect the HOOS JR response rate. Overall, our analyses suggest that older patients who identify as White and are of higher socioeconomic status are more likely to participate in the questionnaire. Efforts should focus on capturing patient groups less likely to participate to elucidate more generalizable trends in arthroplasty outcomes.

From jargon to clarity: Improving the readability of foot and ankle radiology reports with an artificial intelligence large language model.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an Artificial Intelligence Large Language Model (AI-LLM) at improving the readability foot and ankle orthopedic radiology reports. METHODS: The radiology reports from 100 foot or ankle X-Rays, 100 computed tomography (CT) scans and 100 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were randomly sampled from the institution's database. The following prompt command was inserted into the AI-LLM: "Explain this radiology report to a patient in layman's terms in the second person: [Report Text]". The mean report length, Flesch reading ease score (FRES) and Flesch-Kincaid reading level (FKRL) were evaluated for both the original radiology report and the AI-LLM generated report. The accuracy of the information contained within the AI-LLM report was assessed via a 5-point Likert scale. Additionally, any "hallucinations" generated by the AI-LLM report were recorded. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant improvement in mean FRES scores in the AI-LLM generated X-Ray report (33.8 ± 6.8 to 72.7 ± 5.4), CT report (27.8 ± 4.6 to 67.5 ± 4.9) and MRI report (20.3 ± 7.2 to 66.9 ± 3.9), all p < 0.001. There was also a statistically significant improvement in mean FKRL scores in the AI-LLM generated X-Ray report (12.2 ± 1.1 to 8.5 ± 0.4), CT report (15.4 ± 2.0 to 8.4 ± 0.6) and MRI report (14.1 ± 1.6 to 8.5 ± 0.5), all p < 0.001. Superior FRES scores were observed in the AI-LLM generated X-Ray report compared to the AI-LLM generated CT report and MRI report, p < 0.001. The mean Likert score for the AI-LLM generated X-Ray report, CT report and MRI report was 4.0 ± 0.3, 3.9 ± 0.4, and 3.9 ± 0.4, respectively. The rate of hallucinations in the AI-LLM generated X-Ray report, CT report and MRI report was 4%, 7% and 6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: AI-LLM was an efficacious tool for improving the readability of foot and ankle radiological reports across multiple imaging modalities. Superior FRES scores together with superior Likert scores were observed in the X-Ray AI-LLM reports compared to the CT and MRI AI-LLM reports. This study demonstrates the potential use of AI-LLMs as a new patient-centric approach for enhancing patient understanding of their foot and ankle radiology reports. Jel Classifications: IV.

Microbiome of infected fracture nonunion: Does it affect outcomes?

BACKGROUND: Infected fracture nonunions often require prolonged treatment and recovery courses. It is unclear whether the bacterial microbiome influences the time to healing as well as the eradication of infection. The goals of this study are (1) to assess the bacterial microbiome affecting infected nonunions and (2) to evaluate the effects of bacterial speciation on associated outcomes. METHODS: Between 2006 and 2022, data from 551 adult patients from a single academic institution who presented with a fracture nonunion were analyzed retrospectively for infection. All patients underwent revision surgery with three sets of cultures obtained intra-operatively. Patients with significant intra-operative cultures were grouped into gram-positive and gram-negative culture cohorts. These patients were managed with a standardized protocol involving surgical debridement, nonunion site fixation, and culture-directed antibiotic treatment. Primary outcome was time to fracture union. Secondary outcomes included number of re-operations and eventual amputation or reconstructive surgery. RESULTS: 56 nonunion patients (10 %) were diagnosed with an infected nonunion (44 g-positive, 12 g-negative). Of these, 3 g-positive patients received an amputation or arthroplasty procedure prior to fracture union, and seven were lost to follow-up. There were no significant differences in age, gender, or nonunion site between cohorts. Most nonunions occurred in the lower extremity. The most common bacteria were staph species (54.3 %). 36 g-positive and 10 g-negative patients achieved fracture union. Time to union was on average 158.4 days longer in the gram-negative cohort-but did not reach statistical significance (446.8 days gram-positive, 662.3 days gram-negative, p = 0.69). There was no difference in re-operation rates (1.9 % gram-positive, 2.2 % gram-negative, p = 0.84). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with infected nonunions had wide-ranging bacterial contamination that were treated successfully using a standardized protocol. However, patients with any gram-negative culture trended toward a delay in time to union.

Outpatient lower extremity fracture surgery: should we be concerned?

PURPOSE: With rising healthcare costs and insurance push against non-emergent hospital admission, lower extremity fracture treatment is shifting toward outpatient procedures over inpatient hospitalizations. This study compares outcomes for fractures treated as inpatient versus outpatient. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of lower extremity fracture patients. We collected demographics, injury information, hospital course, and complication data. Length of stay was categorized as "inpatient" and "outpatient" based a 24-h hospital stay cutoff. Data analysis included differences between cohorts with regards to readmissions and complications. RESULTS: We identified 229 patients who met inclusion criteria. Inpatient versus outpatient status was predictive of in-hospital complications; however, inpatient versus outpatient status did not predict 1-year readmission. CONCLUSION: Outpatient surgery is safe and effective. As the population increases and ages, low-risk surgeries should be considered for outpatient rather than inpatient stays to lower costs, save resources, and reduce complications.

Approaching total hip arthroplasty after Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: A case series and literature review.

Due to femoral head-neck deformities and hip joint incongruence, patients with Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease (LCPD) commonly require total hip arthroplasty (THA) in the fifth and sixth decades of life. These patients present additional challenges to arthroplasty surgeons not only because of their complicated hip anatomy but also because patients may have undergone prior operative procedures in childhood and thus present with pre-existing proximal femoral deformities. THA in LCPD patients can be associated with peri-operative complications such as fracture or nerve injury, and the rate of reoperation has been reported to be higher in the LCPD population as compared to the general population undergoing THA. Despite this, multiple case reports and studies have shown the relative long-term success of THA in patients with history of LCPD. In particular, uncemented modular stems are a commonly used implant choice in such cases. This article reviews and discusses the technical considerations for THA in patients with LCPD and highlights three such cases.

Proficiency Development and Learning Curve in Robot-Assisted Spine Surgery Using the ExcelsiusGPS® System: Experience From a Single Institution.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective Cohort Study Objectives: Robot-assisted spine surgery (RASS) is a rapidly evolving technique with potential benefits for improving surgical outcomes. A number of studies on RASS learning curve have focused on early iterations of the Mazor robot. Limited research exists on the learning curve associated with using the Globus Medical ExcelsiusGPS® system. In this retrospective study, we aimed to evaluate the learning curve of RASS using the ExcelsiusGPS® system at a single institution. METHODS: A total of 95 patients (541 screws) who underwent RASS between 2021 and 2022 were included. Variables including operative time, robot registration time, screw placement time, fluoroscopy utilization, and complications were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and two-sample t-tests. RESULTS: The average operative time significantly decreased after the first 14 cases, indicating a learning curve. However, no significant improvement was observed in robot registration time. Notably, screw placement time significantly improved after approximately 13 cases. When controlling for the number of levels fused, the trends remained consistent. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirmed the presence of a learning curve in RASS using the ExcelsiusGPS® system and demonstrated rapid proficiency development. Our findings highlight the relatively quick learning curve of 1 RASS system.

Single-Level Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic versus Tubular Microdiscectomy: Comparing Surgical Outcomes and Opioid Consumption.

BACKGROUND: Unilateral biportal endoscopic (UBE) microdiscectomy is an emerging minimally invasive surgery technique for treating symptomatic lumbar disc herniation. There is limited literature regarding outcomes. Here, we assess surgical outcomes and pain medication consumption for UBE vs. tubular lumbar microdiscectomy. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of adult patients undergoing primary, single-level UBE or tubular lumbar microdiscectomy surgery at a high-volume institution between 2018 and 2023. Variables of interest included operative time, complications and reoperations, as well as postoperative opioid and nonopioid pain medication consumption from discharge to 6 months. Opioid consumption was converted to morphine milligram equivalents. Standard statistical analyses were performed for comparative analyses. RESULTS: One hundred two patients-48 UBE and 54 tubular-were included. Average operative time (minutes) was higher for UBE patients (133.1 UBE vs. 86.6 tubular, P < 0.001), which trended downward over time but did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.07). There were no differences in complication or reoperation rates. Average daily MME was lower from discharge to 2-week follow-up in the UBE group (11.1 v. 14.1, P = 0.02), but were comparative thereafter. Nonopioid medication prescription was lower in the UBE cohort from discharge to 2 weeks (70.8% vs. 92.6%, P = 0.01) and 2 to 6 weeks (52.1% vs. 85.2%, P < 0.001), with no significant differences thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: UBE microdiscectomy is associated with longer operating times. Both opioid and nonopioid pain medication consumption were lower for UBE patients during the initial postoperative period, perhaps owing to the less-invasive nature of the surgery.

Patient Demographic Factors Impact KOOS JR Response Rates for Total Knee Arthroplasty Patients.

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement (KOOS JR) is a validated patient-reported measure for assessing pain and function following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study investigates how patient demographic factors (i.e., age, sex, and race) correlate with KOOS JR response rates. This was a retrospective cohort study of adult, English-speaking patients who underwent primary TKA between 2017 and 2023 at an academic institution. KOOS JR completion status-complete or incomplete-was recorded within 90 days postoperatively. Standard statistical analyses were performed to assess KOOS JR completion against demographic factors. Among 2,883 total patients, 70.2% had complete and 29.8% had incomplete KOOS JR questionnaires. Complete status (all p < 0.01) was associated with patients aged 60 to 79 (71.8%), white race (77.6%), Medicare (81.7%), marriage (76.8%), and the highest income quartile (75.7%). Incomplete status (all p < 0.001) was associated with patients aged 18 to 59 (64.4%), Medicaid (82.4%), and lower income quartiles (41.6% first quartile, 36.8% third quartile). Multiple patient demographic factors may affect KOOS JR completion rates; patients who are older, white, and of higher socioeconomic status are more likely to participate. Addressing underrepresented groups is important to improve the utility and generalizability of the KOOS JR.

Postoperative Opioid Medication Consumption Following Single-Level Lumbar Microdiscectomy Before and After Implementation of a Multimodal Opioid-Sparing Pathway.

In response to the national opioid crisis, there have been increasing efforts to decrease opioid usage in favor of nonopioid alternatives. We compared post-discharge opioid and nonopioid pain medication prescriptions in lumbar microdiscectomy (MLD) patients before and after implementation of an opioid-sparing pathway for outpatient spine surgery. Patients were grouped into pre-implementation (pre) and post-implementation (post) cohorts based on date of surgery relative to pathway implementation on September 1, 2018. Primary outcomes were the average daily morphine milligram equivalent (MME) of opioids and percentages of nonopioids prescribed at 2-week, 6-week, and 3-month follow-up. Two hundred consecutive MLD patients (100 pre, 100 post) were evaluated. Pre-implementation, average daily MME significantly decreased from 19.59 at 2 weeks, to 1.73 at 6 weeks, to 0.11 at 3 months postoperatively (p < 0.001); post-implementation, average daily MME was 14.12, 1.31, and 0.27, respectively (p < 0.001). Average daily MME at 2-week follow-up decreased by 5.48 (p < 0.001) following implementation, while the rate of nonopioid prescriptions increased from 59% to 79% (p = 0.002) overall, specifically for acetaminophen (8% vs. 47%, p < 0.001) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (36% vs. 61%, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences at 6-week and 3-month follow-up. Opioid usage decreased while nonopioid pain medication usage increased from discharge to 2 weeks postoperatively. Beyond 2 weeks, opioid usage decreased significantly but were comparable between pre-implementation and post-implementation.

Structural and functional changes of binocular corneal innervation and ocular surface function after unilateral SMILE and tPRK.

AIMS: To evaluate the bilateral changes in the sub-basal nerve plexus of the cornea and ocular surface function after unilateral small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (tPRK) procedures. METHODS: 34 patients were enrolled in the study and underwent unilateral SMILE (21 of 34 patients) or unilateral tPRK (13 of 34 patients). Complete ophthalmic examinations, tear film function tests and Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometry were conducted to assess the effects of the surgeries on the corneal nerves and tear function. Morphological changes were assessed using in vivo confocal microscopy to evaluate the corneal sub-basal nerve plexus and dendritic cells. ELISA was used to measure the tear neuromediators. Clinical and morphological data at each follow-up point were compared with preoperative baseline values. RESULTS: All patients who underwent unilateral SMILE or tPRK procedures exhibited bilateral corneal nerve degenerative changes, decreased corneal sensitivity, worsening of dry eye symptoms and changes in bilateral tear neuromediators. In the SMILE group, bilateral corneal sensitivity was positively correlated with corneal nerve fibre length and negatively correlated with dendritic cell area. The dry eye severity was negatively correlated with corneal sensitivity. Tear levels of substance P and nerve growth factor were positively correlated with mean dendritic cell area and dry eye severity, but negatively correlated with corneal sensitivity. In the tPRK group, bilateral corneal sensitivity was positively correlated with corneal nerve fibre density. CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral refractive surgery may bilaterally affect the morphology and function of corneal nerves and ocular surface status postoperatively.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of gallic acid on experimental dry eye: in vitro and in vivo studies.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of gallic acid (GA) on human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and RAW264.7 macrophages as well as its therapeutic effects in an experimental dry eye (EDE) mouse model. METHODS: A cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to test the cytotoxicity of GA. The effect of GA on cell migration was evaluated using a scratch wound healing assay. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of GA in vitro were tested using a hypertonic model (HCECs) and an inflammatory model (RAW264.7 cells). The in vivo biocompatibility of GA was detected by irritation tests in rabbits, whereas the preventive and therapeutic effect of GA in vivo was evaluated using a mouse model of EDE. RESULTS: In the range of 0-100 µM, GA showed no cytotoxicity in RAW264.7 cells or HCECs and did not delay the HCECs monolayer wound healing within 24 h. Ocular tolerance to GA in the in vivo irritation test was good after seven days. In terms of antioxidative activity, GA significantly reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated RAW264.7 macrophages and HCECs exposed to hyperosmotic stress. Furthermore, after pre-treatment with GA, the expression levels of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NADPH quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1) were significantly upregulated in RAW264.7 macrophages. GA also exhibits excellent anti-inflammatory properties. This is mainly demonstrated by the ability of GA to effectively downregulate the nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway in LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophages and to reduce inflammatory factors, such as nitric oxide (NO), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). In vivo efficacy testing results in a mouse model of EDE showed that GA can effectively prevent and inhibit the apoptosis of corneal epithelial cells (CECs), reduce inflammatory factors in the cornea and conjunctiva as well as protect goblet cells. CONCLUSION: In vitro and in vivo results indicate that GA possesses potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties with no apparent cytotoxicity within the range of 0-100 µM. It is a promising eye drop formulation for the effective prevention and treatment of dry eye disease (DED).

Application of an emotional classification model in e-commerce text based on an improved transformer model.

With the rapid development of the mobile internet, people are becoming more dependent on the internet to express their comments on products or stores; meanwhile, text sentiment classification of these comments has become a research hotspot. In existing methods, it is fairly popular to apply a deep learning method to the text classification task. Aiming at solving information loss, weak context and other problems, this paper makes an improvement based on the transformer model to reduce the difficulty of model training and training time cost and achieve higher overall model recall and accuracy in text sentiment classification. The transformer model replaces the traditional convolutional neural network (CNN) and the recurrent neural network (RNN) and is fully based on the attention mechanism; therefore, the transformer model effectively improves the training speed and reduces training difficulty. This paper selects e-commerce reviews as research objects and applies deep learning theory. First, the text is preprocessed by word vectorization. Then the IN standardized method and the GELUs activation function are applied based on the original model to analyze the emotional tendencies of online users towards stores or products. The experimental results show that our method improves by 9.71%, 6.05%, 5.58% and 5.12% in terms of recall and approaches the peak level of the F1 value in the test model by comparing BiLSTM, Naive Bayesian Model, the serial BiLSTM_CNN model and BiLSTM with an attention mechanism model. Therefore, this finding proves that our method can be used to improve the text sentiment classification accuracy and effectively apply the method to text classification.

Intradural lumbar disc herniation: illustrative case.

BACKGROUND: Accounting for less than 0.4% of disc herniations, intradural lumbar disc herniations (ILDHs) are a rare occurrence primarily described as a complication after lumbar spine surgery. It is speculated that the herniation may propagate intradurally from either an unrecognized dural defect after initial surgery or as a result of adhesions between the dura and posterior longitudinal ligament. This report explores the etiology, presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of ILDH along with a case report and microsurgery video. OBSERVATIONS: A 67-year-old patient who 1 year earlier had undergone an L2-5 laminectomy and L2-3 decompression with no known complications presented with low back pain and radiating right leg, buttock, and groin pain for 1 month. Physical examination indicated no numbness or weakness. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a large ILDH. A transforaminal interbody fusion was performed followed by a durotomy, ILDH removal, and dural closure. A ventral dural defect was found and repaired during the procedure. LESSONS: The treatment for ILDH is laminectomy with dorsal durotomy. Because ILDH has rarely been described in literature, understanding its presentation is crucial for prompt identification and management.

Loss of Ambulatory Level and Activities of Daily Living at 1 Year Following Hip Fracture: Can We Identify Patients at Risk?

INTRODUCTION: Operative hip fractures are known to cause a loss in functional status in the elderly. While several studies exist demonstrating the association between age, pre-injury functioning, and comorbidities related to this loss of function, no studies have predicted this using a validated risk stratification tool. We attempt to use the Score for Trauma Triage for Geriatric and Middle-Aged (STTGMA) tool to predict loss of ambulatory function and need for assistive device use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five hundred and fifty-six patients ≥55 years of age who underwent operative hip fracture fixation were enrolled in a trauma registry. Demographics, functional status, injury severity, and hospital course were used to determine a STTGMA score and patients were stratified into risk quartiles. At least 1 year after hospitalization, patients completed the EQ-5D questionnaire for functional outcomes. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-eight (48.2%) patients or their family members responded to the questionnaire. Of the 184 patients alive, 65 (35.3%) reported a return to baseline function. Eighty-nine (48.4%) patients reported a loss in ambulatory status. Patients with higher STTGMA scores were older, had more comorbidities, reported greater need for help with daily activities, increased difficulty with self-care, and a reduction in return to activities of daily living (all p ≤ 0.001). Patients with lower STTGMA scores were more likely to never require an assistive device while those with higher scores were more likely to continue needing one (p = 0.004 and p < 0.001). Patients in the highest STTGMA risk groups were 1.5x more likely to have an impairment in ambulatory status (need for ambulatory assistive device or decreased ambulatory capacity) (p = 0.004). DISCUSSION: Patients in higher STTGMA risk quartiles were more likely to experience impairment after hip fracture surgery. The STTGMA tool can predict loss of ambulatory independence following hip fracture. At-risk populations can be targeted for enhanced physiotherapy and rehabilitation services for optimal return to prior functioning.

Monitored Anesthesia Care and Soft-Tissue Infiltration With Local Anesthesia: An Anesthetic Option for High-Risk Patients With Hip Fractures.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the feasibility of a novel anesthetic option for hip fracture fixation with short cephalomedullary nails. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: The study setting involved an urban, academic Level 1 trauma center, a tertiary care academic medical center, and an orthopaedic specialty hospital. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Twenty recent and 40 risk-matched (1:1:1 by anesthesia type) historical hip fracture patients were included in the study. INTERVENTION: All patients with an OTA/AO 31.A1-3 intertrochanteric hip fracture presenting from October 1, 2019 to March 31, 2020 treated with a short cephalomedullary nail underwent a new intraoperative anesthesia protocol using monitored anesthesia care (MAC) and soft-tissue infiltration with local anesthesia (STILA). MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Intraoperative measures, postoperative pain scores, narcotic and acetaminophen use, hospital quality measures, and inpatient cost. RESULTS: A total of 60 patients (20 each: MAC, general, and spinal) were identified. There were differences among the groups regarding mean minimum and maximum intraoperative heart rate with MAC-STILA protocol demonstrating the best maintenance of normal heart rate parameters (60-100 beats per minute). For the first 3 hours postoperatively, MAC-STILA patients reported consistently lower pain scores (visual analog scale <1) than spinal or general patients (visual analog scale > 1). Through 48 hours postoperatively, MAC-STILA narcotic usage was similar to that of the spinal cohort and approximately 5 times less than the general cohort. There were no differences in procedural time, length of stay, minor or major complications, inpatient and 30-day mortality, or 30-day readmissions, or postoperative ambulatory distance. There was no difference in inpatient cost among cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: This feasibility study demonstrates safety for the MAC-STILA protocol with comparison to spinal and general anesthesia. The MAC-STILA protocol is a viable option for treatment of OTA/AO 13.A1-3 intertrochanteric fractures with a short cephalomedullary nail and may be the preferred method for patients with severe medical comorbidities or relative contraindications to general and/or spinal anesthesia. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of Levels of Evidence.

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Trends in Adult Spine Surgery: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) is a multimodal, multidisciplinary approach to optimizing the postsurgical recovery process through preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative interventions. ERAS protocols are emerging quickly within orthopedic spine surgery, yet there is a lack of consensus on optimal ERAS practices. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review is to identify and discuss the trends in spine ERAS protocols and the associated outcomes. METHODS: A literature search on PubMed was conducted to identify clinical studies that implemented ERAS protocols for various spine procedures in the adult population. The search included English-language literature published through December 2019. Additional sources were retrieved from the reference lists of key studies. Studies that met inclusion criteria were identified manually. Data regarding the study population, study design, spine procedures, ERAS interventions, and associated outcome metrics were extracted from each study that met inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Of the 106 studies identified from the literature search, 22 studies met inclusion criteria. From the ERAS protocols in these studies, common preoperative elements include patient education and modified preoperative nutrition regimens. Perioperative elements include multimodal analgesia and minimally invasive surgery. Postoperative elements include multimodal pain management and early mobilization/rehabilitation/nutrition regimens. Outcomes from ERAS implementation include significant reductions in length of stay, cost, and opioid consumption. Although these trends were observed, there remained great variability among the ERAS protocols, as well as in the reported outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: ERAS may improve cost-effectiveness to varying degrees for spinal procedures. Specifically, the use of multimodal analgesia may reduce overall opioid consumption. However, the benefits of ERAS likely will vary based on the specific procedure. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This review contributes to the assessment of ERAS protocol implementation in the field of adult spine surgery.

Three-dimensional printing in spine surgery: a review of current applications.

In recent years, the use of three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology has gained traction in orthopedic spine surgery. Although research on this topic is still primarily limited to case reports and small cohort studies, it is evident that there are many avenues for 3DP innovation in the field. This review article aims to discuss the current and emerging 3DP applications in spine surgery, as well as the challenges of 3DP production and limitations in its use. 3DP models have been presented as helpful tools for patient education, medical training, and presurgical planning. Intraoperatively, 3DP devices may serve as patient-specific surgical guides and implants that improve surgical outcomes. However, the time, cost, and learning curve associated with constructing a 3DP model are major barriers to widespread use in spine surgery. Considering the costs and benefits of 3DP along with the varying risks associated with different spine procedures, 3DP technology is likely most valuable for complex or atypical spine disorder cases. Further research is warranted to gain a better understanding of how 3DP can and will impact spine surgery.