Undiagnosed scrotal swelling in a 36-year-old man: A congenital arteriovenous malformation.

We have reported the case of a 36-year-old man with severe scrotal swelling that had remained undiagnosed after multiple diagnostic tests. The patient had presented with scrotal swelling, multiple weeping ulcers on the dorsal aspect of the scrotum, and worsening pain affecting his day-to-day functioning. Duplex ultrasound showed low- to no-flow hypervascularity and dependent edema suspicious for a vascular malformation. Treatment included sequential Gelfoam (Pfizer, New York, NY) embolization using ultrasound-guided direct cannulation and traditional angiography. The scrotal circumference decreased by 65%, with moderate relief of his pain. The details from the present case have highlighted the significance of vascular malformations, various diagnostic and therapeutic techniques used, and value of endovascular embolization.

Shoulder Pain Associated With Multiple Arteriovenous Malformations Successfully Treated With Embolization.

A 44-year-old male presented with left upper extremity and shoulder pain with worsening functional impairment after years of repetitive use, overtraining, and multiple injuries from weightlifting and mixed martial arts. Imaging showed no obvious injury or ligamentous deformity other than mild osteoarthritis (OA) of the left glenohumeral joint. Duplex ultrasonography (US) revealed four arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) surrounding the shoulder joint and left upper extremity. The vasculature was mapped via angiography through a transradial approach. Initial treatment included transarterial embolization of two AVMs off the axillary artery and branching anterior circumflex humeral artery. Secondary treatment included embolization of two lesions months later via direct puncture, one through a transvenous approach and the second through direct transmalformation cannulation, via the nidus, near the clavicle and posterior scapular lateral border. Treatment resulted in significant improvement in pain and range of motion. Follow-up assessments revealed improvement in overall symptoms, recovered function, and return to exercise and competitive mixed martial arts. This case highlights the value of duplex ultrasonography, embolization, and transarterial and transvenous approaches for the treatment of AVM-associated extremity or joint pain.

Embolization for the treatment of large, complex fibroids in an outpatient setting: A report of 2 cases.

Uterine leiomyomas are the most common benign pelvic tumors in premenopausal women, causing significant morbidity. Uterine fibroid embolization is a minimally invasive alternative to traditional open or laparoscopic surgeries for the management of symptomatic uterine leiomyoma. For large fibroids, hospitalization after treatment is often required. However, there are limited data on patients with large, complex uterine leiomyomas treated by embolization. This report of 2 cases describes 2 females with large, complex fibroids causing pain and decreased quality of life who were evaluated and treated with embolization in the outpatient setting. Each patient underwent transradial cannulation and uterine artery embolization under local anesthesia or conscious sedation and returned home without complication. For women wishing to preserve their uterus, uterine fibroid embolization is an effective nonsurgical alternative to hysterectomy and myomectomy in an outpatient setting. If standard protocols are followed, embolization by way of transradial artery catheterization is safe for the treatment of large, complex, symptomatic fibroids in the outpatient setting; however, additional studies with larger cohorts are warranted. Accessing the uterine arteries transradially reduces the risk of intra- and post-operative complications for patients, reduces their time spent in a hospital, and minimizes operating costs.