STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI) presenting with skin lesions.

STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI) is caused by pathogenic gain-of-function variants in the gene TMEM173 (also named stimulator of interferon genes, STING1). This report details the case of an 11-year-old girl with SAVI who presented with skin-limited symptoms and discusses the phenotype-genotype correlations of the TMEM173 variant present in our patient. Treatment of SAVI focuses on preventing the development or progression of organ damage by reducing systemic inflammation. We summarize the available treatments for this syndrome.

Clinical Unmet Needs and Treatment Patterns of Paediatric Psoriasis Patients: A Real-World Evidence Study in Spain.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Real-world evidence of paediatric psoriasis (PsO) is lacking in Spain. The purpose of this study was to identify physician-reported disease burden and current treatment patterns in a real-world paediatric PsO patient cohort in Spain. This will enhance our understanding of the disease and contribute to the development of regional guidelines. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This retrospective analysis of a cross-sectional market research survey assessed the clinical unmet needs and treatment patterns in patients with paediatric PsO in Spain, as reported by their primary care and specialist physicians, using data collected as part of the Adelphi Real World Paediatric PsO Disease-Specific Program (DSP™) between February and October 2020. RESULTS: Survey data from 57 treating physicians were included (71.9% [N=41] dermatologists, 17.6% [N=10] general practitioners/primary care physicians, and 10.5% [N=6] paediatricians); the final analysis included 378 patients. At sampling, 84.1% (318/378) of patients had mild disease, 15.3% (58/378) had moderate disease and 0.5% (2/378) had severe disease. Retrospectively reported physician-judged severity at the time of PsO diagnosis recorded 41.8% (158/378) of patients with mild disease, 51.3% (194/378) with moderate disease and 6.9% (26/378) with severe disease. Overall, 89.3% (335/375) of patients were currently receiving topical PsO therapy, while 8.8% (33/375), 10.4% (39/375) and 14.9% (56/375) of patients were currently receiving phototherapy, conventional systemics and biologics, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These real-world data reflect the current burden and treatment landscape of paediatric PsO in Spain. The management of patients with paediatric PsO could be improved by further educating healthcare professionals and developing regional guidelines.

Clinical Unmet Needs and Treatment Patterns of Paediatric Psoriasis Patients: A Real-World Evidence Study in Spain. / [Artículo traducido] Necesidades clínicas no satisfechas y patrones de tratamiento de los pacientes pediátricos con psoriasis: estudio de evidencia en el mundo real en España.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Real-world evidence of paediatric psoriasis (PsO) is lacking in Spain. The purpose of this study was to identify physician-reported disease burden and current treatment patterns in a real-world paediatric PsO patient cohort in Spain. This will enhance our understanding of the disease and contribute to the development of regional guidelines. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This retrospective analysis of a cross-sectional market research survey assessed the clinical unmet needs and treatment patterns in patients with paediatric PsO in Spain, as reported by their primary care and specialist physicians, using data collected as part of the Adelphi Real World Paediatric PsO Disease-Specific Program (DSP™) between February and October 2020. RESULTS: Survey data from 57 treating physicians were included (71.9% [N = 41] dermatologists, 17.6% [N = 10] general practitioners/primary care physicians, and 10.5% [N = 6] paediatricians); the final analysis included 378 patients. At sampling, 84.1% (318/378) of patients had mild disease, 15.3% (58/378) had moderate disease and 0.5% (2/378) had severe disease. Retrospectively reported physician-judged severity at the time of PsO diagnosis recorded 41.8% (158/378) of patients with mild disease, 51.3% (194/378) with moderate disease and 6.9% (26/378) with severe disease. Overall, 89.3% (335/375) of patients were currently receiving topical PsO therapy, while 8.8% (33/375), 10.4% (39/375) and 14.9% (56/375) of patients were currently receiving phototherapy, conventional systemics and biologics, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These real-world data reflect the current burden and treatment landscape of paediatric PsO in Spain. The management of patients with paediatric PsO could be improved by further educating healthcare professionals and developing regional guidelines.

European guideline (EuroGuiDerm) on atopic eczema: part I - systemic therapy.

The evidence- and consensus-based guideline on atopic eczema was developed in accordance with the EuroGuiDerm Guideline and Consensus Statement Development Manual. Four consensus conferences were held between December 2020 and July 2021. Twenty-nine experts (including clinicians and patient representatives) from 12 European countries participated. This first part of the guideline includes general information on its scope and purpose, the health questions covered, target users and a methods section. It also provides guidance on which patients should be treated with systemic therapies, as well as recommendations and detailed information on each systemic drug. The systemic treatment options discussed in the guideline comprise conventional immunosuppressive drugs (azathioprine, ciclosporin, glucocorticosteroids, methotrexate and mycophenolate mofetil), biologics (dupilumab, lebrikizumab, nemolizumab, omalizumab and tralokinumab) and janus kinase inhibitors (abrocitinib, baricitinib and upadacitinib). Part two of the guideline will address avoidance of provocation factors, dietary interventions, immunotherapy, complementary medicine, educational interventions, occupational and psychodermatological aspects, patient perspective and considerations for paediatric, adolescent, pregnant and breastfeeding patients.

European guideline (EuroGuiDerm) on atopic eczema - part II: non-systemic treatments and treatment recommendations for special AE patient populations.

The evidence- and consensus-based guideline on atopic eczema was developed in accordance with the EuroGuiDerm Guideline and Consensus Statement Development Manual. Four consensus conferences were held between December 2020 and July 2021. Twenty-nine experts (including clinicians and patient representatives) from 12 European countries participated. This second part of the guideline includes recommendations and detailed information on basic therapy with emollients and moisturizers, topical anti-inflammatory treatment, antimicrobial and antipruritic treatment and UV phototherapy. Furthermore, this part of the guideline covers techniques for avoiding provocation factors, as well as dietary interventions, immunotherapy, complementary medicine and educational interventions for patients with atopic eczema and deals with occupational and psychodermatological aspects of the disease. It also contains guidance on treatment for paediatric and adolescent patients and pregnant or breastfeeding women, as well as considerations for patients who want to have a child. A chapter on the patient perspective is also provided. The first part of the guideline, published separately, contains recommendations and guidance on systemic treatment with conventional immunosuppressive drugs, biologics and janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, as well as information on the scope and purpose of the guideline, and a section on guideline methodology.

Cutaneous Manifestations not Considered Diagnostic Criteria for Neurofibromatosis Type 1. A Case-Control Study. / Hallazgos cutáneos no considerados criterios diagnósticos de la NF1. Estudio de casos y controles.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is usually delayed in children without a family history. We aimed to define the prevalence and characteristics of prevalent skin manifestations in NF1 compared to the general population, which continue to be excluded from the diagnostic criteria for NF1. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Case-control study, matched by age groups, in which 108 patients with a diagnosis of NF1 and 137 healthy controls were included. RESULTS: The prevalence of nevus anemicus (NA) (P<.001) and juvenile xanthogranulomas (JXG) (P<.001) was significantly higher in the population affected by NF1 than in the control population. A specificity of 99.27% (confidence interval): 95.4-99.96%] and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 98.80% [92.54-99.94%] were estimated for NA and a specificity of 99.27% [95.4-99.96%] and a PPV of 92.86% [64.17-99.63%] for JXG in the diagnosis of NF1 in children who present 6 or more Café-au-lait macules. Statistically significant differences were also evidenced in the distribution by phototypes (P=.025) and in relation to generalized itching with no other cause (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: NA and JXG are relevant clinical findings for the diagnosis of NF1, especially during the first years of life. We consider that its inclusion among the diagnostic criteria of the disease should be evaluated.

Cutaneous Manifestations not Considered Diagnostic Criteria for Neurofibromatosis Type 1. A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is usually delayed in children without a family history. We aimed to define the prevalence and characteristics of prevalent skin manifestations in NF1 compared to the general population, which continue to be excluded from the diagnostic criteria for NF1. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Case-control study, matched by age groups, in which 108 patients with a diagnosis of NF1 and 137 healthy controls were included. RESULTS: The prevalence of nevus anemicus (NA) (p<0.001) and juvenile xanthogranulomas (JXG) (p<0.001) was significantly higher in the population affected by NF1 than in the control population. A specificity of 99.27% [confidence interval (CI): 95.4-99.96%] and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 98.80% [92.54-99.94%] were estimated for NA and a specificity of 99.27% [95.4-99.96%] and a PPV of 92.86% [64.17-99.63%] for JXG in the diagnosis of NF1 in children who present 6 or more Café-au-lait macules. Statistically significant differences were also evidenced in the distribution by phototypes (p 0.025) and in relation to generalized itching with no other cause (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: NA and JXG are relevant clinical findings for the diagnosis of NF1, especially during the first years of life. We consider that its inclusion among the diagnostic criteria of the disease should be evaluated.

Childhood rosacea and related disorders.

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the skin and the eyes. The pathogenesis of rosacea is complex and includes the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, dysregulation of the innate immune system, neurovascular modifications and the interaction with skin commensals. Clinical manifestations in children include the telangiectatic form, papulopustular rosacea, ocular rosacea, periorificial dermatitis, granulomatous rosacea and idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma. Management is aimed at identifying and avoiding triggers. Topical therapy is used for mild cases with topical antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents. Oral agents are indicated, in combination with topical therapy, for moderate to severe cases. Prolonged therapy may be required.

Capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome: a multicentre study.

BACKGROUND: Capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation (CM-AVM) syndrome is a rare syndrome with characteristic skin lesions that are associated with fast-flow vascular malformations (FFVMs) in one-third of patients. Few case series have been described, and none in Spain. AIM: To identify the prevalence of dermatological parameters, FFVMs and associated features in a large series of patients with CM-AVM. METHODS: We conducted an observational study of patients with CM-AVM syndrome diagnosed in 15 Spanish hospitals over 3 years. The main clinical, radiological, genetic findings and associated diseases were analysed. RESULTS: In total, 64 patients were assessed. In 26.5% of cases, the diagnosis was incidental. In 75% of patients, there was one significantly larger macule, which we termed the 'herald patch'. FFVMs were detected in 34% of the patients, with 30% located on the skin, 7.8% in the brain and in 1.5% in the spine. There was a positive family history in 65% of the 64 patients. Genetic analysis was performed for RASA1 mutations in 57 patients, of whom 42 (73%) had a positive result. All 4 patients tested for EPHB4 mutations had a positive result. No tumour lesions were detected in the series, except for five infantile haemangiomas. CONCLUSIONS: Our data on clinical lesions, associated FFVM, family history and genetics are similar to those previously published in the literature. An extensive data analysis failed to demonstrate any statistically significant association between the presence of an FFVM and any clinical, familial or genetic parameter that could predict its onset, although a link between the presence of a herald patch on the midline face and the presence of a brain FFVM was observed. We did not detect any genotype-phenotype correlation.

Skin manifestations of COVID-19 in children: Part 1.

The current COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The initial recognized symptoms were respiratory, sometimes culminating in severe respiratory distress requiring ventilation, and causing death in a percentage of those infected. As time has passed, other symptoms have been recognized. The initial reports of cutaneous manifestations were from Italian dermatologists, probably because Italy was the first European country to be heavily affected by the pandemic. The overall clinical presentation, course and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children differ from those in adults as do the cutaneous manifestations of childhood. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 in children after thorough and critical review of articles published in the literature and from the personal experience of a large panel of paediatric dermatologists in Europe. In Part 1, we discuss one of the first and most widespread cutaneous manifestation of COVID-19, chilblain-like lesions. In Part 2, we review other manifestations, including erythema multiforme, urticaria and Kawasaki disease-like inflammatory multisystemic syndrome, while in Part 3, we discuss the histological findings of COVID-19 manifestations, and the testing and management of infected children, for both COVID-19 and any other pre-existing conditions.

Skin manifestations of COVID-19 in children: Part 2.

The current COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The initial recognized symptoms were respiratory, sometimes culminating in severe respiratory distress requiring ventilation, and causing death in a percentage of those infected. As time has passed, other symptoms have been recognized. The initial reports of cutaneous manifestations were from Italian dermatologists, probably because Italy was the first European country to be heavily affected by the pandemic. The overall clinical presentation, course and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children differ from those in adults, as do the cutaneous manifestations of childhood. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 in children after thorough and critical review of articles published in the literature and from the personal experience of a large panel of paediatric dermatologists in Europe. In Part 1, we discussed one of the first and most widespread cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19, chilblain-like lesions. In this part of the review, we describe other manifestations, including erythema multiforme, urticaria and Kawasaki disease-like inflammatory multisystemic syndrome. In Part 3, we discuss the histological findings of COVID-19 manifestations, and the testing and management of infected children for both COVID-19 and any other pre-existing conditions.

Skin manifestations of COVID-19 in children: Part 3.

The current COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The initial recognized symptoms were respiratory, sometimes culminating in severe respiratory distress requiring ventilation, and causing death in a percentage of those infected. As time has passed, other symptoms have been recognized. The initial reports of cutaneous manifestations were from Italian dermatologists, probably because Italy was the first European country to be heavily affected by the pandemic. The overall clinical presentation, course and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children differ from those in adults as do the cutaneous manifestations of childhood. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 in children after thorough and critical review of articles published in the literature and from the personal experience of a large panel of paediatric dermatologists in Europe. In Part 1, we discuss one of the first and most widespread cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19, chilblain-like lesions, and in Part 2 we expanded to other manifestations, including erythema multiforme, urticaria and Kawasaki disease-like inflammatory multisystemic syndrome. In this part of the review, we discuss the histological findings of COVID-19 manifestations, and the testing and management of infected children for both COVID-19 and any other pre-existing conditions.

Interobserver variability in the classification of childhood maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis.

BACKGROUND: Maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis (MPCM) in children is classified in two variants: (i) monomorphic variant, presenting with the small macules or papules typically seen in adult patients; and (ii) polymorphic variant with larger lesions of variable size and shape, typically seen in children. The definition of polymorphic and monomorphic variants is mostly intuitive, and a validation of this classification has not been done. OBJECTIVE: To study interobserver variability in the classification of MPCM in two groups of observers: mastocytosis experts and general dermatologists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nineteen cases of childhood MPCM were shown blindly, for classification as monomorphic or polymorphic type, to 10 independent observers (eight dermatologists, one allergist and one haematologist) from Europe and North America with a vast experience in the management of paediatric mastocytosis. Also, the same cases were shown on a screen to 129 general dermatologists attending a meeting; their votes were registered by remote controls. The interobserver variability kappa coefficient (with 95% confidence interval) was calculated to measure the reliability of the correlation. RESULTS: The value of kappa interobserver variability coefficient for the group of 10 experts (95% confidence interval) was 0.39 (0.18-0.63), which is considered as 'fair'. The value of kappa interobserver variability coefficient for the group of 129 general dermatologists (95% confidence interval) was 0.17 (0.06-0.39), which is considered as 'slight'. A complete agreement of all 10 experts was achieved in only four of 19 cases (21.1%) The most voted choice was concordant between the two groups in only 11 of the 19 cases. CONCLUSIONS: We failed to validate the classification system of childhood MPCM in monomorphic and polymorphic types. While the rate of agreement was low for mastocytosis experts, it was nearly the agreement expected by chance in general dermatologists.

Pooled safety analysis of baricitinib in adult patients with atopic dermatitis from 8 randomized clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: Janus kinase (JAK) inhibition is a new mode of action in atopic dermatitis (AD); clarity about drug class safety considerations in the context of AD is important. Baricitinib, an oral, reversible, selective inhibitor of JAK1/JAK2, is in late-stage development for adult patients with moderate-to-severe AD. OBJECTIVE: To report pooled safety data for baricitinib in patients with moderate-to-severe AD in the clinical development program including long-term extension (LTE) studies. METHODS: This analysis included patient-level safety data from six double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled studies (one phase 2 and five phase 3), one double-blinded, randomized, LTE study and one open-label LTE study, reported in three data sets: placebo-controlled, 2-mg - 4-mg extended and All-bari AD. Safety outcomes include treatment-emergent adverse events, adverse events of special interest and abnormal laboratory changes. Proportions of patients with events and incidence rates were calculated. RESULTS: Data were collected for 2531 patients who were given baricitinib for 2247 patient-years (median duration 310 days). The frequency of serious infections, opportunistic infections and conjunctival disorders was low and similar between treatment groups in the placebo-controlled period. The most common serious infections were eczema herpeticum [n = 11, incidence rates (IR) = 0.5], cellulitis (n = 6, IR = 0.3) and pneumonia (n = 3, IR = 0.1). There were four opportunistic infections (IR = 0.2). No malignancies, gastrointestinal perforations, positively adjudicated cardiovascular events or tuberculosis were reported in the placebo-controlled period in baricitinib-treated patients. Frequency of herpes simplex was higher in the 4-mg group (6.1%) vs. the 2-mg (3.6%) and placebo group (2.7%); IRs in the extended data set (2-mg IR = 9.6; 4-mg IR = 14.5) were lower vs. the placebo-controlled data set (2-mg IR = 12.4; 4-mg IR = 21.3). In the All-bari AD data set, there were two positively adjudicated major adverse cardiovascular events (2-mg group): two venous thrombosis events (4-mg group) and one death. CONCLUSION: This integrated safety analysis in patients with moderate-to-severe AD confirms the established safety profile of baricitinib.

Mosaic abnormalities of the skin: review and guidelines from the European Reference Network for rare skin diseases.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous mosaicism is an area of dermatology in which there has been an explosion of knowledge within the current decade. This has led to fundamental changes in the understanding of the conditions in this field, and to an ongoing paradigm shift in the approach to management of mosaic skin disorders. OBJECTIVES: To lay out the general principles of mosaicism as they are currently understood, summarize the known cutaneous mosaic abnormalities of the skin with associated phenotypic and genotypic information, review the latest trials on targeted therapies and propose guidelines for the general approach to a patient with suspected mosaicism. METHODS: This was a consensus expert review as part of the European Reference Network project (ERN-Skin). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides clinicians with a practical approach to the patient with suspected mosaicism, redefines mosaicism for the modern genetic era, and proposes a new classification system based on genetic mechanism. What's already known about this topic? Cutaneous mosaicism is a complex field of dermatology that encompasses most birthmarks, and many rare syndromes. Some cutaneous patterns are known to be seen in mosaicism. Very few treatment options are available for most mosaic abnormalities of the skin. Recent high-sensitivity genetic techniques have led to an explosion of knowledge about genotype and phenotype in the literature. What does this study add? Expert consensus from the European Reference Network project. Review of knowledge of confirmed mosaic abnormalities of the skin, including cutaneous phenotype, extracutaneous associated features and genotype. Proposed new classification of mosaic abnormalities of the skin by genetic mechanism and therefore inheritance potential. Practical tips on correct sample collection and genetic investigation. Review of trials of targeted therapies. Guidelines for a practical clinical approach to the patient with suspected mosaicism.

SARS-CoV-2 Has Not Been Detected Directly by Electron Microscopy in the Endothelium of Chilblain Lesions: reply from authors.

We fully agree that the interpretation of electron microscopy findings can be challenging, even for experts. Differences between viral pathogens and normal subcellular organelles may be subtle, and some cellular components can masquerade as viruses. The size and shape of the particle shown in our paper fit with other descriptions of SARS-CoV-2, but there may be a bias in interpretation.

SARS-CoV-2 endothelial infection causes COVID-19 chilblains: histopathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of seven paediatric cases.

BACKGROUND: Chilblains ('COVID toes') are being seen with increasing frequency in children and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Detailed histopathological descriptions of COVID-19 chilblains have not been reported, and causality of SARS-CoV-2 has not yet been established. OBJECTIVES: To describe the histopathological features of COVID-19 chilblains and to explore the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the tissue. METHODS: We examined skin biopsies from seven paediatric patients presenting with chilblains during the COVID-19 pandemic. Immunohistochemistry for SARS-CoV-2 was performed in all cases and electron microscopy in one. RESULTS: Histopathology showed variable degrees of lymphocytic vasculitis ranging from endothelial swelling and endotheliitis to fibrinoid necrosis and thrombosis. Purpura, superficial and deep perivascular lymphocytic inflammation with perieccrine accentuation, oedema, and mild vacuolar interface damage were also seen. SARS-CoV-2 immunohistochemistry was positive in endothelial cells and epithelial cells of eccrine glands. Coronavirus particles were found in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells on electron microscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Although the clinical and histopathological features were similar to other forms of chilblains, the presence of viral particles in the endothelium and the histological evidence of vascular damage support a causal relation of the lesions with SARS-CoV-2. Endothelial damage induced by the virus could be the key mechanism in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 chilblains and perhaps also in a group of patients severely affected by COVID-19 presenting with features of microangiopathic damage. What is already known about this topic? Despite the high number of cases of chilblains seen during the COVID-19 pandemic, a definite causative role for SARS-CoV-2 has not yet been proven. Different pathogenetic hypotheses have been proposed, including coagulation anomalies, interferon release and external factors. What does this study add? The demonstration of SARS-CoV-2 in endothelial cells of skin biopsies by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy confirms that these lesions are part of the spectrum of COVID-19. Virus-induced vascular damage and secondary ischaemia could explain the pathophysiology of COVID-19 chilblains. Our findings support the hypothesis that widespread endothelial infection by SARS-CoV-2 could have a pathogenetic role in the severe forms of COVID-19. Linked Comment: Wetter. Br J Dermatol 2020; 183:611.

Superimposed mosaicism in tuberous sclerosis complex: a key to understanding all of the manifold manifestations?

In patients with tuberous sclerosis, we can today distinguish between two different categories of segmental mosaicism. The well-known simple segmental mosaicism is characterized by a unilateral or otherwise localized arrangement of the ordinary lesions of the disorder, reflecting heterozygosity for an early postzygotic new mutation. By contrast, superimposed mosaicism is defined by a pronounced segmental involvement in a patient with ordinary non-segmental lesions of the same disorder, resulting in a heterozygous embryo from loss of the corresponding wild-type allele that occurred at a very early developmental stage. So far, the second category has been called 'type 2 segmental mosaicism', but here we propose the short and unambiguous term 'superimposed mosaicism'. In order to render physicians familiar with the manifold manifestations of this category as noted in tuberous sclerosis, we review the following clinical designations under which cases suggesting superimposed mosaicism have been published: forehead plaque; shagreen patch; fibrous cephalic plaque; fibromatous lesion of the scalp; folliculocystic and collagen hamartoma; segmental hypomelanosis; congenital segmental lymphedema; and segmental 'diffuse' lipomatosis. Molecular corroboration of this genetic concept has been provided in a case of forehead plaque and in a child with shagreen patch. - Extracutaneous manifestations suggesting superimposed mosaicism include columnar tuberous brain defects; 'radial migration lines' or 'cerebral white matter migration lines' as noted by brain imaging; linear hamartomatous lesions of the tongue; fibrous dysplasia of bones including macrodactyly; and unilateral overgrowth of an arm or leg. - Remarkably, superimposed mosaicism appears to occur in tuberous sclerosis far more frequently than simple segmental mosaicism.

Histopathological hallmarks of cutaneous lesions of capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome.

IMPORTANCE: Capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation (CM-AVM) syndrome is a recently described syndrome with distinctive cutaneous lesions. Very little is known about the histopathology of these lesions. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the histopathological characteristics of the pink macules of the CM-AVM syndrome and to investigate if these pink macules could be classified as capillary malformations or arteriovenous malformations based on their histopathological features. DESIGN-SETTINGS-PARTICIPANTS: We conducted a retrospective multicenter study involving eight hospitals in Spain. Fifteen biopsies from pink macules of the CM-AVM syndrome were analysed and compared with five biopsies of diverse capillary malformations and three stage I arteriovenous malformations. RESULTS: Pink macules' biopsies of the CM-AVM syndrome showed similar features including a high vascular density encompassing capillaries and numerous thick-walled arterioles mainly located in the superficial dermis, a predominance of elongated over round vessels, scarce or absent erythrocytes within the lumina and discrete perivascular inflammation. CMs were characterized by an increased number of capillary-type vessels mostly rounded and located in the upper dermis. AVMs were composed by highly increased numbers of vessels with a branching pattern involving the full thickness of the dermis, without erythrocytes within the lumina. Wilms tumour 1 protein was positive in the endothelial cells both in pink macules of the CM-AVM and in arteriovenous malformations. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Pink macules of the CM-AVM syndrome seem to be different from capillary malformations. Our results suggest that histologically and immunohistochemically they are closer to incipient arteriovenous malformations than to capillary malformations. A deepened knowledge about the nature of these skin lesions will contribute to the better understanding of capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome, and will open the possibility of new and more specific treatments in the future.

Expanding the clinical features of autoinflammation and phospholipase Cγ2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation by description of a novel patient.

BACKGROUND: Autoinflammation and phospholipase Cγ2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (APLAID) is an exceedingly rare monogenic autoinflammatory disease. To date, only five cases have been reported with four distinct pathogenic mutations. OBJECTIVES: We present a novel case of APLAID, corroborated by molecular analysis, with newly described clinical findings including central nervous system vasculitis (CNSV); and distinctive histopathological characteristics that may expand our knowledge of this rare disease's phenotype. METHODS: This is a case report presentation of a 3-year-old boy, seen at a reference paediatric hospital in Mexico. His parents authorized the use of his clinical information and photographs. RESULTS: A 3-day-old boy presented to the emergency department with a vesiculo-pustular rash that resolved within 1 week. Two months later, he developed widespread papules and pseudovesicles that evolved into infiltrated plaques. He also had periodical flares of conjunctivitis, diarrhoea and erythematous blistering acral plaques triggered by upper respiratory infections. By the age of 10 months, he experienced seizures and CNSV. Laboratory work-up showed mild neutropenia, decreased serum levels of immunoglobulins and B-cell lymphopenia. A skin biopsy revealed a dense, perivascular and interstitial histiocytic and granulomatous infiltrate, with palisading granulomas, and leucocytoclastic vasculitis with karyorrhexis. APLAID syndrome was confirmed by Sanger sequencing of PLCG2 gene [heterozygous genotype LRG_376t1:c.2543T>C or p.(Leu848Pro)]. CONCLUSIONS: Presence of CNSV has not been previously described in APLAID, however as the number of reported patients with APLAID is very small, it is possible that the overall spectrum of clinical manifestations has not been completely elucidated. The herein identified p.(Leu848Pro) variant was also documented in a Portuguese patient, suggesting that it could be a PLCG2 gene 'hot-spot'.