RESUMO
Stem canker and dieback are important factors that limit the longevity and reduce the yield of blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) in Chile. In this study, species of Diaporthe associated with blueberry were isolated and identified. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA of 30 isolates and the translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α) of 14 isolates were sequenced, analyzed, and compared with their morphological and pathological characteristics. The molecular analysis of ITS sequences by alignment with those of ex-type strains deposited in GenBank and morphological characteristics allowed the identification of Diaporthe ambigua, D. australafricana, D. neotheicola, D. passiflorae, and Diaporthe sp. 1. However, morphology alone was insufficient to identify these species. The combined analysis of ITS and EF1-α gene sequences grouped the Chilean blueberry isolates in the same five groups obtained in the ITS analysis. Pathogenicity tests conducted with attached and detached blueberry shoots (<1 year old) and stems (1 to 2 years old) confirmed that isolates of these Diaporthe spp. were pathogenic. The symptoms were reproducible and consisted of necrotic reddish-brown cankers on blueberry shoots and stems. These isolates were capable of infecting blueberry fruit, causing a soft decay, suggesting that they were tissue nonspecific and were also pathogenic on shoots of apple, grapevine, and pear. D. australafricana was the most frequently isolated species and D. ambigua, D. australafricana, and D. passiflorae were highly virulent in shoots, stems, and fruit of blueberry. This study showed that at least four species of Diaporthe are primary pathogens, capable of causing stem canker symptoms on blueberry, and this is the first report of D. ambigua, D. neotheicola, and D. passiflorae attacking this host.
RESUMO
The purpose of this study is to better understand Nutritionist-Dietician opinions concerning WIC Program strategies to promote breastfeeding in Puerto Rico. Four groups of nutritionists-dietitians were recruited to take part in focus group discussions. Each focus group lasted for approximately 1 h and the researchers completed a debriefing sheet after each meeting. The group discussions were taped and transcribed. The participants identified hospital barriers, lack of family support and problems related to the mother as the three principal reasons that Puerto Rican mothers do not breastfeed their babies or stop breastfeeding early. An individual meeting was the most frequently mentioned WIC strategy that was meant to convince mothers to breastfeed their infants. Nevertheless, the focus group participants recognized that the effort and time available for such meetings is limited. From these groups, one theme that emerged is that the WIC Program in Puerto Rico should collaborate with hospitals to arrange for WIC-sponsored nutritionist-dietitians to visit the WIC participants during their maternity hospital stay, and in their homes.
Assuntos
Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Aleitamento Materno , Serviços de Saúde da Criança , Serviços de Saúde Materna , Necessidades Nutricionais , Adulto , Dietética , Grupos Focais , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Motivação , Porto Rico , Serviço Social , Recursos HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Intraoral scanners have been developing during last years. The aim of this study was to know if digital impressions achieve a marginal adaptation in overlays as well as conventional impressions with silicone. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-two extracted molars were selected. The samples were prepared for MOD overlays. The teeth were divided into two groups (n=31). Group 1: impressions were made with silicone (Express™ Impression, 3M ESPE) and overlays were manufactured with Sinfony composite (3M ESPE) by the laboratory technician. Group 2: impressions were taken with the scanner True Definition (TD, 3M ESPE) and under Lava Ultimate CAD/CAM Restorative composite (3M ESPE) were produced the restorations. Under 32x magnification images of vestibular, lingual, mesial and distal were capture in all the samples. Then the fit of the restorations was evaluated before and after cementation. Data were analysed statistically applying ANOVA and Bonferroni test. RESULTS: The marginal gap was better in TD group before (169,76 ± 54,15 µm) and after (145,16 ± 57,89 µm) cementation than in the silicone group (190,89 ± 58,18 µm) (187,47 ± 81,29 µm). The lowest marginal gap was in oclusal surface and the higher value was in the proximal margin for all the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Digital impressions regarding marginal adaptation achieve better results than conventional impressions. Key words:Composite onlays, overlays, restorative, CAD/CAM, intraoral scanner, silicone impressions, marginal adaptation.
RESUMO
A new series of tricyclic carboxylic acids with a 3H-spiro[benzofuran-2,10-cyclohexane] skeleton were synthesized from filifolinol, as analogs of the natural complement inhibitor K76-COOH. Their complement inhibitory activity was determined aiming to probe the importance of structural characteristics of the alicyclic part of K76-COOH. The presence and stereochemistry of O- and N-functionalities on C3' of the filifolinol derivatives are relevant for biological activity. The IC50 values of the most potent compounds were comparable or surpassed the activity of K76-COOH. The results also suggest that the diol moiety of the natural product may be useful for improving compound solubility.
Assuntos
Inativadores do Complemento/química , Proteínas do Sistema Complemento/química , Sesquiterpenos/química , Inativadores do Complemento/síntese química , Inativadores do Complemento/farmacologia , Proteínas do Sistema Complemento/metabolismo , Sesquiterpenos/síntese química , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
H. taltalense (Phil.) Johnst. (Heliotropiaceae) is an endemic species of the northern coast of Chile that produces a resinous exudate that covers its foliar surface and stems. Its chemical composition was analyzed for the first time, and two aromatic geranyl derivatives: filifolinol and filifolinyl senecionate and three flavonoids - naringenin, 3-O-methylgalangin and 7-O-methyleriodictiol - were isolated. The antioxidant activity of the flavonoids and the resinous exudates was carried out by measuring the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) bleaching effect in ethanolic solution and in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles. The influence of the reaction medium was analyzed. The initial velocity reactions for the pure compounds and for the extract were higher in SDS media than in ethanolic solution. The velocity of reaction observed was interpreted in terms of the reaction medium environment in the micelle.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/química , Flavonoides/química , Heliotropium/química , Resinas Vegetais/química , Compostos de Bifenilo/química , Flavanonas/química , Estrutura Molecular , Picratos/químicaRESUMO
Heliotropium sclerocarpum Phil. (Heliotropiaceae) is a resinous bush that grows in the Atacama of northern Chile. The chemical composition of its resinous exudate was analyzed for the first time. One aromatic geranyl derivative: filifolinol (1), one flavanone: naringenin (2) and a new type of 3-oxo-2-arylbenzofuran derivative 3 were isolated and their structures were determined. The antioxidant activity of the phenolic compounds and resin was evaluated using the bleaching of DPPH radical method and expressed as fast reacting equivalents (FRE) and total reacting equivalents (TRE).
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/química , Heliotropium/química , Fenóis/química , Resinas Vegetais/química , Flavanonas/química , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Estrutura MolecularRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The aim of the study is to identify the barriers associated with breastfeeding in mothers of Puerto Rican children with Down. METHOD: A non-probabilistic sample (n = 26) of mothers was used in the study. The sample was obtained in an institution in Puerto Rico specializing in care of infants with Down Syndrome [IDS]. A self-administered questionnaire was used consisting of six sections. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. RESULTS: The majority of interviewed mothers (80.8%) had 70.0% or higher correct answers regarding the benefits of breastfeeding. 84.6% of the mothers who decided not to breastfeed or who discontinued breastfeeding reported as the main reason that the baby presented sucking problems and 50.0% of the participants were not allowed to have their baby with them during their stay in the hospital. 84.3% of the participants indicated having breastfed their IDS and 61.5% stated that they would not breastfeed in public places. CONCLUSION: Active support, instruction, and collaboration among members of the health care team are essential for breastfeeding success.
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno/estatística & dados numéricos , Síndrome de Down , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Two new phenolic esters 9-trans-p-coumaroyloxy-alpha-terpineol (1) and 7-trans-p-coumaroyloxy-taedol (2), both endowed with free radical scavenger activity and cleroda-3,13 (E)-dien-15,18-diol (3) for which a cis stereochemistry at the decalin junction was found, were isolated from the resinous exudate from Haplopappus taeda upper parts.
Assuntos
Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/farmacologia , Haplopappus , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Compostos de Bifenilo , Ésteres/administração & dosagem , Ésteres/química , Ésteres/farmacologia , Ésteres/uso terapêutico , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/administração & dosagem , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/química , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Fenóis/administração & dosagem , Fenóis/química , Fenóis/farmacologia , Fenóis/uso terapêutico , Picratos/química , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Folhas de PlantaRESUMO
Heliotropium glutinosum Phil. (Heliotropiceae) is a resinous bush that grows at a height of 2000 m in Chañaral, Chile. From the resinous exudates of Heliotropium glutinosum Phil. a new aromatic geranyl derivative: 4-methoxy-3-[(2)-7'-methyl-3'-hydroxymethyl-2',6'-octadienyl] phenol (1) and three flavonoids: 5,3'-dihydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavanone (2), 5,4'-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone (3) and 4'-acetyl-5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone (4) were isolated and their structures were determined. Their antioxidant activity were evaluated using the bleaching of ABTS and DPPH derived cation radical methods and expressed in terms of FRE (fast reacting equivalents) and TRE (total reacting equivalents), where FRE is a good measure of the quick protection of a given compound against oxidants and TRE measures the degree of long-term protection of the antioxidant, or how effective it is against a strong oxidative stress.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Heliotropium/química , Antioxidantes/química , Benzotiazóis , Compostos de Bifenilo/química , Radicais Livres , Hidrazinas/química , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Picratos , Ácidos Sulfônicos/química , Tiazóis/químicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the knowledge of health professionals about clinical the management of sexual aggression in children based on the sexual aggression survivors manual in Puerto Rico. METHOD: The study population was composed of 150 health professionals (physicians and nurses). For the collected data, a self-administered questionnaire was used. The response rate was 88.7% (n=133). Descriptive statistics, crosstabs tables and Chi-Square were used for the data analysis. RESULTS: 75.9% of the participants were unaware of physical indicators related to sexual aggression in children. Nevertheless, 66.2% of the participants recognized emotional indicators of sexual aggression. 82.7% of the participants think sexual aggression victims should be referred to the physician and nurse, followed by 20.4% that indicated the social worker. 94.7% of the participants were unaware of the correct steps to carry out in a crisis intervention with sexual aggression victims and 91.7% recognized that all information topics should be offered during the intervention. CONCLUSION: The results of this study confirm the necessity of intervention strategies to increase the knowledge of the participants about the correct clinical management of sexual aggression survivors.
Assuntos
Abuso Sexual na Infância/diagnóstico , Abuso Sexual na Infância/terapia , Competência Clínica , Enfermeiras e Enfermeiros , Médicos , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Porto Rico , SobreviventesRESUMO
The objective of this study is to identify the attitude toward the homosexuals and lesbians among graduate students of General Public Health and Health Education Program at School of Public Health, Medical Sciences Campus of the University of Puerto Rico. A descriptive-92 graduate students of the correlational design was used to carry out the study participated in the study General Public Health and Health Education programs. The data collection was collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square and t-test student) were used to data analysis. The 82.6% of the participants had a prejudiced attitude toward the homosexuals and the lesbians. The 79.3% presented a low distance level. There is a significant association among the social distance, homosexual and lesbian educational exposure and the years of studies. To develop appropriate strategies to foment the acceptance and eliminate the prejudice toward the homosexuals and lesbians in the participants, what will impact in a better way of providing quality health services.
Assuntos
Atitude , Homossexualidade Feminina , Homossexualidade Masculina , Preconceito , Saúde Pública , Adulto , Educação de Pós-Graduação , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Porto RicoRESUMO
The antioxidant activity of eight coumarins and two flavonols isolated from Haplopappus multifolius was studied with the DPPH radical method. Results show that a high concentration of phenolic coumarins and the presence of quercetin and rhamnetin in the exudates could account for the protection of the plant against oxidative stress. Structures for the coumarins 6-hydroxy-7-[(E,E)-3',7'-dimethyl-2',4',7'-octatrienyloxy] coumarin and 7-[(E)-3'-methyl-4'-hydroxy-2'-butenyloxy] coumarin are proposed on the basis of spectroscopic evidence.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/química , Cumarínicos/química , Flavonóis/química , Haplopappus/química , Resinas Vegetais/química , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Cumarínicos/isolamento & purificação , Cumarínicos/farmacologia , Flavonóis/isolamento & purificação , Flavonóis/farmacologia , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Resinas Vegetais/farmacologiaRESUMO
Identify the breastfeeding knowledge, the attitudes towards sexuality and breastfeeding and the disposition towards supporting breastfeeding in future fathers were the aims of this study. A non-probabilistic sample (n = 100) of future Puerto Rican male parents was used in this study. A self-administered questionnaire was used consisting of four sections. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis and t-test to the inferential analysis. 88.8% of the participants presented a low level of knowledge. However, 81.6% had a positive attitude toward sexuality and breastfeeding. Also, 92.0% of the participants indicated much/enough willingness to support their partners in exclusively breastfeeding. Disposition to support the breastfeeding was associated with knowledge towards breastfeeding (p = 0.04) and attitudes toward sexuality and breastfeeding (p = 0.00). The knowledge and the attitudes, in this study, are strongly related with the disposition of the father to supporting the breastfeeding in the future.
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno , Pai , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Sexualidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Atitude , Humanos , Masculino , Porto Rico , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Many new mothers discontinue breastfeeding prematurely due to difficulties encountered rather than maternal choice. Research has shown that a significant predictor of breastfeeding duration is maternal confidence. Using self-efficacy theory as a conceptual framework to measure breastfeeding confidence, the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES) was developed and psychometrically tested among English-speaking mothers. The purpose of this methodological study was to translate the BSES into Spanish and determine the psychometric characteristics of the BSES in a sample of 100 Puerto Rican women. The psychometric assessment of the original study was replicated including internal consistency, principal components factor analysis, and comparison between contrasted groups. This study is the first to examine the psychometric characteristics of the Spanish-version BSES administered in-hospital and provide further evidence of the reliability and validity of the instrument.
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno/psicologia , Mães/psicologia , Autoeficácia , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Adulto , Análise Fatorial , Feminino , Humanos , Análise de Componente Principal , Psicometria , Porto Rico , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , TraduçãoRESUMO
From the resinous exudate of leaves of Haplopappus multifolius two new coumarins were isolated and assigned the structures 6-hydroxy-7-(5'-hydroxy-3',7'-dimethylocta-2',6'-dien)-oxycoumarin (1) and 6-hydroxy-7-(7'-hydroxy-3',7'-dimethylocta-2',5'-dien)-oxy coumarin (2).
Assuntos
Cumarínicos/química , Haplopappus , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Humanos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Folhas de PlantaRESUMO
From the resinous exudate of Heliotropium sinuatum (family Boraginaceae), a new compound: 4-(3',5'-dihydroxynonadecyl)phenol 1, together with eight previously described flavonoids, were isolated and their antioxidant activities were assessed by quenching measurements with ABTS and DPPH cation radicals.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Álcoois Graxos/farmacologia , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Heliotropium/química , Fenóis/farmacologia , Álcoois Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Flavonoides/isolamento & purificação , Fenóis/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologiaRESUMO
Infants with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) who are breastfed have significantly shorter clinical episodes of the condition than artificially fed infants. The purpose of this study was to identify the knowledge about the benefits of breastfeeding in mothers of babies 0-12 months of age with gastroesophageal reflux. A non-probabilistic sample was taken among patients from various private radiological centers. Sixty mothers completed a self-administered questionnaire, with a median age of 26 years and an educational level of 14 years. Seventy one percent breastfed their last baby, but only 18.6% practiced exclusive breastfeeding. The pediatrician suggested formula to 53.3% of the mothers, and 64% of the mothers were told to combine breast milk with vegetables as treatment for the GERD. Inadequate knowledge about the benefits of breastfeeding was exhibited by 27% of the mothers. Mothers of infants with GERD need education on the importance of breastfeeding. Further research is necessary on the factors which impact the duration of breastfeeding in this population.
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno , Refluxo Gastroesofágico , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Mães , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-NascidoRESUMO
The objective of this study is to evaluate associated factors related to cigarette smoking in students of the Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico. One hundred eighty-nine students, registered in the summer session, participated in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the information. For the data analysis descriptive statistics were used, as well as Pearson Chi Square and Mann-Whitney test. The results showed that 12.2% of the participants are smokers at the moment of the study. Most of the smokers stated that the main reason they smoke was for stress reduction and psychological addiction. A statistical association was encountered between the cigarette use and exposure of information (X2Fisher (1) = 4.65, p = 0.02). We conclude that the participants smoke as an adaptative response to the daily stressors that impact the academic setting.
Assuntos
Fumar/epidemiologia , Estudantes , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Porto Rico , UniversidadesRESUMO
Fish farming crops are constantly exposed to infectious diseases due to intensive production conditions under which microorganisms develop and spread easily, resulting in severe economic losses. The massive use of antibiotics to control these diseases has lead to the accumulation of residues and the development of drug resistance. Consequently, it is urgent to develop new pharmacological tools to stimulate protective immune responses in salmonids to combat infectious diseases. We evaluated the immunostimulant activity of terpenoid derivatives isolated from species of the Heliotropium genus, which had previously shown antiviral activity in salmon. The immunomodulatory effects of the 3 H-spiro [1-benzofuran-2,1'-ciclohexane] derivative called filifolinone, were studied in vitro using the SHK-1 cell line derived from leucocytes of salmon head kidney and in vivo in Atlantic salmon. For the evaluation, we studied the effect of this compound in the expression of various cytokines. The results showed that Filifolinone increases the levels of expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. This suggests that Filifolinone is a potential alternative immunomodulator for veterinary purposes.
Assuntos
Citocinas/biossíntese , Doenças dos Peixes/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Fatores Imunológicos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Salmão/imunologia , Terpenos/farmacologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Citocinas/imunologia , Heliotropium/imunologia , Fatores Imunológicos/imunologia , Extratos Vegetais/imunologia , Terpenos/imunologiaRESUMO
A series of carboxylic acids carrying various functionalization on C-7 of their common 3H-spiro[benzofuran-2,1'-cyclohexane] skeleton were synthesized from filifolinol, as analogs of the natural Complement inhibitor K-76 COOH. In order to probe the relevance of the C-7 functionalization on their bioactivity, the ability of the analogs to inhibit Complement activation through the classical pathway was determined. The observed results suggest that functionalization of C-7 can modulate the inhibitory activity of the tested compounds. The 7-trifluoromethyl derivative was the compound with the lowest IC(50) value among the tested analogs (IC(50) = 100 µM), being more potent than K-76 COOH (IC(50) = 570 µM).