Dietary inflammatory index and cardiovascular risk factors in Spanish children and adolescents.

Dietary inflammatory potential is an established risk factor for adverse cardiovascular events. In this study we analyzed the relation between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and cardiovascular risk factors, based on anthropometric, body composition, blood pressure, and heart rate parameters in children and adolescents. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 428 Spanish schoolchildren (mean age 12.32 ± 1.84), whose DII was calculated, based on a 24-hr diet recall over 3 days. Anthropometric measurements were taken, and body composition analyzed by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Blood pressure and heart rate parameters were assessed with an automatic monitor. Pubertal stage was assessed based on Tanner criteria. We analyzed the DII both as a continuous variable and as a category variable based on quartiles. Linear regression analysis revealed that the DII was significantly associated with waist to height ratio (WHtR) (p = .026; B = 0.128, 95% CI [.001-.016]) after adjusting for age, sex, total energy intake, and Tanner stage. All macro- and micronutrient intakes were found to be higher in the DII Q1 (anti-inflammatory diet) except for caffeine. This study provides preliminary evidence of a significant association between the DII and WHtR, an index of cardiovascular risk. The results obtained indicate that the inflammatory potential of the diet may play a role in children and adolescents becoming overweight or developing obesity. Future studies in young people should be conducted to validate and further explore these relationships.

Body composition in a population of school adolescents: a comparison of simple anthropometric methods and bioelectrical impedance. / Composición corporal en escolares: comparación entre métodos antropométricos simples e impedancia bioeléctrica.

OBJECTIVES: To report the anthropometric characteristics and body composition and to analyze the potential sex-based differences in Spanish schoolchildren and adolescents living in Granada and Ceuta. To estimate body fat percentage using regression equations and bioelectrical impedance to check for sex differences. An additional objective was to see whether the body fat percentages obtained by these two methods were similar. METHODS: A cross-sectional study including 1,518 children and adolescents (aged 9-16) from 12 primary and secondary schools in Ceuta and Granada. The nutritional status of the subjects was assessed and their body fat percentage was calculated. RESULTS: There was a strong sexual dimorphism, with higher prevalence rates of overweight in boys and obesity in girls. Girls had higher mean body fat levels regardless of the measuring method used (p<.001). Correlation between bioelectrical impedance analysis and regression equations was high (r=0.830), as was the internal correlation coefficient (ICC>0.75). A Bland-Altman comparison showed a high agreement between bioelectrical impedance and Behnke and Lohman equations. CONCLUSIONS: Specific equations considering subject sex and age should be used to estimate body density. Regardless of the method used, girls had higher body fat percentages. The Behnke and Lohman equations, combined with BIA, were found to be the most accurate methods for measuring body density in the study population.

Composición corporal en escolares: comparación entre métodos antropométricos simples e impedancia bioeléctrica / Body composition in a population of school adolescents: a comparison of simple anthropometric methods and bioelectrical impedance

Objetivos: Describir características antropométricas, composición corporal y verificar posibles diferencias entre sexos en escolares de Granada y la Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta. Estimar el porcentaje de grasa corporal mediante ecuaciones de regresión e impedanciometría bioeléctrica, verificar posibles diferencias entre sexos. Comparar valores de porcentaje de grasa corporal estimados por ambos métodos para verificar su similitud. Métodos: Estudio transversal sobre 1.518 escolares (9-16 años), pertencientes a doce centros educativos de Ceuta y Granada. Se realizó una valoración del estado nutricional mediante antropometría e impedanciometría bioeléctrica, se procedió al cálculo del porcentaje de grasa corporal. Resultados: Se observa un marcado dimorfismo sexual, con mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso entre chicos y de obesidad en chicas. Las chicas presentan valores medios de grasa corporal superiores, con independencia del método de estimación utilizado (p<0,001). La correlación entre impedanciometría bioeléctrica y las ecuaciones de regresión fue elevada (r=0,830), al igual que el coeficiente de correlación interna (CCI> 0,75). La prueba de Bland-Altman muestra una elevada concordancia entre impedanciometría bioeléctrica y las ecuaciones de Behnke y Lohman. Conclusiones: Resulta conveniente utilizar ecuaciones específicas para el cálculo de la densidad corporal que contemplen el sexo y la edad de los sujetos. Independientemente del método utilizado para calcular el porcentaje de grasa corporal, las chicas poseen valores de grasa corporal más elevados. Sugerimos utilizar las ecuaciones de Behnke y Lohman junto a la BIA como métodos preferentes en las poblaciones estudiadas (AU)

Objectives: To report the anthropometric characteristics and body composition and to analyze the potential sex-based differences in Spanish schoolchildren and adolescents living in Granada and Ceuta. To estimate body fat percentage using regression equations and bioelectrical impedance to check for sex differences. An additional objective was to see whether the body fat percentages obtained by these two methods were similar. Methods: A cross-sectional study including 1,518 children and adolescents (aged 9-16) from 12 primary and secondary schools in Ceuta and Granada. The nutritional status of the subjects was assessed and their body fat percentage was calculated. Results: There was a strong sexual dimorphism, with higher prevalence rates of overweight in boys and obesity in girls. Girls had higher mean body fat levels regardless of the measuring method used (p<.001). Correlation between bioelectrical impedance analysis and regression equations was high (r=0.830), as was the internal correlation coefficient (ICC>0.75). A Bland-Altman comparison showed a high agreement between bioelectrical impedance and Behnke and Lohman equations. Conclusions: Specific equations considering subject sex and age should be used to estimate body density. Regardless of the method used, girls had higher body fat percentages. The Behnke and Lohman equations, combined with BIA, were found to be the most accurate methods for measuring body density in the study population (AU)