RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: More than 1/3 of patients with end-stage renal disease who are in a chronic dialysis program suffer from chronic pain and depression/anxiety. The aim of the study was to determine the impacts of symptoms of depression/anxiety, chronic pain and quality of life (QoL) on 6-year patient survival. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational study of end-stage renal disease patients on maintenance hemodialysis (n = 205) who met the inclusion criteria. Patients from three dialysis centers in Lower Silesia were asked to complete a battery of validated questionnaires: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the 36-item Short Form Health Survey Questionnaire, the Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Clinical and biochemical data (dialysis adequacy) were recorded. RESULTS: One hundred thirty from 205 enrolled hemodialysis patients (63.4%) suffered from chronic pain. Patients with pain were on maintenance dialysis for longer times and had higher levels of parathyroid hormone, more depressive symptoms and a lower QoL than those without pain. In the 6-year period, 96 (46.8%) patients died. The most common cause of death was cardiovascular disease in 44 (45.8%) patients. Highly depressed patients (HADS depression score > 8) exhibited higher mortality (< 8 vs. > 8 points; p = 0.016) independent of age, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, C-reactive protein or albumin level. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic pain, although common among hemodialysis patients, did not lower survival. Depressive symptoms are an important predictor for all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients, with the relationship independent of nutritional or inflammatory status.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The proximal forearm antecubital fistula described by Gracz is a valuable option for autogenous vascular access for hemodialysis in patients with destroyed forearm veins or advanced arteriosclerotic and calcified radial arteries. Results obtained with a variant of the Gracz fistula are presented. STUDY DESIGN: Patients with forearm vein destruction or failed distal radiocephalic fistulas were selected to have a variant of the Gracz fistula created and were followed up for 36 months. In each patient, the radial artery was anastomosed side to end or end to end to the perforating vein. Additionally, in some patients, the median cephalic or basilic vein was relocated subcutaneously to increase the accessibility of veins for puncture. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Native arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) in the cubital region using a perforating vein were created in 77 patients (34 women, 43 men) referred to the Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland, from 1992 to 2006. OUTCOMES & MEASUREMENTS: Percentages of successful fistula creation and primary patency rates, defined from fistula placement to any maintaining intervention, and cumulative patency, defined from placement to fistula abandonment, were assessed. RESULTS: AVF creation was successful in 56 patients (73%). Primary patency rates during the follow-up period were 47% after 1 year, 43% after 2 years, and 39% after 3 years. Cumulative patency rates were 67% after 1 year, 56% after 2 years, and 53% after 3 years. LIMITATIONS: These results reflect performance of a single center and thus may not be generalizable to surgeons less experienced in this technique. CONCLUSIONS: Radial artery-perforating vein fistulas have an acceptable survival rate and do not produce circulatory complications. This method may be applicable for AVF creation in patients with forearm vein destruction/abnormalities and as a rescue procedure for an old clotted fistula after kidney transplant failure.