RESUMO
Despite evidence that γδ T cells play an important role during malaria, their precise role remains unclear. During murine malaria induced by Plasmodium chabaudi infection and in human P. falciparum infection, we found that γδ T cells expanded rapidly after resolution of acute parasitemia, in contrast to αß T cells that expanded at the acute stage and then declined. Single-cell sequencing showed that TRAV15N-1 (Vδ6.3) γδ T cells were clonally expanded in mice and had convergent complementarity-determining region 3 sequences. These γδ T cells expressed specific cytokines, M-CSF, CCL5, CCL3, which are known to act on myeloid cells, indicating that this γδ T cell subset might have distinct functions. Both γδ T cells and M-CSF were necessary for preventing parasitemic recurrence. These findings point to an M-CSF-producing γδ T cell subset that fulfills a specialized protective role in the later stage of malaria infection when αß T cells have declined.
Assuntos
Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Macrófagos/fisiologia , Malária/prevenção & controle , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T gama-delta/fisiologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Ativação Linfocitária , Malária/imunologia , Camundongos , Parasitemia/prevenção & controle , RecidivaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: RPT193 is an orally administered small molecule antagonist of the human C-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) that inhibits the migration and downstream activation of T-helper Type 2 (Th2) cells. We investigated single- and multiple-ascending doses of RPT193 in healthy subjects, and multiple doses of RPT193 in subjects with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD). METHODS: This was a first-in-human randomized, placebo-controlled Phase 1a/1b monotherapy study (NCT04271514) to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and CCR4 surface receptor occupancy in eligible healthy subjects and subjects with moderate-to-severe AD. Clinical efficacy and skin biomarker effects of RPT193 monotherapy were assessed as exploratory endpoints in AD subjects. RESULTS: In healthy (n = 72) and AD subjects (n = 31), once-daily RPT193 treatment was generally well tolerated, with no serious adverse events reported and all treatment-emergent adverse events reported as mild/moderate. In AD subjects, numerically greater improvements in clinical efficacy endpoints were observed with RPT193 monotherapy versus placebo up to the end of the treatment period (Day 29), with statistically significant improvement, compared to Day 29 and placebo, observed 2 weeks after the end of treatment (Day 43) on several endpoints (p < .05). Moreover, significant changes in the transcriptional profile were seen in skin biopsies of RPT193-treated versus placebo-treated subjects at Day 29, which were also significantly correlated with improvements in clinical efficacy measures. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first clinical study with an oral CCR4 antagonist that showed clinical improvement coupled with modulation of the cutaneous transcriptomic profile in an inflammatory skin disease.
Assuntos
Dermatite Atópica , Humanos , Dermatite Atópica/tratamento farmacológico , Dermatite Atópica/patologia , Pele/patologia , Células Th2/patologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Método Duplo-Cego , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Receptores CCR4/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Malaria, the disease caused by Plasmodium spp. infection, remains a major global cause of morbidity and mortality. Host protection from malaria relies on immune-driven resistance mechanisms that kill Plasmodium However, these mechanisms are not sufficient per se to avoid the development of severe forms of disease. This is accomplished instead via the establishment of disease tolerance to malaria, a defense strategy that does not target Plasmodium directly. Here we demonstrate that the establishment of disease tolerance to malaria relies on a tissue damage-control mechanism that operates specifically in renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTEC). This protective response relies on the induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1; HO-1) and ferritin H chain (FTH) via a mechanism that involves the transcription-factor nuclear-factor E2-related factor-2 (NRF2). As it accumulates in plasma and urine during the blood stage of Plasmodium infection, labile heme is detoxified in RPTEC by HO-1 and FTH, preventing the development of acute kidney injury, a clinical hallmark of severe malaria.
Assuntos
Heme/metabolismo , Rim/metabolismo , Malária/fisiopatologia , Animais , Apoferritinas/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Progressão da Doença , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Ferritinas/metabolismo , Ferritinas/fisiologia , Heme Oxigenase-1/metabolismo , Heme Oxigenase-1/fisiologia , Humanos , Tolerância Imunológica/fisiologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/fisiologia , Oxirredutases , Plasmodium berghei/metabolismo , Plasmodium berghei/parasitologia , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
Cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) is an important coreceptor for many cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. In this study, we report that splenic murine B cells express very little HS and that upon infection with either gammaherpesvirus (murine gammaherpesvirus 68) or betaherpesvirus (murine cytomegalovirus), HS is rapidly upregulated at the surface of B cells. HS upregulation was not observed in mice deficient for the type I IFN (IFN-I) receptor. Additionally, treatment of wild-type mice with the IFN-I inducer polyinosine polycytidylic acid triggered HS expression at the B cell surface. Similarly, incubation of purified splenic B cells with IFN-I, TLR ligands, or BCR stimulators ex vivo resulted in a drastic increase in HS surface expression. We found that IFN-I induced an increase in the surface expression of HS-modified syndecan 4 as well as that of an unidentified heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Finally, IFN-I treatment increased B cell responsiveness to APRIL, a cytokine involved in B cell survival and T cell-independent B cell responses. Enzymatic removal of HS from IFN-I-treated B cells inhibited APRIL. Altogether, our results indicate that upon herpesvirus infection in mice, HS is rapidly upregulated at the surface of B cells due to the action of IFN-I, potentially increasing B cell responsiveness to cytokines. Induction of HS expression at the B cell surface by stimulators of the innate immune response likely plays a key role in the development of a robust immune response.
Assuntos
Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Heparitina Sulfato/biossíntese , Infecções por Herpesviridae/imunologia , Interferon Tipo I/metabolismo , Animais , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Western Blotting , Separação Celular , Citometria de Fluxo , Gammaherpesvirinae/imunologia , Heparitina Sulfato/imunologia , Imunoprecipitação , Interferon Tipo I/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Muromegalovirus/imunologia , Baço/citologia , Baço/imunologia , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
After publication of this supplement [1, 2], it was brought to our attention that due to an error authors were missing in the following abstracts. This has now been included in this correction.
RESUMO
Cardiac specification models are widely utilized to provide insight into the expression and function of homologous genes and structures in humans. In Drosophila, contractions of the alary muscles control hemolymph inflow and support the cardiac tube, however embryonic development of these muscles remain largely understudied. We found that alary muscles in Drosophila embryos appear as segmental pairs, attaching dorsally at the seven-up (svp) expressing pericardial cells along the cardiac dorsal vessel, and laterally to the body wall. Normal patterning of alary muscles along the dorsal vessel was found to be a function of the Bithorax Complex genes abdominal-A (abd-A) and Ultrabithorax (Ubx) but not of the orphan nuclear receptor gene svp. Ectopic expression of either abd-A or Ubx resulted in an increase in the number of alary muscle pairs from seven to 10, and also produced a general elongation of the dorsal vessel. A single knockout of Ubx resulted in a reduced number of alary muscles. Double knockouts of both Ubx and abd-A prevented alary muscles from developing normally and from attaching to the dorsal vessel. These studies demonstrate an additional facet of muscle development that depends upon the Hox genes, and define for the first time mechanisms that impact development of this important subset of muscles.