New Scheme of MEMS-Based LiDAR by Synchronized Dual-Laser Beams for Detection Range Enhancement.

A new scheme presents MEMS-based LiDAR with synchronized dual-laser beams for detection range enhancement and precise point-cloud data without using higher laser power. The novel MEMS-based LiDAR module uses the principal laser light to build point-cloud data. In addition, an auxiliary laser light amplifies the single-noise ratio to enhance the detection range. This LiDAR module exhibits the field of view (FOV), angular resolution, and maximum detection distance of 45° (H) × 25° (V), 0.11° (H) × 0.11° (V), and 124 m, respectively. The maximum detection distance is enhanced by 16% from 107 m to 124 m with a laser power of 1 W and an additional auxiliary laser power of 0.355 W. Furthermore, the simulation results show that the maximum detection distance can be up to 300 m with laser power of 8 W and only 6 W if the auxiliary laser light of 2.84 W is used, which is 35.5% of the laser power. This result indicates that the synchronized dual-laser beams can achieve long detection distance and reduce laser power 30%, hence saving on the overall laser system costs. Therefore, the proposed LiDAR module can be applied for a long detection range in autonomous vehicles without requiring higher laser power if it utilizes an auxiliary laser light.

Polarization-controlled single-particle scattering imaging spectroscopy using waveguide excitation.

An imaging spectroscopic system that enables spatially-resolved detection of single-particle scattering with polarization-controlled waveguide excitation scheme is presented. The detected microscopic images of inhomogeneous nanostructures are recorded in a time sequence into a data cube based on a Michelson interferometer. The interferograms on selected pixels are Fourier-transformed into multiple spectra. The waveguide excitation scheme is presented for both transmission and reflection measurements while the dark-field excitation scheme is presented in transmission measurements for comparison. Gold nanoparticles, nanorods, and particles on film are utilized in the detection of polarization-dependent spectra. Measurement results are verified with the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. The polarization-controlled coupling conditions in nanorods and particle-on-film systems are discussed with simulated field distributions around the nanostructures.

Transforming a green laser pointer in a self-mixing interferometer capable of submicrometer vibration sensing.

We show that, by adding a photodiode and a plain glass beam splitter to a commercial green laser pointer, we can obtain a very sensitive self-mixing interferometer capable of detecting minute vibrations down to submicrometer amplitude, typically ≈13nm resolution, or make displacement measurements with half-wavelength (λ/2=266nm) count increments.

Full-color based on bismuth core-shell nanoparticles in one-step fabrication.

Plasmonic resonances in metallic nanostructures are promising for the structure-dependent color-rendering effect. In this study, bismuth is selected as an alternative plasmonic material due to its large tunable range from near-ultraviolet to near-infrared. Various sizes of core-shell bismuth nanoparticles are fabricated on a large-area silicon substrate using a one-step thermal evaporation deposition process. Particle diameters, cross-sections, and arrangement are characterized at 12 featured sections, which reveal spectral shifts and full visible colors in a hue order with a color gamut that is close to sRGB. Color palettes on the chromaticity coordinates rendered from both measured and simulation reflection spectra are in very good accordance with the microscopic image colors of all sections.

Atomically smooth hybrid crystalline-core glass-clad fibers for low-loss broadband wave guiding.

We demonstrate direct evidence for the first realization of atomically smooth sapphire crystalline fiber cores with a surface variation of only ~1.9 Å. The hybrid glass-clad crystalline cores were grown by a laser-based fiber drawing technique. Because of the improvement in crystal fiber quality, we were able, for the first time, to comprehensively and quantitatively elucidate the correlation between fiber nanostructure and optical loss. We also experimentally demonstrated that high-temperature treatment has a significant impact on defect relaxation and promotes excellent crystallinity, and hence enables low-loss optical wave guiding. The experimentally measured propagation losses in the order of 0.01-0.1 dB/cm are the lowest ever reported among conventional Ti:sapphire channel waveguides and ultrafast-laser-inscribed waveguides, and agree well with the theory. Through experiments and numerical calculation, we have demonstrated that low threshold and high efficiency of Ti:sapphire crystal fiber lasers are possible with the atomic-level roughness, low-loss propagation, and high crystallinity of the Ti:sapphire crystalline core.

A compact imaging spectroscopic system for biomolecular detections on plasmonic chips.

In this study, we demonstrate a compact imaging spectroscopic system for high-throughput detection of biomolecular interactions on plasmonic chips, based on a curved grating as the key element of light diffraction and light focusing. Both the curved grating and the plasmonic chips are fabricated on flexible plastic substrates using a gas-assisted thermal-embossing method. A fiber-coupled broadband light source and a camera are included in the system. Spectral resolution within 1 nm is achieved in sensing environmental index solutions and protein bindings. The detected sensitivities of the plasmonic chip are comparable with a commercial spectrometer. An extra one-dimensional scanning stage enables high-throughput detection of protein binding on a designed plasmonic chip consisting of several nanoslit arrays with different periods. The detected resonance wavelengths match well with the grating equation under an air environment. Wavelength shifts between 1 and 9 nm are detected for antigens of various concentrations binding with antibodies. A simple, mass-productive and cost-effective method has been demonstrated on the imaging spectroscopic system for real-time, label-free, highly sensitive and high-throughput screening of biomolecular interactions.

Determination of the effective index and thickness of biomolecular layer by Fano resonances in gold nanogrid array.

We present an accurate method to determine the effective refractive index and thickness of biomolecular layer by using Fano resonance modes in dual-period gold nanogrid arrays. The effective refractive index changes along the x and y directions are simultaneously measured and obtained by using a modified dispersion relation. The thickness of the surface layer is calculated by a three-layer waveguide equation without any fitting parameters. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified by comparing the results with the known coated dielectric layer and self-assembly layers. The applications of this method and nanogrid chips for determining the thickness and surface concentration of antigen/antibody interactions are demonstrated.

Enhancing detection sensitivity of metallic nanostructures by resonant coupling mode and spectral integration analysis.

We report a simple method to efficiently improve the detection limit of surface plasmon resonance in periodic metallic nanostructures by using small angle illumination and spectral integration analysis. The large-area gold nanoslit arrays were fabricated by thermal-annealing template-stripping method with a slit width of 60 nm and period of 500 nm. The small angle illumination induced a resonant coupling between surface plasmon mode and substrate mode. It increased ~2.24 times intensity sensitivity at 5.5° incident angle. The small-angle illumination also resulted in multiple resonant peaks. The spectral integration method integrated all changes near the resonant peaks and increased the signal to noise ratio about 5 times as compared to single-wavelength intensity analysis. Combining both small angle and spectral integration, the detection limit was increased to one order of magnitude. The improvement of the detection limit for antigen-antibody interactions was demonstrated.

Increased detection sensitivity of surface plasmon sensors using oblique induced resonant coupling.

Increased detection sensitivity was achieved by adjusting the incident angle on periodic gold nanostructures that induced a resonant coupling between surface and substrate surface plasmon modes. For 500 nm-period gold nanoslits, a small incident angle, 7°, resulted in 2.64 times narrower linewidth and a 1.8 times increase in the figure of merit as compared to normal incidence. Furthermore, the intensity sensitivity was increased 4.5 times due to the change in the resonant coupling and redshift of the surface plasmon mode.

Refractive index profiling of an optical waveguide from the determination of the effective index with measured differential fields.

The evanescent tails of a guiding mode as well as its first and second derivatives were measured by a modified end-fire coupling method. The effective index of the waveguide can be obtained by simultaneously fitting these three fields using single parameter. Combined with an inverse calculation algorithm, the fields with fitted evanescent tails showed great improvement in the refractive index profiling of the optical waveguide, especially at the substrate region. Single-mode optical fibers and planar waveguides of proton-exchanged (PE) and titanium-indiffusion (Ti:LiNbO3) on lithium niobate substrates with different refractive index profiles were measured for the demonstration.

Sensitive Oligonucleotide Detection Using Resonant Coupling between Fano Resonance and Image Dipoles of Gold Nanoparticles.

The surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based sensor has been widely used for biodetection. One of the attractive roles is the gold nanostructure with Fano resonance. Its sharp resonant profile takes advantage of the high figure of merit (FoM) in high-sensitivity detection. However, it is still difficult to detect small molecules at low concentrations due to the extremely low refractive index changes on the metallic surface. We propose using the coupling of image dipoles of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and Fano resonance of periodic capped gold nanoslits (CGNs) for sensitive small-molecule detections. The coupling mechanism was verified by three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain calculations and experiments. AuNPs on CGN form image dimer assemblies and induce image dipole with resonance wavelengths ranging from 730 to 550 nm. The surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) interact with the image dipole of the AuNP on the CGNs and then scatter out through the periodic gold caps. The experimental results show that the peak intensity of grating resonance is decreased by the effect of image dipole and exhibits the maximum intensity change when the Fano resonance matches the resonance of image dipole. The 50 nm AuNPs can be detected with a surface density of less than one particle/µm2 by using the intensity change as the signal. With the resonant coupling between Fano resonance and image dipole extinction, the oligonucleotide with a molecular weight of 5.5 kDa can be detected at a concentration of 100 fM. The resonant coupling dramatically pushes the sensitivity boundary, and we report the limit of detection (LOD) to be 3 orders of magnitude lower than that of the prism-based SPR. This study provides a promising and efficient method for detecting low concentrations of small molecules such as aptamers, miRNA, mRNA, and peptides.

Refractive index measurement of optical waveguides using modified end-fire coupling method.

We present a modified end-fire coupling method to reconstruct two-dimensional index profiles of optical waveguides. The reconstruction is based on the measured differential optical fields and an inverse algorithm for the Helmholtz equation. The differential fields are obtained from spatially perturbed images recorded by a CCD camera. A closed-loop piezoelectric stage given a sinusoidal wave and an oil-immersion objective lens for high-resolution images are used in the measurement. A single-mode fiber and a Ti:LiNbO(3) waveguide with known index profile at 632.8 nm are measured for demonstration. The measured index profiles agree quite well with core regions of known index profiles.

Ultralow-Threshold Continuous-Wave Room-Temperature Crystal-Fiber/Nanoperovskite Hybrid Lasers for All-Optical Photonic Integration.

Continuous-wave (CW) room-temperature (RT) laser operation with low energy consumption is an ultimate goal for electrically driven lasers. A monolithically integrated perovskite laser in a chip-level fiber scheme is ideal. However, because of the well-recognized air and thermal instabilities of perovskites, laser action in a perovskite has mostly been limited to either pulsed or cryogenic-temperature operations. Most CW laser operations at RT have had poor durability. Here, crystal fibers that have robust and high-heat-load nature are shown to be the key to enabling the first demonstration of ultralow-threshold CW RT laser action in a compact, monolithic, and inexpensive crystal fiber/nanoperovskite hybrid architecture that is directly pumped with a 405 nm diode laser. Purcell-enhanced light-matter coupling between the atomically smooth fiber microcavity and the perovskite nanocrystallites gain medium enables a high Q (≈1500) and a high ß (0.31). This 762 nm laser outperforms previously reported structures with a record-low threshold of 132 nW and an optical-to-optical slope conversion efficiency of 2.93%, and it delivers a stable output for CW and RT operation. These results represent a significant advancement toward monolithic all-optical integration.

Ligand-Driven and Full-Color-Tunable Fiber Source: Toward Next-Generation Clinic Fiber-Endoscope Tomography with Cellular Resolution.

In many biomedical applications, broad full-color emission is important, especially for wavelengths below 450 nm, which are difficult to cover via supercontinuum generation. Single-crystalline-core sapphires with defect-driven emissions have potential roles in the development of next-generation broadband light sources because their defect centers demonstrate multiple emission bands with tailored ligand fields. However, the inability to realize high quantum yields with high crystallinity by conventional methods hinders the applicability of ultra-broadband emissions. Here, we present how an effective one-step fiber-drawing process, followed by a simple and controllable thermal treatment, enables a low-loss, full-color, and crystal fiber-based generation with substantial color variability. The broad spectrum extends from 330 nm, which is over 50 nm further into the UV region than that in previously reported results. The predicted submicrometer spatial resolutions demonstrate that the defect-ligand fields are potentially beneficial for achieving in vivo cellular tomography. It is also noteworthy that the efficiency of the milliwatt-level full-color generation, with an optical-to-optical efficiency of nearly 5%, is the highest among that of the existing active waveguide schemes. In addition, direct evidence from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy together with electron energy loss spectroscopy and crystal-field ligands reveals an excellent crystalline core, atomically defined core/cladding interfacial roughness, and significant enhancements in new laser-induced electronic defect levels. Our work suggests an inexpensive, facile, and highly scalable route toward achieving cellular-resolution tomographic imaging and represents an important step in the development of endoscope-compatible diagnostic devices.