Engineering and Technology in Wheelchair Sport.

Technologies capable of projecting injury and performance metrics to athletes and coaches are being developed. Wheelchair athletes must be cognizant of their upper limb health; therefore, systems must be designed to promote efficient transfer of energy to the handrims and evaluated for simultaneous effects on the upper limbs. This article is brief review of resources that help wheelchair users increase physiologic response to exercise, develop ideas for adaptive workout routines, locate accessible facilities and outdoor areas, and develop wheelchair sports-specific skills.

Validity of activity monitors in wheelchair users: A systematic review.

Assessing physical activity (PA) in manual wheelchair users (MWUs) is challenging because of their different movement patterns in comparison to the ambulatory population. The aim of this review was to investigate the validity of portable monitors in quantifying PA in MWUs. A systematic literature search was performed. The data source was full reports of validation and evaluation studies in peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings. Eligible articles between January 1, 1999, and September 18, 2015, were identified in three databases: PubMed, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and Scopus. A total of 164 articles (158 from the databases and 6 from the citation/reference tracking) were identified, and 29 met the eligibility criteria. Two investigators independently extracted the characteristics from each selected article following a predetermined protocol and completed seven summary tables describing the study characteristics and key outcomes. In the identified studies, the monitors were used to assess three types of PA measures: energy cost, user movement, and wheelchair movement. The customized algorithms/monitors did not estimate energy cost in MWUs as well as the commercial monitors did in the ambulatory population; however, they showed fair accuracy in measuring both wheelchair and user movements.

Evaluation of custom energy expenditure models for SenseWear armband in manual wheelchair users.

Physical activity monitors are increasingly used to help the general population lead a healthy lifestyle by keeping track of their daily physical activity (PA) and energy expenditure (EE). However, none of the commercially available activity monitors can accurately estimate PA and EE in people who use wheelchairs as their primary means of mobility. Researchers have recently developed custom EE prediction models for manual wheelchair users (MWUs) with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) based on a commercial activity monitor--the SenseWear armband. This study evaluated the performance of two custom EE prediction models, including a general model and a set of activity-specific models among 45 MWUs with SCI. The estimated EE was obtained by using the two custom models and the default manufacturer's model, and it was compared with the gold standard measured by the K4b2 portable metabolic cart. The general, activity-specific, and default models had a mean signed percent error (mean +/- standard deviation) of -2.8 +/- 26.1%, -4.8 +/- 25.4%, and -39.6 +/- 37.8%, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.86 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.82 to 0.89) for the general model, 0.83 (95% CI = 0.79 to 0.87) for the activity-specific model, and 0.62 (95% CI = 0.16 to 0.81) for the default model. The custom models for the SenseWear armband significantly improved the EE estimation accuracy for MWUs with SCI.