Diagnosis of endolymphatic hydrops by means of 3T magnetic resonance imaging after intratympanic administration of gadolinium. / Diagnóstico del hidrops endolinfático mediante resonancia magnética de 3T tras administración de gadolinio intratimpánico.

OBJECTIVE: To detect and graduate endolymphatic hydrops or endolymphatic space dilations in patients with suspected Meniere's disease or immune-mediated inner ear disease by magnetic resonance imaging. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective study was performed including all the patients with clinical suspicion of Meniere's disease or immune-mediated inner ear disease treated at the Otolaryngology department during a one year period. In all cases, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in a 3T scanner. IR sequence was performed after 24 to 28h prior intratimpanic injection of gadolinium on both ears. Two neurorradiologist graduated endolymphatic space volume as agreed on normal, moderate and significant in the obtained images. RESULTS: The presence of hydrops was documented by MRI in six patients with definite or probable Meniere's disease. In two of the four cases without vertigo hydrops was not demonstrated. In the other two cases with a high clinical suspicion of immune-mediated disease but with negative autoimmune tests hydrops was proved. There was only disagreement on cochlear hydrops presence on two patients. CONCLUSION: The detection of endolymphatic hydrops in patients with definite or probable Meniere's disease served to confirm the final diagnosis. Moreover, hydrops was detected in patients with suspected immune-mediated inner ear disease, which could have an impact on the diagnosis and treatment of these patients. Therefore, we suggest that this test could be included for the diagnosis of these inner ear diseases.

Nontraumatic head and neck injuries: a clinical approach. Part 2. / Urgencias no traumáticas de cabeza y cuello: aproximación desde la clínica. Parte 2.

Nontraumatic emergencies of the head and neck represent a challenge in the field of neuroradiology for two reasons. As explained in the first part of this update, these entities affect an area where the thorax joins the cranial cavity and can thus compromise both structures; second, they are uncommon, so they are not well known. Maintaining the same approach as in the first part, focusing on the clinical presentations in the emergency department rather than on the anatomic regions affected, we will study the entities that present with two patterns: those that present with a combination of cervical numbness, dysphagia, and dyspnea and those that present with acute sensory deficits. In the latter group, we will specifically focus on visual deficits, because this is the most common symptom that calls for urgent imaging studies.

Nontraumatic head and neck emergencies: a clinical approach. Part 1: cervicofacial swelling, dysphagia, and dyspnea. / Urgencias no traumáticas de cabeza y cuello. Aproximación desde la clínica. Parte 1: tumefacción cervicofacial, disfagia y disnea.

Nontraumatic emergencies of the head and neck represent a challenge in the field of neuroradiology for two reasons: first, they affect an area where the thorax joins the cranial cavity and can thus compromise both structures; second, they are uncommon, so they are not well known. Various publications focus on nontraumatic emergencies of the head and neck from the viewpoints of anatomic location or of particular diseases. However, these are not the most helpful viewpoints for dealing with patients in the emergency department, who present with particular signs and symptoms. We propose an analysis starting from the four most common clinical presentations of patients who come to the emergency department for nontraumatic head and neck emergencies: cervical swelling, dysphagia, dyspnea, and loss of vision. Starting from these entities, we develop an approach to the radiologic management and diagnosis of these patients.

Perineural spread in head and neck tumors.

Perineural spread is the dissemination of some types of head and neck tumors along nervous structures. Perineural spread has negative repercussions on treatment because it requires more extensive resection and larger fields of irradiation. Moreover, perineural spread is associated with increased local recurrence, and it is considered an independent indicator of poor prognosis in the TNM classification for tumor staging. However, perineural spread often goes undetected on imaging studies. In this update, we review the concept of perineural spread, its pathogenesis, and the main pathways and connections among the facial nerves, which are essential to understand this process. Furthermore, we discuss the appropriate techniques for imaging studies, and we describe and illustrate the typical imaging signs that help identify perineural spread on CT and MRI. Finally, we discuss the differential diagnosis with other entities.

Diagnóstico del hidrops endolinfático mediante resonancia magnética de 3T tras administración de gadolinio intratimpánico / Diagnosis of endolymphatic hydrops by means of 3T magnetic resonance imaging after intratympanic administration of gadolinium

Objetivo. Detectar la dilatación del espacio endolinfático o hidrops endolinfático (HE) con resonancia magnética (RM) en pacientes con sospecha de enfermedad de Ménière (EM) o enfermedad inmunomediada del oído interno (EIOI). Material y métodos. Incluimos prospectivamente todos los pacientes con sospecha clínica de EM (seis pacientes) o EIOI (cuatro pacientes) atendidos en el servicio de otorrinolaringología en el último año. En todos los casos se realizó una RM con un equipo de 3T y se adquirió una secuencia 3D real IR tras la inyección de gadolinio intratimpánico en ambos oídos 24-28 horas antes. Dos neurorradiólogos graduaron el volumen del espacio endolinfático según convenio en normal, moderado y significativo en las imágenes obtenidas. Resultados. Se documentó la presencia de HE mediante RM en seis pacientes con EM definida o probable. En dos de los cuatro casos que no presentaban vértigo no se demostró hidrops. En los otros dos casos, con alta sospecha clínica de EIOI, pero con pruebas autoinmunitarias negativas, sí se demostró hidrops. Solo hubo discordancia sobre la presencia de hidrops coclear en dos pacientes. Conclusión. La detección de HE en los pacientes con EM definida o probable sirvió para confirmar el diagnóstico definitivo. Por otro lado, se detectó hidrops en pacientes con sospecha de EIOI, lo cual podría tener repercusión sobre el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de estos pacientes. Por ello, habría que valorar la necesidad de incluir esta prueba en el diagnóstico de dichas enfermedades (AU)

Objective. To detect and graduate endolymphatic hydrops or endolymphatic space dilations in patients with suspected Meniere's disease or immune-mediated inner ear disease by magnetic resonance imaging. Material and methods. A prospective study was performed including all the patients with clinical suspicion of Meniere's disease or immune-mediated inner ear disease treated at the Otolaryngology department during a one year period. In all cases, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in a 3T scanner. IR sequence was performed after 24 to 28h prior intratimpanic injection of gadolinium on both ears. Two neurorradiologist graduated endolymphatic space volume as agreed on normal, moderate and significant in the obtained images. Results. The presence of hydrops was documented by MRI in six patients with definite or probable Meniere's disease. In two of the four cases without vertigo hydrops was not demonstrated. In the other two cases with a high clinical suspicion of immune-mediated disease but with negative autoimmune tests hydrops was proved. There was only disagreement on cochlear hydrops presence on two patients. Conclusion. The detection of endolymphatic hydrops in patients with definite or probable Meniere's disease served to confirm the final diagnosis. Moreover, hydrops was detected in patients with suspected immune-mediated inner ear disease, which could have an impact on the diagnosis and treatment of these patients. Therefore, we suggest that this test could be included for the diagnosis of these inner ear diseases (AU)

Urgencias no traumáticas de cabeza y cuello: aproximación desde la clínica. Parte 2 / Nontraumatic head and neck injuries: a clinical approach. Part 2

Las urgencias no traumáticas de cabeza y cuello son un reto en el campo neurorradiológico por los motivos referidos en la primera parte: su área de afectación, en la encrucijada del tórax y la cavidad craneal, y su baja incidencia en la urgencia, lo que supone que sean poco conocidas. Manteniendo el mismo enfoque que en la actualización previa, a partir de las formas clínicas de presentación en el ámbito de la urgencia, en lugar de la división por regiones anatómicas estudiaremos las entidades que se presentan con patrones que combinan tumefacción cervical, disfagia y disnea, y los déficits agudos de los sentidos. Dentro de este último grupo, el síntoma al que haremos referencia específica será el déficit visual, puesto que es el que de forma más frecuente requiere estudio radiológico urgente (AU)

Nontraumatic emergencies of the head and neck represent a challenge in the field of neuroradiology for two reasons. As explained in the first part of this update, these entities affect an area where the thorax joins the cranial cavity and can thus compromise both structures; second, they are uncommon, so they are not well known. Maintaining the same approach as in the first part, focusing on the clinical presentations in the emergency department rather than on the anatomic regions affected, we will study the entities that present with two patterns: those that present with a combination of cervical numbness, dysphagia, and dyspnea and those that present with acute sensory deficits. In the latter group, we will specifically focus on visual deficits, because this is the most common symptom that calls for urgent imaging studies (AU)

Urgencias no traumáticas de cabeza y cuello. Aproximación desde la clínica. Parte 1: tumefacción cervicofacial, disfagia y disnea / Nontraumatic head and neck emergencies: a clinical approach. Part 1: cervicofacial swelling, dysphagia, and dyspnea

Las urgencias no traumáticas de cabeza y cuello son un reto en el campo neurorradiológico por dos motivos: a) su área de afectación está en la encrucijada del tórax y la cavidad craneal y puede comprometer ambas estructuras y b) su baja incidencia en la urgencia, lo que supone que sean poco conocidas. En las diferentes publicaciones se realiza un enfoque de este grupo nosológico desde la localización anatómica o desde la patología en concreto. Sin embargo, los pacientes cuando acuden al servicio de urgencias no lo hacen desde este aspecto, sino con unos signos y síntomas clínicos concretos. Proponemos un análisis a partir de las cuatro formas clínicas más frecuentes por las que acuden los pacientes al servicio de urgencias: tumefacción cervical, disfagia, disnea y déficit visual. A partir de estas entidades desarrollamos una forma de manejo radiológico y un método para su diagnóstico (AU)

Nontraumatic emergencies of the head and neck represent a challenge in the field of neuroradiology for two reasons: first, they affect an area where the thorax joins the cranial cavity and can thus compromise both structures; second, they are uncommon, so they are not well known. Various publications focus on nontraumatic emergencies of the head and neck from the viewpoints of anatomic location or of particular diseases. However, these are not the most helpful viewpoints for dealing with patients in the emergency department, who present with particular signs and symptoms. We propose an analysis starting from the four most common clinical presentations of patients who come to the emergency department for nontraumatic head and neck emergencies: cervical swelling, dysphagia, dyspnea, and loss of vision. Starting from these entities, we develop an approach to the radiologic management and diagnosis of these patients (AU)

Diseminación perineural en tumores de cabeza y cuello / Perineural spread in head and neck tumor

La diseminación perineural corresponde a una forma de extensión de algunos tipos de tumores de cabeza y cuello por las estructuras nerviosas. Su existencia repercute negativamente en el tratamiento porque requiere resecciones quirúrgicas más extensas y campos de irradiación mayores, está asociada con un incremento en las recurrencias locales y se considera un indicador pronóstico independiente en la clasificación TNM para estadificar el tumor. Sin embargo con frecuencia pasa desapercibida en los estudios de imagen. En esta actualización revisaremos el concepto, la patogenia y las principales vías y conexiones entre los nervios faciales, que son esenciales para comprender este proceso. Además, valoraremos la técnica apropiada para realizar un estudio correcto, presentaremos los signos de imagen típicos para reconocer esta entidad en la TC y RM y abordaremos los diagnósticos diferenciales (AU)

Perineural spread is the dissemination of some types of head and neck tumors along nervous structures. Perineural spread has negative repercussions on treatment because it requires more extensive resection and larger fields of irradiation. Moreover, perineural spread is associated with increased local recurrence, and it is considered an independent indicator of poor prognosis in the TNM classification for tumor staging. However, perineural spread often goes undetected on imaging studies. In this update, we review the concept of perineural spread, its pathogenesis, and the main pathways and connections among the facial nerves, which are essential to understand this process. Furthermore, we discuss the appropriate techniques for imaging studies, and we describe and illustrate the typical imaging signs that help identify perineural spread on CT and MRI. Finally, we discuss the differential diagnosis with other entities (AU)

Rotura de un quiste aracnoideo temporal con formación de higroma subdural y herniación cerebral / Rupture of a temporal arachnoid cyst with the formation of a subdural hygroma and brain herniation

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