Development and implementation of guidelines for the management of depression: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the development and implementation of clinical practice guidelines for the management of depression globally. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of existing guidelines for the management of depression in adults with major depressive or bipolar disorder. For each identified guideline, we assessed compliance with measures of guideline development quality (such as transparency in guideline development processes and funding, multidisciplinary author group composition, systematic review of comparative efficacy research) and implementation (such as quality indicators). We compared guidelines from low- and middle-income countries with those from high-income countries. FINDINGS: We identified 82 national and 13 international clinical practice guidelines from 83 countries in 27 languages. Guideline development processes and funding sources were explicitly specified in a smaller proportion of guidelines from low- and middle-income countries (8/29; 28%) relative to high-income countries (35/58; 60%). Fewer guidelines (2/29; 7%) from low- and middle-income countries, relative to high-income countries (22/58; 38%), were authored by a multidisciplinary development group. A systematic review of comparative effectiveness was conducted in 31% (9/29) of low- and middle-income country guidelines versus 71% (41/58) of high-income country guidelines. Only 10% (3/29) of low- and middle-income country and 19% (11/58) of high-income country guidelines described plans to assess quality indicators or recommendation adherence. CONCLUSION: Globally, guideline implementation is inadequately planned, reported and measured. Narrowing disparities in the development and implementation of guidelines in low- and middle-income countries is a priority. Future guidelines should present strategies to implement recommendations and measure feasibility, cost-effectiveness and impact on health outcomes.

Brain perfusion and markers of neurodegeneration in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder.

Potential early markers of neurodegeneration such as subtle motor signs, reduced color discrimination, olfactory impairment, and brain perfusion abnormalities have been reported in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, a risk factor for Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia. The aim of this study was to reproduce observations of regional cerebral blood flow abnormalities in a larger independent sample of patients and to explore correlations between regional cerebral blood flow and markers of neurodegeneration. Twenty patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and 20 healthy controls were studied by single-photon emission computerized tomography. Motor examination, color discrimination, and olfactory identification were examined. Patients with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder showed decreased regional cerebral blood flow in the frontal cortex and in medial parietal areas and increased regional cerebral blood flow in subcortical regions including the bilateral pons, putamen, and hippocampus. In rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, brain perfusion in the frontal cortex and occipital areas was associated with poorer performance in the color discrimination test. Moreover, a relationship between loss of olfactory discrimination and regional cerebral blood flow reduction in the bilateral anterior parahippocampal gyrus, a region known to be involved in olfactory functions, was found. This study provides further evidence of regional cerebral blood flow abnormalities in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder that are similar to those seen in Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia. Moreover, regional cerebral blood flow anomalies were associated with markers of neurodegeneration.

Properties of common anxiety scales among patients with bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVES: Almost half of the patients with a bipolar disorder (BD) have anxiety disorder(s) (AD) during their lifetime, but feasible measures for all AD are few. Furthermore, cognitive impairments can compromise reliability of existing scales, since many are needed for full coverage. Thus, we investigated how reliably patients responded to anxiety scales and any symptom overlap to propose future improvements to anxiety assessments. METHODS: We collected 152 observations in patients with BD with the Clinically Useful Anxiety Outcome Scale, Social Phobia Inventory, Panic Disorder Severity Measurement, and Trauma Screening Questionnaire (in total, 57 items). The scales were analyzed as a set in a Rasch model. RESULTS: During our analyses, we found indication that BD outpatients had difficulty differentiating response options to 70% (40/57) of items which were rescored or deleted. Only one case was misfitting (-2.65±.41). In total, 22 items were locally dependent and one indicated misfit. The final model included 25-items and fit the Rasch model (χ2=35.92, DF=50, p=.93). The model was unidimensional, without losing appropriate associations with depression (r = 0.62), suicidality (r = 0.37), and hypomania (r= -0.01). LIMITATIONS: Bolstering the size of less frequent subgroups should be accomplished in future work. CONCLUSION: A unidimensional rather than categorical approach to severity of anxiety might be both useful and feasible in this population. Further development of screens is necessary to enable systematic screening and measurement of anxiety in BD.

Dissociative symptoms as measured by the Cambridge Depersonalization Scale in patients with a bipolar disorder.

BACKGROUND: The Cambridge Depersonalization Scale (CDS) characterizes the quality, frequency, and duration of dissociative symptoms. While the psychometric properties of the CDS have been evaluated in primary dissociative disorder, this has been insufficiently addressed among other psychiatric patient groups such as patients with a bipolar disorder (BD). METHODS: Outpatients with variable mood (n = 73) responded to a survey that assessed dissociative symptoms and other characteristics. We used factor analysis and McDonald's omega to evaluate psychometric properties of the CDS, and correlations with other characteristics. RESULTS: Previously suggested multifactorial models of the CDS were not supported, but the single-dimensional model fit both dichotomized (p = 0.31, CFI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.02, ECV 70%) and trichotomized CDS responses (p = 0.06, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.04, ECV 47%). The CDS showed high internal consistency (ω = 0.96). CDS factor scores correlated with symptom severity on the Quick Inventory for Depressive Symptoms (QIDS-SR-16) (ρ = 0.59), the Social Phobia Inventory (ρ = 0.52), the American Association of Psychiatry Severity measure for Panic Disorders (ρ = 0.46), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (ρ = 0.44), and the Trauma Screening Questionnaire (ρ = 0.53). Two abbreviated versions of the CDS, retaining the best 14 or 7 items were proposed. LIMITATIONS: The sample size remained moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The CDS is a psychometrically sound, unidimensional measure with clinical impact to detect and characterize dissociative symptoms in BD patients. Establishing the reliability and validity of the abbreviated scales for screening necessitates further study.

Effort-based decision-making is affected by overweight/obesity in major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Anhedonia and abnormalities in reward behavior are core features of major depressive disorder (MDD). Convergent evidence indicates that overweight/obesity (OW), a highly prevalent condition in MDD, is independently associated with reward disturbances. We therefore aimed to investigate the moderating effect of OW on the willingness to expend efforts for reward in individuals with MDD and healthy controls (HC). METHODS: Forty-one adults (HC n = 20, MDD n = 21) completed the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT), clinical and cognitive measures. Anthropometric parameters were assessed in all participants, and an additional evaluation of laboratorial parameters were conducted solely on those with MDD. Individuals with MDD were all on vortioxetine monotherapy (10-20 mg/day). RESULTS: Interactions between reward magnitude, group and OW were observed (χ2 = 9.192, p = 0.010); the OW-MDD group chose the hard task significantly less than normal weight (NW)-HC (p = 0.033) and OW-HC (p = 0.034), whereas there were no differences between NW-MDD and HCs. Within individuals with MDD, the proportion of hard task choices was more strongly correlated with body mass index (BMI) (r = -0.456, p = 0.043) and insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) (r = -0.467, p = 0.038), than with depressive symptoms (r = 0.290, p = 0.214). CONCLUSIONS: OW significantly moderated the association between MDD and willingness to make efforts for rewards. These findings offer novel evidence on the potential role of metabolic factors on the basis of anhedonia, and for the heuristic models proposing a pathophysiological connection between mood and metabolic disorders.