RESUMO
Plant root growth is indeterminate but continuously responds to environmental changes. We previously reported on the severe root growth defect of a double mutant in bZIP17 and bZIP28 (bz1728) modulating the unfolded protein response (UPR). To elucidate the mechanism by which bz1728 seedlings develop a short root, we obtained a series of bz1728 suppressor mutants, called nobiro, for rescued root growth. We focused here on nobiro6, which is defective in the general transcription factor component TBP-ASSOCIATED FACTOR 12b (TAF12b). The expression of hundreds of genes, including the bZIP60-UPR regulon, was induced in the bz1728 mutant, but these inductions were markedly attenuated in the bz1728nobiro6 mutant. In view of this, we assigned transcriptional cofactor activity via physical interaction with bZIP60 to NOBIRO6/TAF12b. The single nobiro6/taf12b mutant also showed an altered sensitivity to endoplasmic reticulum stress for both UPR and root growth responses, demonstrating that NOBIRO6/TAF12b contributes to environment-responsive root growth control through UPR.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição de Zíper de Leucina Básica/metabolismo , Fator XII/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Fatores Associados à Proteína de Ligação a TATA/metabolismo , Resposta a Proteínas não Dobradas/fisiologia , Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/fisiologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/fisiologia , Plântula/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologiaRESUMO
KEY MESSAGE: A dehydration-inducible Arabidopsis CIN-like TCP gene, TCP13, acts as a key regulator of plant growth in leaves and roots under dehydration stress conditions. Plants modulate their shape and growth in response to environmental stress. However, regulatory mechanisms underlying the changes in shape and growth under environmental stress remain elusive. The CINCINNATA (CIN)-like TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF (TCP) family of transcription factors (TFs) are key regulators for limiting the growth of leaves through negative effect of auxin response. Here, we report that stress-inducible CIN-like TCP13 plays a key role in inducing morphological changes in leaves and growth regulation in leaves and roots that confer dehydration stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing TCP13 (35Spro::TCP13OX) exhibited leaf rolling, and reduced leaf growth under osmotic stress. The 35Spro::TCP13OX transgenic leaves showed decreased water loss from leaves, and enhanced dehydration tolerance compared with their control counterparts. Plants overexpressing a chimeric repressor domain SRDX-fused TCP13 (TCP13pro::TCP13SRDX) showed severely serrated leaves and enhanced root growth. Transcriptome analysis of TCP13pro::TCP13SRDX transgenic plants revealed that TCP13 affects the expression of dehydration- and abscisic acid (ABA)-regulated genes. TCP13 is also required for the expression of dehydration-inducible auxin-regulated genes, INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID5 (IAA5) and LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES (LOB) DOMAIN 1 (LBD1). Furthermore, tcp13 knockout mutant plants showed ABA-insensitive root growth and reduced dehydration-inducible gene expression. Our findings provide new insight into the molecular mechanism of CIN-like TCP that is involved in both auxin and ABA response under dehydration stress.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Desidratação , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Água/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas , Plasmídeos , Estresse Fisiológico , Fatores de Transcrição/genéticaRESUMO
Metabolites, phytohormones, and genes involved in dehydration responses/tolerance have been predicted in several plants. However, metabolite/phytohormone-gene regulatory networks in soybean organs under dehydration conditions remain unclear. Here, we analyzed the organ specificity of metabolites, phytohormones, and gene transcripts and revealed the characteristics of their regulatory networks in dehydration-treated soybeans. Our metabolite/phytohormone analysis revealed the accumulation of raffinose, trehalose, and cis-zeatin (cZ) specifically in dehydration-treated roots. In dehydration-treated soybeans, raffinose, and trehalose might have additional roles not directly involved in protecting the photosynthetic apparatus; cZ might contribute to root elongation for water uptake from the moisture region in soil. Our integration analysis of metabolites-genes indicated that galactinol, raffinose, and trehalose levels were correlated with transcript levels for key enzymes (galactinol synthase, raffinose synthase, trehalose 6-phosphate synthase, trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase) at the level of individual plants but not at the organ level under dehydration. Genes encoding these key enzymes were expressed in mainly the aerial parts of dehydration-treated soybeans. These results suggested that raffinose and trehalose are transported from aerial plant parts to the roots in dehydration-treated soybeans. Our integration analysis of phytohormones-genes indicated that cZ and abscisic acid (ABA) levels were correlated with transcript levels for key enzymes (cytokinin nucleoside 5'-monophosphate phosphoribohydrolase, cytokinin oxidases/dehydrogenases, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase) at the level of individual plants but not at the organ level under dehydration conditions. Therefore, processes such as ABA and cZ transport, among others, are important for the organ specificity of ABA and cZ production under dehydration conditions.
Assuntos
Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Glycine max/genética , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/fisiologia , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Desidratação , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Metabolômica , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/fisiologia , Rafinose/metabolismo , Glycine max/metabolismo , Glycine max/fisiologia , Transcriptoma , Trealose/metabolismo , Zeatina/metabolismoRESUMO
Water deficit is an important climatic problem that can impair agriculture yield and economy. Genetically modified soybean plants containing the AtNCED3 gene were obtained aiming drought-tolerance improvement. The NCED3 gene encodes a 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED, EC 1.13.11.51), an important enzyme in abscisic acid biosynthesis. ABA activates the expression of drought-responsive genes, in water-deficit conditions, targeting defense mechanisms and enabling plants to survive under low water availability. Results from greenhouse experiments showed that the transgene AtNCED3 and the endogenous genes GmAREB1, GmPP2C, GmSnRK2 and GmAAO3 presented higher expression under water deficit (WD) in the event 2Ha11 than in WT-plants. No significant correlation was observed between the plant materials and WD conditions for growth parameters; however, gas exchange measurements decreased in the GM event, which also showed 80% higher intrinsic water use when compared to WT plants. In crop season 2015/16, event 2Ha11 showed higher total number of pods, higher number of pods with seeds and yield than WT plants. ABA concentration was also higher in GM plants under WD. These results obtained in field screenings suggest that AtNCED3 soybean plants might outperform under drought, reducing economic and yield losses, thus being a good candidate line to be incorporated in the soybean-breeding program to develop drought-tolerant cultivars.
RESUMO
Plant responses to dehydration stress are mediated by highly complex molecular systems involving hormone signaling and metabolism, particularly the major stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) and ABA-dependent gene expression. To understand the roles of plant hormones and their interactions during dehydration, we analyzed the plant hormone profiles with respect to dehydration responses in Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type (WT) plants and ABA biosynthesis mutants (nced3-2). We developed a procedure for moderate dehydration stress, and then investigated temporal changes in the profiles of ABA, jasmonic acid isoleucine (JA-Ile), salicylic acid (SA), cytokinin (trans-zeatin, tZ), auxin (indole-acetic acid, IAA), and gibberellin (GA4 ), along with temporal changes in the expression of key genes involved in hormone biosynthesis. ABA levels increased in a bi-phasic pattern (at the early and late phases) in response to moderate dehydration stress. JA-Ile levels increased slightly in WT plants and strongly increased in nced3-2 mutant plants at 72 h after the onset of dehydration. The expression profiles of dehydration-inducible genes displayed temporal responses in an ABA-dependent manner. The early phase of ABA accumulation correlated with the expression of touch-inducible genes and was independent of factors involved in the major ABA regulatory pathway, including the ABA-responsive element-binding (AREB/ABF) transcription factor. JA-Ile, SA, and tZ were negatively regulated during the late dehydration response phase. Transcriptome analysis revealed important roles for hormone-related genes in metabolism and signaling during dehydration-induced plant responses.
Assuntos
Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/metabolismo , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/fisiologia , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Desidratação , Dioxigenases/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Fatores de TranscriçãoRESUMO
Interactions between heat shock (HS) factors (HSFs) and heat shock response elements (HSEs) are important during the heat shock response (HSR) of flora and fauna. Moreover, plant HSFs that are involved in heat stress are also involved in abiotic stresses such as dehydration and cold as well as development, cell differentiation and proliferation. Because the specific combination of HSFs and HSEs involved in plants under heat stress remains unclear, the mechanism of their interaction has not yet been utilized in molecular breeding of plants for climate change. For the study reported herein, we compared the sequences of HS-inducible genes and their promoters in Arabidopsis, soybean, rice and maize and then designed an optimal HS-inducible promoter. Our analyses suggest that, for the four species, the abscisic acid-independent, HSE/HSF-dependent transcriptional pathway plays a major role in HS-inducible gene expression. We found that an 18-bp sequence that includes the HSE has an important role in the HSR, and that those sequences could be classified as representative of monocotyledons or dicotyledons. With the HS-inducible promoter designed based on our bioinformatic predictions, we were able to develop an optimal HS-specific inducible promoter for seedlings or single cells in roots. These findings demonstrate the utility of our HS-specific inducible promoter, which we expect will contribute to molecular breeding efforts and cell-targeted gene expression in specific plant tissues.
Assuntos
Arabidopsis/genética , Glycine max/genética , Oryza/genética , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Zea mays/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/fisiologia , Resposta ao Choque Térmico/genética , Resposta ao Choque Térmico/fisiologia , Temperatura Alta , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Transcrição Gênica/genéticaRESUMO
High-throughput and accurate measurements of plant traits facilitate identification of gene function. Along with recent advances in quantitative genomics, there is a growing need for precise quantification of multiple traits in plants. However, it is difficult continuously to quantify plant adaptive responses to environmental stress responses such as drought because multiple environmental factors are intricately involved in the phenotype. To solve this problem, we developed an automatic phenotyping system for evaluating the growth responses of individual Arabidopsis plants to a wide range of environmental conditions. The RIKEN Integrated Plant Phenotyping System (RIPPS) controls soil moisture for single plants by automatically weighing and watering 120 continuously rotating pots under controlled light, humidity and temperature growth conditions. RIPPS also records individual rosette size and expansion rate by photographing plants every 2 h. We used RIPPS to establish phenotype evaluation methods for Arabidopsis growth response and water use efficiency under various water conditions, and analyzed the involvement of ABA metabolism in determining water use efficiency. We also used RIPPS to analyze salinity tolerance in Arabidopsis plants.
Assuntos
Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/fisiologia , Fenótipo , Proteínas de Plantas/genéticaRESUMO
The notion that plants use specialized metabolism to protect against environmental stresses needs to be experimentally proven by addressing the question of whether stress tolerance by specialized metabolism is directly due to metabolites such as flavonoids. We report that flavonoids with radical scavenging activity mitigate against oxidative and drought stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Metabolome and transcriptome profiling and experiments with oxidative and drought stress in wild-type, single overexpressors of MYB12/PFG1 (PRODUCTION OF FLAVONOL GLYCOSIDES1) or MYB75/PAP1 (PRODUCTION OF ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENT1), double overexpressors of MYB12 and PAP1, transparent testa4 (tt4) as a flavonoid-deficient mutant, and flavonoid-deficient MYB12 or PAP1 overexpressing lines (obtained by crossing tt4 and the individual MYB overexpressor) demonstrated that flavonoid overaccumulation was key to enhanced tolerance to such stresses. Antioxidative activity assays using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, methyl viologen, and 3,3'-diaminobenzidine clearly showed that anthocyanin overaccumulation with strong in vitro antioxidative activity mitigated the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in vivo under oxidative and drought stress. These data confirm the usefulness of flavonoids for enhancing both biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in crops.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/fisiologia , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Antocianinas/análise , Antocianinas/química , Antocianinas/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Secas , Flavonoides/análise , Flavonoides/química , Expressão Gênica , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Hipocótilo/genética , Hipocótilo/parasitologia , Hipocótilo/fisiologia , Metaboloma , Metabolômica , Mutação , Estresse Oxidativo , Proteínas Associadas a Pancreatite , Folhas de Planta/genética , Folhas de Planta/fisiologia , Raízes de Plantas/genética , Raízes de Plantas/fisiologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Plântula/genética , Plântula/fisiologia , Estresse Fisiológico , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , TranscriptomaRESUMO
Correlations between gene expression and metabolite/phytohormone levels under abiotic stress conditions have been reported for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). However, little is known about these correlations in rice (Oryza sativa 'Nipponbare'), despite its importance as a model monocot. We performed an integrated analysis to clarify the relationships among cold- and dehydration-responsive metabolites, phytohormones, and gene transcription in rice. An integrated analysis of metabolites and gene expression indicated that several genes encoding enzymes involved in starch degradation, sucrose metabolism, and the glyoxylate cycle are up-regulated in rice plants exposed to cold or dehydration and that these changes are correlated with the accumulation of glucose (Glc), fructose, and sucrose. In particular, high expression levels of genes encoding isocitrate lyase and malate synthase in the glyoxylate cycle correlate with increased Glc levels in rice, but not in Arabidopsis, under dehydration conditions, indicating that the regulation of the glyoxylate cycle may be involved in Glc accumulation under dehydration conditions in rice but not Arabidopsis. An integrated analysis of phytohormones and gene transcripts revealed an inverse relationship between abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and cytokinin (CK) signaling under cold and dehydration stresses; these stresses increase ABA signaling and decrease CK signaling. High levels of Oryza sativa 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase transcripts correlate with ABA accumulation, and low levels of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 735A transcripts correlate with decreased levels of a CK precursor in rice. This reduced expression of CYP735As occurs in rice but not Arabidopsis. Therefore, transcriptional regulation of CYP735As might be involved in regulating CK levels under cold and dehydration conditions in rice but not Arabidopsis.
Assuntos
Temperatura Baixa , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Metaboloma/genética , Oryza/genética , Oryza/metabolismo , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/metabolismo , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Vias Biossintéticas/genética , Metabolismo dos Carboidratos/genética , Citocininas/metabolismo , Desidratação , Genes de Plantas , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Transcriptoma/genéticaRESUMO
Polyamines (PAs) are ubiquitous, polycationic compounds that are essential for the growth and survival of all organisms. Although the PA-uptake system plays a key role in mammalian cancer and in plant survival, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we identified an Arabidopsis L-type amino acid transporter (LAT) family transporter, named RMV1 (resistant to methyl viologen 1), responsible for uptake of PA and its analog paraquat (PQ). The natural variation in PQ tolerance was determined in 22 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions based on the polymorphic variation of RMV1. An RMV1-GFP fusion protein localized to the plasma membrane in transformed cells. The Arabidopsis rmv1 mutant was highly resistant to PQ because of the reduction of PQ uptake activity. Uptake studies indicated that RMV1 mediates proton gradient-driven PQ transport. RMV1 overexpressing plants were hypersensitive to PA and PQ and showed elevated PA/PQ uptake activity, supporting the notion that PQ enters plant cells via a carrier system that inherently functions in PA transport. Furthermore, we demonstrated that polymorphic variation in RMV1 controls PA/PQ uptake activity. Our identification of a molecular entity for PA/PQ uptake and sensitivity provides an important clue for our understanding of the mechanism and biological significance of PA uptake.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions/genética , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/genética , Paraquat/metabolismo , Poliaminas/metabolismo , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Adaptação Fisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Adaptação Fisiológica/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Cromossomos de Plantas/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/genética , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/metabolismo , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutação , Paraquat/farmacologia , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas , Poliaminas/farmacologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Homologia de Sequência de AminoácidosRESUMO
The natural environment for plants is composed of a complex set of abiotic stresses and biotic stresses. Plant responses to these stresses are equally complex. Systems biology approaches facilitate a multi-targeted approach by allowing one to identify regulatory hubs in complex networks. Systems biology takes the molecular parts (transcripts, proteins and metabolites) of an organism and attempts to fit them into functional networks or models designed to describe and predict the dynamic activities of that organism in different environments. In this review, research progress in plant responses to abiotic stresses is summarized from the physiological level to the molecular level. New insights obtained from the integration of omics datasets are highlighted. Gaps in our knowledge are identified, providing additional focus areas for crop improvement research in the future.
Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Vegetal , Fenômenos Fisiológicos Vegetais , Estresse Fisiológico , Biologia de Sistemas , Produtos Agrícolas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Meio Ambiente , Metaboloma , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/fisiologia , Proteoma , TranscriptomaRESUMO
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.556972.].
RESUMO
Drought is the major environmental threat to agricultural production and distribution worldwide. Adaptation by plants to dehydration stress is a complex biological process that involves global changes in gene expression and metabolite composition. Here, using one type of functional genomics analysis, metabolomics, we characterized the metabolic phenotypes of Arabidopsis wild-type and a knockout mutant of the NCED3 gene (nc3-2) under dehydration stress. NCED3 plays a role in the dehydration-inducible biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA), a phytohormone that is important in the dehydration-stress response in higher plants. Metabolite profiling performed using two types of mass spectrometry (MS) systems, gas chromatography/time-of-flight MS (GC/TOF-MS) and capillary electrophoresis MS (CE-MS), revealed that accumulation of amino acids depended on ABA production, but the level of the oligosaccharide raffinose was regulated by ABA independently under dehydration stress. Metabolic network analysis showed that global metabolite-metabolite correlations occurred in dehydration-increased amino acids in wild-type, and strong correlations with raffinose were reconstructed in nc3-2. An integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis revealed ABA-dependent transcriptional regulation of the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids, saccharopine, proline and polyamine. This metabolomics analysis revealed new molecular mechanisms of dynamic metabolic networks in response to dehydration stress.
Assuntos
Ácido Abscísico/biossíntese , Arabidopsis/genética , Desidratação/genética , Metabolômica , Oxigenases/metabolismo , Aminoácidos de Cadeia Ramificada/biossíntese , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/fisiologia , Cromatografia Gasosa , Dioxigenases , Secas , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Técnicas de Inativação de Genes , Espectrometria de Massas , Metaboloma , Mutação , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Oxigenases/genética , Proteínas de Plantas , RNA de Plantas/genética , Estresse FisiológicoRESUMO
The drought stress responses of vascular plants are complex regulatory mechanisms because they include various physiological responses from signal perception under water deficit conditions to the acquisition of drought stress resistance at the whole-plant level. It is thought that plants first recognize water deficit conditions in roots and that several molecular signals then move from roots to shoots. Finally, a phytohormone, abscisic acid (ABA) is synthesized mainly in leaves. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of stress sensors and the regulators that initiate ABA biosynthesis in response to drought stress conditions are still unclear. Another important issue is how plants adjust ABA propagation, stress-mediated gene expression and metabolite composition to acquire drought stress resistance in different tissues throughout the whole plant. In this review, we summarize recent advances in research on drought stress responses, focusing on long-distance signaling from roots to shoots, ABA synthesis and transport, and metabolic regulation in both cellular and whole-plant levels of Arabidopsis and crops. We also discuss coordinated mechanisms for acquiring drought stress adaptations and resistance via tissue-to-tissue communication and long-distance signaling.
RESUMO
Plants must adapt to drought stress to survive. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is produced under drought stress conditions and is essential for the response to drought stress. The ABA level plays an important role in the response, and several enzymes for ABA biosynthesis and catabolism have been identified. Physiological studies have shown that several metabolites accumulate and function as osmolytes under drought stress conditions. Many drought-inducible genes with various functions have been identified, and transgenic plants that harbor these genes have shown increased tolerance to drought.
Assuntos
Ácido Abscísico/biossíntese , Adaptação Fisiológica , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Água/fisiologia , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Aminas/metabolismo , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/fisiologia , Metabolismo dos Carboidratos , Álcoois Açúcares/metabolismoRESUMO
In addition to improving drought tolerance, improvement of water use efficiency is a major challenge in plant physiology. Due to their trade-off relationships, it is generally considered that achieving stress tolerance is incompatible with maintaining stable growth. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a key phytohormone that regulates the balance between intrinsic growth and environmental responses. Previously, we identified AtABCG25 as a cell-membrane ABA transporter that export ABA from the inside to the outside of cells. AtABCG25-overexpressing plants showed a lower transpiration phenotype without any growth retardation. Here, we dissected this useful trait using precise phenotyping approaches. AtABCG25 overexpression stimulated a local ABA response in guard cells. Furthermore, AtABCG25 overexpression enhanced drought tolerance, probably resulting from maintenance of water contents over the common threshold for survival after drought stress treatment. Finally, we observed enhanced water use efficiency by overexpression of AtABCG25, in addition to drought tolerance. These results were consistent with the function of AtABCG25 as an ABA efflux transporter. This unique trait may be generally useful for improving the water use efficiency and drought tolerance of plants.
Assuntos
Transportadores de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/fisiologia , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/fisiologia , Arabidopsis/genética , Água/metabolismo , Transportadores de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/genética , Transportadores de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Estômatos de Plantas/fisiologia , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Polyamines (PAs) are small aliphatic polycations that are found ubiquitously in all organisms. In plants, PAs are involved in diverse biological processes such as growth, development, and stress responses. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the arginine decarboxylase enzymes (ADC1 and 2) catalyze the first step of PA biosynthesis. For a better understanding of PA biological functions, mutants in PA biosynthesis have been generated; however, the double adc1/adc2 mutant is not viable in A. thaliana. In this study, we generated non-lethal A. thaliana lines through an artificial microRNA that simultaneously silenced the two ADC genes (amiR:ADC). The generated transgenic lines (amiR:ADC-L1 and -L2) showed reduced AtADC1 and AtADC2 transcript levels. For further analyses the amiR:ADC-L2 line was selected. We found that the amiR:ADC-L2 line showed a significant decrease of their PA levels. The co-silencing revealed a stunted growth in A. thaliana seedlings, plantlets and delay in its flowering rate; these phenotypes were reverted with PA treatment. In addition, amiR:ADC-L2 plants displayed two seed phenotypes, such as yellow and brownish seeds. The yellow mutant seeds were smaller than adc1, adc2 mutants and wild type seeds; however, the brownish were the smallest seeds with arrested embryos at the torpedo stage. These data reinforce the importance of PA homeostasis in the plant development processes.
RESUMO
Arginine decarboxylase (ADC) is a rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the first step of polyamine (PA) biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. We generated a double mutant deficient in Arabidopsis two ADC genes (ADC1-/- ADC2-/-) and examined their roles in seed development. None of the F2 seedlings from crosses of adc1-1 and adc2-2 had the ADC1-/- ADC2-/- genotype. In addition, some abnormal seeds were observed among the ADC1+/- ADC2-/- and ADC1-/- ADC2+/- siliques. Viable offspring with the ADC1-/- ADC2-/- genotype could not be obtained from the ADC1+/- ADC2-/- and ADC1-/- ADC2+/- plants. These results indicate that AtADC genes are required for production of polyamines that are essential for normal seed development in Arabidopsis.