Effect of replacing Tifton 85 hay with Moringa hay (Moringa oleifera L.) on the nutrient metabolism, metabolic profile, and water balance of sheep.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing Tifton 85 hay (TH) with Moringa hay (MH) on the intake, apparent digestibility, ingestive behaviour, rumen parameters, serum attributes, nitrogen balance, water balance, and urinary attributes of sheep. Thus, 5 rams, ½ Dorper + ½ Santa Inês, that were 12 ± 4 months of age with an initial body weight of 32.8 ± 2.6 kg were distributed in metabolic cages in a Latin square design. The experiment lasted 85 days and was divided into five 17-day periods. The animals received rations with increasing replacement (0, 100, 200, 300, or 400 g/kg of dry matter in the total diet) of TH for MH. The forage: concentrate ratio of the diets was 40:60. Replacing TH with MH reduced (P < 0.05) the intake of organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre (NDFap), and total digestible nutrients by sheep. The apparent digestibility of NDFap and the feeding and rumination efficiencies of NDFap were reduced (P < 0.05) when MH replaced TH in the animals' diet. This replacement did not influence (P > 0.05) serum urea, total protein, creatinine, or aspartate aminotransferase in sheep. Replacing TH with MH decreased water intake and excretion (P < 0.05). In addition, nitrogen excretion via urine, urinary creatinine, and nitrogen absorption decreased (P < 0.05) when TH was replaced with MH. However, there was an increase in the sheep's nitrogen retention and urine pH. We recommend replacing 30% TH with MH in the diet of lambs because it does not compromise nutrient metabolism.

Physicochemical parameters, fatty acid profile, and sensory attributes of meat from lambs fed with cassava dregs in replacement of corn.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the replacement of corn by cassava dregs (0, 33, 66, and 100%) in the diet of lamb on physicochemical parameters, fatty acid profile, and sensory attributes of meat. Forty male non-castrated Santa Inês crossbred lambs with an initial average weight of 20 ± 1.87 kg were slaughtered after 70 days. The physicochemical parameters and chemical composition of meat were not affected by the diets. Eicosenoic (C20:1n-9) and linolenic (C18:3n-3) acids increased linearly and there was a linear decreasing effect for the flavor score with increasing cassava dregs in the diets. The replacement of corn by cassava dregs did not influence omega-6:omega-3 ration or the total desirable fatty acids, as well as the color, aroma, tenderness, juiciness, or overall evaluation scores. Cassava dregs may be added in the diets of lambs, without negative effects on physicochemical characteristics, chemical composition, and fatty acid indexes, with positive effects on unsaturated fatty acid content. However, the total replacement of corn altered the sensory attributes and decreased purchase intent of the meat.

Carcass characteristics of lambs fed spineless cactus as a replacement for sugarcane.

OBJECTIVE: Fresh sugarcane has been a new roughage source for ruminant's in semiarid regions, a function of the decline of sugar and alcohol industry in recent years. However, there is little data published regarding lambs fed sugarcane associated with spineless cactus. This study evaluated the effect of sugarcane replacement with spineless cactus (0%, 33%, 66%, and 100%) in the diet of Santa Inês lambs on carcass characteristics. METHODS: Thirty-six non-castrated Santa Ines lambs at four months of age and an initial body weight of 22±2.3 kg were assigned in a randomized block design and slaughtered after 70 days of confinement. The effects of spineless cactus as a replacement for sugarcane in the diet of the lambs on the carcass characteristics, commercial cut weight and yield, leg tissue composition, and carcass measurements were studied. RESULTS: The study revealed quadratic behavior in slaughter body weight, and hot and cold carcass weight, with maximum values of 38.60, 18.60, and 18.11 kg and replacement levels of 40.18%, 44.42%, and 43.14%, respectively. The cold carcass yield presented an increasing linear behavior. The compactness index of carcass and leg presented a quadratic effect, with estimated maximal values of 0.28 and 0.57 kg/cm and replacement levels of 43.37% and 45.5%, respectively. The weights of commercial cuts of leg, loin, shoulder, and breast showed quadratic behavior, with maximum values of 2.79, 0.852, 1.46, and 1.30 kg and replacement levels of 49.5, 45.32, 39.0, and 40.7, respectively. For tissue composition, quadratic behavior was verified for leg weight, subcutaneous fat, and total fat. CONCLUSION: The replacement of sugarcane by spineless cactus at level 44% is recommended for finishing lambs considering that this level improved most of the carcass characteristics, weights, and yields of commercial cuts and leg tissue composition.

Evaluation of microbiological, cellular and risk factors associated with subclinical mastitis in female buffaloes.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological and cellular milk profile for the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in female buffaloes and to assess risk factors for predisposition of the disease. METHODS: Analyses were carried out by standard plate count (SPC), identification of species and antibiotic resistance, somatic cell count (SCC), electrical electrical conductivity of milk (ECM), and lactoferrin content in milk. Teat cups were swabbed to evaluate risk factors, observing hyperkeratosis, milking vacuum pressure and cleanliness of the site. Hence, 30 female buffaloes were randomly selected (15 from a group in early lactation and 15 in late lactation). RESULTS: The most common bacteria in the microbiological examination were Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Corynebacterium sp. In the antibiotic sensitivity test, 10 (58.82%) of the 17 antibiotics tested were sensitive to all isolates, and resistant bacteria were Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus haemolyticus, and Escherichia coli. It was observed that positive samples in the microbiological examination showed total bacterial count between 9.10×103 to 6.94×106 colony forming units/mL, SCC between 42,000 to 4,320,000 cells/mL and ECM ranging from 1.85 to 7.40 mS/cm. It was also found that the teat cups had high microbial counts indicating poor hygiene, and even faults in the cleanliness of the animals' waiting room were observed. It is concluded that values of SCC above 537,000 cells/mL and ECM above 3.0 mS/mL are indications of mammary gland infection for this herd; however, the association of these values with a microbiological analysis is necessary to more accurately evaluate the health status of mammary glands with subclinical mastitis. CONCLUSION: Through phenotypic characterization of bacteria involved in the samples, the genera Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Corynebacterimum bovis were the most prevalent in this study. Faults in environment and equipment hygienization are factors that are directly associated with mastitis.

Weight Development and Growth Curves of Grazing Santa Inês Sheep Supplemented with Concentrate in the Pre-Weaning Phase.

Monitoring weight development is essential for decision-making and assessing the effectiveness of management strategies. However, this practice is often hindered by the lack of scales on farms. This study aimed to characterize the weight development and growth curves of male and female Santa Inês lambs from birth to weaning, managed on pasture with creep-fed concentrate supplementation. Data from 212 lambs during the pre-weaning phase were analyzed. The animals were weighed every seven days to evaluate total weight gain and average daily gain. Biometric measurements were taken every 28 days. Mixed models were used to assess the effects of sex and birth type on birth and weaning weights. Simple and multiple linear regression models were employed to estimate live weight using biometric measurements. The non-linear Gompertz model was utilized to describe weight development and formulate growth curves. Results were considered significant at p < 0.05. An interaction effect between birth type and sex (p < 0.05) was noted for birth weight, with the lowest weight observed in twin-birth females (2.96 kg) and the highest in single-birth males (3.73 kg) and females (3.65 kg) (p > 0.05). Birth type significantly influenced average daily gain, total weight gain, and weaning weight (p < 0.05). The Gompertz model accurately depicted the growth curves, effectively describing the weight development. Pearson's correlation coefficients between biometric measurements and weight were positive and significant (p < 0.05), ranging from 0.599 for hip height to 0.847 for heart girth. Consequently, the simple and multiple regression equations demonstrated high precision in predicting weaning weight. In conclusion, twin-birth lambs receiving concentrate supplementation via creep-feeding and managed on pasture showed different developmental patterns compared to single-birth lambs under the same conditions. The Gompertz model proved effective for monitoring development during the pre-weaning phase. All simple and multiple linear regression models were effective in predicting weaning weight through biometric measurements. However, for practical application, the model incorporating two measurements-body length and abdominal circumference-is recommended.

Castor beans hulls as a replacement for Tifton 85 hay in lamb diets.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing Tifton 85 hay (0, 33, 66, or 100 %) with by castor bean hulls on the intake and nutrient digestibility and performance of 28 noncastrated lambs, averaging 7 months in age, 19.5 ± 2.0 kg average live weight, fed on diets based on forage cactus. The animals were housed in individual pens for 100 days. The digestibility trial occurred 40 days after the start of the performance using LIPE® as an external indicator for estimating fecal dry matter production. The replacement of hay with Castor beans hulls linearly decreased the intakes of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, organic matter, and crude protein and reduced the digestibility coefficients of the dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, organic matter content, crude protein, and total digestible nutrient content. The hot carcass and true carcass yields were not influenced by the treatments and the feed conversion increased linearly. The empty body weight, live weight at slaughter, hot and cold carcass weights, total gain, and average daily gain decreased linearly with the replacement. The replacement of Tifton 85 hay with castor bean hulls reduced the intake of dry matter, crude protein and energy, consequently reducing the performance of the animals. However, as the regression coefficients were of low magnitude, data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared using the Dunnett test with diet without castor bean hulls set as the control treatment. The Tifton 85 hay can be replaced up to 66 % by castor bean hulls in finishing diets for lambs.

Nutrient Intake, Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Meat Quality, and Cost Analysis of Sheep Submitted to Intermittent Supplementation on Masai Grass Pastures.

This study aimed to assess nutrient intake, performance, intake behavior, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of sheep managed on Masai grass pastures along with intermittent concentrate supplementation, in addition to the economic impacts of applying that strategy. A sample of 24 Santa Inês sheep (12 males and 12 females) was kept for 80 days on Panicum maximum cv. Massai pastures and was supplemented daily or every other day. The voluntary intake of dry matter and nutrients was estimated. Mean daily weight gain and total weight gain were calculated and intake behavior parameters were assessed. The males were slaughtered and the weight and yield of the carcasses and meat cuts were assessed. The meat was analyzed for cooking losses, shear force, and color. The gross margin of the system was estimated from the difference between total income and operational cost. No effect was seen of the interaction between supplementation frequency and sex for any parameter assessed (p > 0.05). Intermittent supplementation of Santa Inês sheep managed with Masai grass is recommended since the strategy does not impact nutrient intake, performance, intake behavior, carcass characteristics, or meat quality, but lowers the costs of producing 1 kg of meat by 15%.

Quality of meat from sheep fed diets containing spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck).

It was aimed to evaluate the effects of replacement of wheat bran in lambs' diets with spineless cactus (0, 33, 66, and 100%) in a lamb's diet on the physicochemical parameters, fatty acids and sensory analyasis of meat. The evaluation utilized 36 loins and legs from F1 ½ Dorper × ½ Santa Inês lambs, with an average initial body weight of 19.5 ±â€¯1.6 kg, were slaughtered after 70 days of confinement. Were found average values of 5.70, 11.27 N, 55.44 mg/100 g, of meat pH, shear force, and cholesterol, respectively. However, stearic acid, linoleic, linolenic, eicosatrienoic and eicosapentaenoic which linearly decreased. The color, aroma, texture, flavor, juiciness and global acceptance of meat were acceptable by the evaluators, additionally, they said they would buy meat coming of animals fed with 100% replacement. It is recommended that wheat bran is replaced by spineless cactus in the diet of lambs when this shows to be an ingredient with better cost-benefit ratio compared to wheat bran.

Feed handling of lactating crossbred cows maintained in a semi-arid region during the hot season: physiological parameters, ingestive behavior and performance.

The effects of time of feed delivery (14.00 hours; 14.00 and 20.00 hours; 16.00 and 18.00 hours) on the physiological parameters, ingestive behavior, nutrient intake and production of lactating cows maintained in a semi-arid region during the hot season were evaluated. Regardless of treatment, all animals received the first feeding supply at 06.00 hours. Eight cows with an average body weight of 600 kg, average milk yield of 20 kg/day and 80 days in milk were utilized. The rectal temperature, respiratory rate and sweating rate were not affected (P > 0.05), with average values of 38.5°C, 53.8 movements/min and 104 g/m2 /h respectively. There was no effect (P > 0.05) on the eating time (314 min/day), ruminating time (564 min/day), drinking time (61 min/day) and idle time (502 min/day). Similarly, the intake of nutrients and performance of lactating cows were not affected (P > 0.05), with average dry matter intake of 19.8 kg/day, 4% fat-corrected milk of 20.6 kg/day and milk fat concentration of 4.03 g/100 g. Since the behavior and performance have not altered, any times of feed delivery evaluated could be used to crossbred Holstein × Zebu cows maintained on a feedlot in semi-arid regions during the hot season.

Supplementation strategies and their effects on ewes colostrum and milk compositions in the initial third lactation period / Estratégias de suplementação e seus efeitos sobre a composição do colostro e do leite de ovelhas no terço inicial da lactação

The objective of this study was to analyze colostrum and milk compositions of ewes kept in pasture receiving different types/levels of supplementation and to analyze milk composition variation throughout the initial third lactation period. After confirmation of pregnancy, 54 ewes were kept in pasture and supplemented from the final third of gestation until weaning with multiple mixture or concentrate (0.4% or 0.8% of body weight). Milk collections were carried out in the postpartum period to collect colostrum (day 0), and on the seventh, 14th, 21st and 28th milking days. Samples were obtained by manual milking and analyzed for protein, fat, casein, lactose, total solids and defatted dry extract. No effects from the different types of supplementation were observed on the colostrum composition or in relation to milk composition. An effect of supplementation was only found for lactose contents, which were higher for animals that consumed a higher level of supplementation. In relation to the milking days, a linear decrease in protein, casein, total solids and defatted dry extract contents was observed between the seventh and the 28th day of lactation. No interaction between type of supplementation and the milking days was observed. The different types of supplementation did not alter the colostrum composition of Santa Inês crossbred ewes, however they had an influence on milk composition. Protein, casein, total solids and defatted dry extract decrease linearly between the seventh and the 28th day of lactation.

Objetivou-se estudar a composição do colostro e do leite de ovelhas mantidas em pasto recebendo diferentes tipos/níveis de suplemento e analisar a variação da composição do leite ao longo do terço inicial da lactação. Após confirmação de prenhez, 54 matrizes ovinas foram mantidas em pasto e suplementadas do terço final da gestação até o desmame das crias com mistura múltipla ou concentrado (0,4% ou 0,8% do peso corporal). As coletas de leite ocorreram no pós-parto, para recolhimento do colostro (dia 0), e aos sétimo, 14º, 21º e 28º dias em leite. As amostras foram obtidas por ordenha manual e analisadas em relação aos teores de proteína, gordura, caseína, lactose, sólidos totais e extrato seco desengordurado. Não houve efeito dos diferentes tipos de suplementação sobre a composição do colostro e em relação à composição do leite verificou-se efeito da suplementação apenas sobre os teores de lactose, que foram superiores para os animais que consumiram maior nível de suplementação. Em relação aos dias em leite, verificou-se decréscimo linear nos teores de proteína, caseína, sólidos totais e extrato seco desengordurado do sétimo ao vigésimo oitavo dias de lactação. Não houve interação entre tipo de suplementação e dias em leite. Os diferentes tipos de suplementação não alteram a composição do colostro de ovelhas mestiças de Santa Inês, mas têm influência na composição do leite. A proteína, caseína, sólidos totais e extrato seco desengordurado decrescem linearmente entre o sétimo e vigésimo oitavo dias de lactação.

Supplementation strategies and their effects on ewes colostrum and milk compositions in the initial third lactation period / Estratégias de suplementação e seus efeitos sobre a composição do colostro e do leite de ovelhas no terço inicial da lactação

The objective of this study was to analyze colostrum and milk compositions of ewes kept in pasture receiving different types/levels of supplementation and to analyze milk composition variation throughout the initial third lactation period. After confirmation of pregnancy, 54 ewes were kept in pasture and supplemented from the final third of gestation until weaning with multiple mixture or concentrate (0.4% or 0.8% of body weight). Milk collections were carried out in the postpartum period to collect colostrum (day 0), and on the seventh, 14th, 21st and 28th milking days. Samples were obtained by manual milking and analyzed for protein, fat, casein, lactose, total solids and defatted dry extract. No effects from the different types of supplementation were observed on the colostrum composition or in relation to milk composition. An effect of supplementation was only found for lactose contents, which were higher for animals that consumed a higher level of supplementation. In relation to the milking days, a linear decrease in protein, casein, total solids and defatted dry extract contents was observed between the seventh and the 28th day of lactation. No interaction between type of supplementation and the milking days was observed. The different types of supplementation did not alter the colostrum composition of Santa Inês crossbred ewes, however they had an influence on milk composition. Protein, casein, total solids and defatted dry extract decrease linearly between the seventh and the 28th day of lactation.(AU)

Objetivou-se estudar a composição do colostro e do leite de ovelhas mantidas em pasto recebendo diferentes tipos/níveis de suplemento e analisar a variação da composição do leite ao longo do terço inicial da lactação. Após confirmação de prenhez, 54 matrizes ovinas foram mantidas em pasto e suplementadas do terço final da gestação até o desmame das crias com mistura múltipla ou concentrado (0,4% ou 0,8% do peso corporal). As coletas de leite ocorreram no pós-parto, para recolhimento do colostro (dia 0), e aos sétimo, 14º, 21º e 28º dias em leite. As amostras foram obtidas por ordenha manual e analisadas em relação aos teores de proteína, gordura, caseína, lactose, sólidos totais e extrato seco desengordurado. Não houve efeito dos diferentes tipos de suplementação sobre a composição do colostro e em relação à composição do leite verificou-se efeito da suplementação apenas sobre os teores de lactose, que foram superiores para os animais que consumiram maior nível de suplementação. Em relação aos dias em leite, verificou-se decréscimo linear nos teores de proteína, caseína, sólidos totais e extrato seco desengordurado do sétimo ao vigésimo oitavo dias de lactação. Não houve interação entre tipo de suplementação e dias em leite. Os diferentes tipos de suplementação não alteram a composição do colostro de ovelhas mestiças de Santa Inês, mas têm influência na composição do leite. A proteína, caseína, sólidos totais e extrato seco desengordurado decrescem linearmente entre o sétimo e vigésimo oitavo dias de lactação.(AU)

Gir and Guzerat cow milk production and composition according to lactation stage, somatic cell count, physiological state and body condition / Produção e composição do leite de vacas Gir e Guzerá de acordo com o estádio delactação, contagem de células somáticas, estado fisiológico e de condição corporal

This work was realized to evaluate lactation stage, physiological state, somatic cell count (SCC) and body condition score (BCS) on production and composition of cow's milk from Gir and Guzerat breeds were studied. Ninety-eight cows were analyzed and classified according to their physiological state, lactation stage, SCC and BCS. Milk production was weighed monthly to obtain production data. Composed samples were collected in vials containing preservatives and sent to the laboratory for analysis. Data were used for statistic descriptive analysis and analysis of variance. Higher milk production in the first 60 days of lactation was observed. Fat, protein and total solids concentration increased according to the increase of days in milk; while lactose concentration decreased. Higher levels of fat, protein and total solids in milk of non-pregnant cows were observed; while pregnant cows had higher daily production and higher lactose content in their milk. Higher lactose levels in milk were observed in animals with lower SCC. The BCS had no effect on milk composition or on somatic cell count. Zebu cow milk production and composition are influenced by lactation stage, physiological state and SCC.(AU)

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do estádio de lactação, estado fisiológico, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e escore de condição corporal (ECC) sobre a produção e composição do leite de vacas Gir e Guzerá. Foram utilizadas noventa e oito vacas, que foram classificadas de acordo com o estado fisiológico, estádio de lactação, CCS e ECC. O leite foi pesado mensalmente para obtenção dos dados de produção. Amostras compostas coletadas em frascos contendo conservante foram enviadas ao laboratório para análises. Os dados foram submetidos a análises estatísticas descritivas e de variâncias. Verificou-se maior produção de leite nos primeiros 60 dias de lactação. Os teores de gordura, proteína e extrato seco aumentaram com o avançar da lactação; enquanto o teor de lactose decresceu. Foram observados maiores teores de gordura, proteína e sólidos totais no leite de vacas vazias; enquanto as vacas gestantes apresentaram maior produção diária e maior teor de lactose no leite. Maiores teores de lactose foram verificados em animais com menor CCS. O ECC não teve efeito sobre a composição e escore de células somáticas do leite. A produção e composição do leite de vacas zebuínas sofrem influência do estádio de lactação, do estado fisiológico e da CCS.(AU)

Gir and Guzerat cow milk production and composition according to lactation stage, somatic cell count, physiological state and body condition / Produção e composição do leite de vacas Gir e Guzerá de acordo com o estádio delactação, contagem de células somáticas, estado fisiológico e de condição corporal

This work was realized to evaluate lactation stage, physiological state, somatic cell count (SCC) and body condition score (BCS) on production and composition of cow's milk from Gir and Guzerat breeds were studied. Ninety-eight cows were analyzed and classified according to their physiological state, lactation stage, SCC and BCS. Milk production was weighed monthly to obtain production data. Composed samples were collected in vials containing preservatives and sent to the laboratory for analysis. Data were used for statistic descriptive analysis and analysis of variance. Higher milk production in the first 60 days of lactation was observed. Fat, protein and total solids concentration increased according to the increase of days in milk; while lactose concentration decreased. Higher levels of fat, protein and total solids in milk of non-pregnant cows were observed; while pregnant cows had higher daily production and higher lactose content in their milk. Higher lactose levels in milk were observed in animals with lower SCC. The BCS had no effect on milk composition or on somatic cell count. Zebu cow milk production and composition are influenced by lactation stage, physiological state and SCC.

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do estádio de lactação, estado fisiológico, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e escore de condição corporal (ECC) sobre a produção e composição do leite de vacas Gir e Guzerá. Foram utilizadas noventa e oito vacas, que foram classificadas de acordo com o estado fisiológico, estádio de lactação, CCS e ECC. O leite foi pesado mensalmente para obtenção dos dados de produção. Amostras compostas coletadas em frascos contendo conservante foram enviadas ao laboratório para análises. Os dados foram submetidos a análises estatísticas descritivas e de variâncias. Verificou-se maior produção de leite nos primeiros 60 dias de lactação. Os teores de gordura, proteína e extrato seco aumentaram com o avançar da lactação; enquanto o teor de lactose decresceu. Foram observados maiores teores de gordura, proteína e sólidos totais no leite de vacas vazias; enquanto as vacas gestantes apresentaram maior produção diária e maior teor de lactose no leite. Maiores teores de lactose foram verificados em animais com menor CCS. O ECC não teve efeito sobre a composição e escore de células somáticas do leite. A produção e composição do leite de vacas zebuínas sofrem influência do estádio de lactação, do estado fisiológico e da CCS.

Phenotypic evaluation of trait types in Guzerá cows of different calving orders / Avaliação fenotípica das características de tipo de vacas Guzerá em diferentes ordens de parto

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of parity on linear trait types in Guzerá cows using multivariate techniques. Data were collected from 68 purebred Guzera females, young (1st and 2nd calving order) and adults (3rd to 7th calving order). Measurements were collected using a tape measure, a hypometer, a 40 cm graduated ruler and a 180 protractor. PRCOMP procedure of the R program was used for analyzing the main components. The variables related to rump (height, angularity, ileum and ischium length and width), body (length), udder (height of posterior ligament) and milk production were more important to explain the phenotypic variation in Guzerá cattle. Young Guzerá cows had lower body length, narrower rumps, better udder ligaments and lower milk yield than adult cows.(AU)ien

Objetivou-se avaliar a efeito da ordem de parto, por meio de técnicas multivariadas, sobre as características lineares de tipo de vacas da raça Guzerá. Foram utilizados dados de 68 fêmeas da raça Guzerá, puras de origem, jovens (1ª e 2ª ordem de parto) e adultas (3ª a 7ª ordem de parto). As medidas foram coletadas com auxílio de fita métrica, hipômetro, régua graduada de 40 cm e transferidor de ângulos 180. Para as análises de componentes principais utilizou-se o procedimento PRCOMP do programa R. As variáveis relacionadas à garupa (altura, angulosidade, comprimento e largura de íleo e ísquios), corpo (comprimento), úbere (altura do ligamento posterior) e produção de leite apresentaram maior importância para explicar a variação fenotípica de bovinos Guzerá. Vacas jovens da raça Guzerá apresentaram menor comprimento corporal, garupas mais estreitas, melhores ligamentos de úbere e menor produção de leite que as vacas adultas.(AU)

Phenotypic evaluation of trait types in Guzerá cows of different calving orders / Avaliação fenotípica das características de tipo de vacas Guzerá em diferentes ordens de parto

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of parity on linear trait types in Guzerá cows using multivariate techniques. Data were collected from 68 purebred Guzera females, young (1st and 2nd calving order) and adults (3rd to 7th calving order). Measurements were collected using a tape measure, a hypometer, a 40 cm graduated ruler and a 180 protractor. PRCOMP procedure of the R program was used for analyzing the main components. The variables related to rump (height, angularity, ileum and ischium length and width), body (length), udder (height of posterior ligament) and milk production were more important to explain the phenotypic variation in Guzerá cattle. Young Guzerá cows had lower body length, narrower rumps, better udder ligaments and lower milk yield than adult cows.ien

Objetivou-se avaliar a efeito da ordem de parto, por meio de técnicas multivariadas, sobre as características lineares de tipo de vacas da raça Guzerá. Foram utilizados dados de 68 fêmeas da raça Guzerá, puras de origem, jovens (1ª e 2ª ordem de parto) e adultas (3ª a 7ª ordem de parto). As medidas foram coletadas com auxílio de fita métrica, hipômetro, régua graduada de 40 cm e transferidor de ângulos 180. Para as análises de componentes principais utilizou-se o procedimento PRCOMP do programa R. As variáveis relacionadas à garupa (altura, angulosidade, comprimento e largura de íleo e ísquios), corpo (comprimento), úbere (altura do ligamento posterior) e produção de leite apresentaram maior importância para explicar a variação fenotípica de bovinos Guzerá. Vacas jovens da raça Guzerá apresentaram menor comprimento corporal, garupas mais estreitas, melhores ligamentos de úbere e menor produção de leite que as vacas adultas.

Leg tissue composition and physico-chemical parameters of sheep meat fed annatto coproduct / Composição tecidual da perna e parâmetros físico-químicos da carne de ovinos alimentados com subproduto do urucum

Our objective was to evaluate leg tissue composition and physico-chemical quality parameters of sheep meat fed with increasing levels of annatto coproduct. 32 male uncastrated animals without a defined breed were randomized in four treatments (0, 100, 200 and 300 g kg-1 of annatto coproduct in the DM diet). After 78 days of confinement, the animals were slaughtered and body components were recorded. Reconstituted leg weight, total muscle weight, biceps weight and semitendinosus weight showed a negative linear behavior (P 0.05) with the inclusion of the annatto coproduct in the diet. No effects of the inclusion of annatto coproduct (P > 0.05) were found for leg tissue composition (%), muscle:bone ratio, relative fat or leg muscle. Meat physico-chemical parameters (color, shear force, water retention capacity and cooking losses) were not affected by the inclusion of the annatto coproduct in the diet. The annatto coproduct can be included in up to 300 g kg-1 of dietary dry matter without negative effects to the leg tissue composition (%) and physical parameters of confined sheep meat.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição tecidual da perna e os parâmetros físico-químicos de qualidade da carne de ovinos alimentados com níveis crescentes do subproduto do urucum (SU). Foram utilizados 32 animais machos, não castrados, sem padrão racial definido, casualizados em quatro tratamentos (0, 100, 200 e 300 g kg-1 do subproduto do urucum na MS da dieta). Após 78 de confinamento, os animais foram abatidos e tiveram os componentes corporais registrados. O peso da perna reconstituída, peso total de músculos, peso do bíceps e peso do semitendinoso apresentaram comportamento linear negativo (P 0,05) com a inclusão do SU na dieta. Os parâmetros físico-químicos da carne (cor, força de cisalhamento, capacidade de retenção de água e perdas por cocção) não foram influenciados pela inclusão do SU na dieta. O subproduto do urucum pode ser incluído em até 300 g kg-1 da matéria seca da dieta sem efeitos negativos sobre a composição tecidual da perna (%) e parâmetros físicos da carne de ovinos confinados.(AU)

Electrical conductivity and somatic cell count in zebu cows milk / Condutividade elétrica e contagem de células somáticas do leite de vacas zebuínas

The objective was to evaluate the physico-chemical composition, somatic cell count and electrical conductivity of the milk from lactating Zebu cows. For this, monthly milk samples were collected on the official milk control day intended for analysis of electrical conductivity of milk (ECM), somatic cell count (SCC) and milk composition. We used monthly data from 680 controls, from 10 Gyr and 17 Guzerat cows from a herd located in the city of São Gonçalo do Amarante/RN, from August to November 2013. Analyses of variance, mean test and Pearson correlation analysis were conducted. The levels of fat (% F), protein (% P), lactose (% L), total solids (% TS) and non-fat dry extract (% NFDE) were dependent variables for the ECM and SCC. The milk of Gyr cows for ECM, SCC, GOR, PROT, LACT, TS and NFDE were respectively, 3.88±1.18 mS/cm, 1629±2195 thousands cells/mL, 4.71±1.77%, 3.29±0.31%, 4.5±0.33%, 13.5±1.78%, 8.79±0.37%, and for the Guzerat breed 3.59±0.88 mS/cm 1356±1793 thousands cells/mL, 4.47±0.98%, 3.43±0.32%, 4.52±0.24%, 13.5±1.19%, 9.02±0.48%. No significant correlations between SCC and ECM characteristics were observed. However, when the correlation of each of these parameters and milk composition in different classes for each breed was analyzed, a significant correlation of the SCC was observed with the protein and lactose in Gyr, of the ECM with the lactose and SCC with total solids and fat for the Guzerat cows.(AU)

O objetivo foi avaliar a composição físico-química, contagem de células somáticas e condutividade elétrica do leite de fêmeas zebuínas. Para isto, foram coletadas amostras mensais de leite no dia do controle leiteiro oficial, sendo elas destinadas às análises de Condutividade Elétrica do Leite (CEL), contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e composição do leite. Foram utilizados 680 dados de controles mensais, provenientes de 10 vacas da raça Gir e 17 da raça Guzerá, pertencentes a um rebanho localizado na cidade de São Gonçalo do Amarante/RN, no período de agosto a novembro de 2013. Realizou-se análise de variância, teste de média e análise de correlação de Pearson. Como variáveis dependentes a CEL e CCS, estavam os teores de gordura (%G), proteína (%P), lactose (%L), sólidos totais (%ST) e extrato seco desengordurado (%ESD). Ao serem analisadas médias da raça Gir para CEL, CCS, GOR, PROT, LACT, ST e ESD foram, respectivamente, 3,88±1,18 mS/cm, 1629±2195 mil cels./mL, 4,71±1,77%, 3,29±0,31%, 4,5±0,33%, 13,5±1,78%, 8,79±0,37%, e para a raça Guzerá, 3,59±0,88 mS/cm 1356±1793 mil cels./mL, 4,47±0,98%, 3,43±0,32%, 4,52±0,24%, 13,49±1,19%, 9,02±0,48%. Não foram verificadas correlações significativas entre as características CCS e CEL. Porém, quando feito a correlação de cada um destes parâmetros com a composição do leite em diferentes classes para cada raça, foi observado, correlação significativa da CCS com a proteína e lactose na raça Gir, da CEL com a lactose e CCS com gordura e sólidos totais para os animais da raça Guzerá.(AU)

Corn germ meal in replacement of corn in Santa Ines sheep diet: carcass characteristics and tissue composition / Gérmen integral de milho em substituição ao milho na dieta de ovinos Santa Inês: características de carcaça e composição tecidual

The effects of replacing corn to corn germ meal (0; 25; 50; 75 and 100%) in the diet of Santa Ines sheep on the carcass characteristics, weight and yield of meat cuts and tissue composition of the leg were studied. Forty non castrated sheep were slaughtered after 70 days of confinement. The intakes of dry matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients decreased linearly with the substitution, as well as the weight of all commercial cuts and tissue components of the leg. There was a linear increase in the final pH carcass without effect on the initial pH and the initial and final temperatures. The yield of meat cuts, the percentage of muscle and fat of the leg and the relation muscle : fat were not affected by the replacement. For the percentage of bones and other tissues of the leg there was a linear increase. Relations muscle: bone, subcutaneous fat: intermuscular fat and the leg muscularity index decreased with the replacement. It is not recommended to replace corn by corn germ meal in Santa Ines sheep diets.(AU)

Avaliou-se o efeito da substituição do milho pelo gérmen integral de milho (0; 25; 50; 75 e 100%) na dieta de ovinos da raça Santa Inês sobre as características de carcaça, pesos e rendimentos dos cortes cárneos e composição tecidual da perna. Quarenta animais não emasculados da raça Santa Inês foram abatidos após 70 dias de confinamento. Verificou-se efeito linear decrescente para o consumo de matéria seca, proteína bruta e nutrientes digestíveis totais, bem como para os pesos e rendimentos de carcaça, área de olho-de-lombo, pesos dos cortes cárneos comerciais e componentes tissulares da perna. Houve aumento linear para o pH final da carcaça, sem efeito sobre o pH inicial e temperaturas inicial e final. O rendimento dos cortes cárneos, os percentuais de músculos e de gordura da perna e a relação músculo: gordura não foram influenciados pela substituição. Para os percentuais de ossos e de outros tecidos da perna houve efeito linear crescente. As relações musculo : osso, gordura subcutânea: gordura intermuscular e o índice de musculosidade da perna decresceram linearmente com a substituição. Não se recomenda a substituição do milho pelo gérmen integral de milho na dieta de ovinos da raça Santa Inês confinados.(AU)

Consumo e digestibilidade em caprinos mestiços terminados em pasto de caatinga recebendo suplementação alimentar durante a estação seca / Intake and digestibility of crossbred goats finished on caatinga grassland receiving feed supplementation during dry season

Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação alimentar  0,4; 0,8 e 1,2% do peso corporal (PC) sobre o desempenho de caprinos mestiços terminados em pasto de caatinga, em relação a caprinos mestiços não suplementados (0,0% do PC). Utilizou-se 32 caprinos machos castrados, mestiços Anglonubiana, com oito meses de idade e peso corporal médio de 18 ± 2,5 kg, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, mantidos em 37 hectares de caatinga, das 7 h às 16 h. O consumo de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro e ácido, carboidrato totais e nutrientes digestíveis totais foram influenciados (P 0,05) pelos níveis de suplementação alimentar, com acréscimos lineares de, 202,31; 179,42; 25,05; 11,83; 35,79; 12,27, 142,63 e 166,79 g animal-1 dia-1, respectivamente. Houve efeito substitutivo (P 0,05) do consumo de matéria seca a partir de 0,7% PC. A suplementação alimentar resultou em efeito linear positivo (P 0,05) sobre a digestibilidade da matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, carboidratos totais, teor de nutrientes digestíveis totais e energia digestível, com acréscimos de, 17,15; 16,64; 19,07; 44,74; 15,15 e 17,56 % na matéria seca; e 0,69 Mcal kg-1 de matéria seca, respectivamente. O peso corporal final, ganho total e ganho médio diário, elevaram-se linearmente (P 0,05) em 2,60; 3,09 e 0,036

It was evaluated the effect of feed supplementation at 0.4; 0.8 and 1.2% of body weight (BW) on intake and digestibility of crossbred goats finished on caatinga, in relation to crossbred goats not supplemented (0.0% of BW). Thirty-two crossbred, Anglo-Nubian goats were used, eight months old and with body weight of 18 ± 2.5 kg, organised into randomised blocks, which were kept on 37 hectares of caatinga from 7 h to 16 h. Intake of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral and acid detergent fibre, total carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients was influenced (P 0.05) by the levels of feed supplementation, with linear increases of 202.31; 179.42; 25.05; 11.83; 35.79; 12.27; 142.63 and 166.79 g animal-1 day-1 respectively. There was a substitution effect (P 0.05) on dry matter intake when using feed supplementation at 0.7% BW.  Feed supplementation resulted in positive linear effect (P 0.05) for digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, total carbohydrates, total digestible-nutrient content and digestible energy, with an increase of 17.15; 16.64; 19.07; 44.74; 15.15 and 17.56% for dry matter, and 0.69 Mcal kg-1 of dry matter respectively. Final body weight, total gain and average daily gain, showed a linear increase (P 0.05) of 2.60, 3.09 and 0.036 kg per percentage point of each additional level of

Quality of buffalo milk supplemented with selenium / Qualidade de leite de búfalas suplementadas com selênio

This study aimed at evaluating the effects of a selenium enriched diet on the composition and somatic cell count of buffalo milk, along with verifying selenium residue in milk and in Minas fresh cheese. Data from 2264 Murrah buffalo milk samples belonging to Tapuio Ltda., located in the agreste region of Rio Grande do Norte were collected in the period from 2010 to 2014 for analysis. To verify the amount of selenium residue in buffalo milk and in Minas fresh cheese, 100 Murrah buffaloes were used and divided into 5 distinct treatment lots, according to milk production (0.08 ppm/Se/kg of concentrate). Three hundred mL of milk from each lot were collected from the tanks, as well as 300g of Minas fresh cheese, from August to November 2014, with collection of the treated lots held only in the month of November. Selenium supplementation reduces somatic cell count in buffalo milk. Selenium residue was not detected in buffalo milk or cheese. Studies with higher levels that 4.8 ppm of selenium in the diets of dairy buffaloes are recommended

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de uma dieta adicionada de selênio sobre a composição e contagem de células somáticas do leite de búfala, juntamente com a verificação do teor selênio no leite e no queijo Minas frescal. Os dados de 2264 amostras de leite de búfala Murrah pertencentes a Tapuio Ltda., localizada no agreste do Rio Grande do Norte, foram coletadas no período de 2010 a 2014 para a análise. Para verificar a quantidade de resíduo de selênio no leite de búfala e no queijo Minas frescal, 100 búfalas da raça Murrah foram casualizadas em 05 lotes distintos, de acordo com a produção de leite (0,08 ppm/Se/kg de concentrado). Trezentos mililitros de leite de cada lote foram coletados a partir das ordenhadeiras, bem como 300g de queijo Minas frescal, de agosto a novembro de 2014. A suplementação de selênio influenciou a contagem de células somáticas. O selênio não foi identificado no leite e no queijo de búfalas suplementadas com esse mineral. Estudos com níveis mais elevados que 4,8 ppm/kg/Se na dieta de búfalas em lactação são recomendados