Socioeconomic and sociodemographic variables associated with oral hygiene status in Mexican schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to identify the socioeconomic and sociodemographic variables associated with oral hygiene status in schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years in Navolato, Sinaloa, Mexico. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 3,048 schoolchildren. A questionnaire was used to determine socioeconomic and sociodemographic variables, and a clinical oral examination was carried out to establish oral hygiene status. The "plaque" component of the simplified oral hygiene index (S-OHI) was the criterion used to determine oral hygiene status in children. Using principal component analysis, five socioeconomic factors were streamlined to one principal component to determine the individual socioeconomic level. Data were analyzed with non-parametric tests and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: The population included 1,456 boys and 1,592 girls. The mean value for S-OHI was 1.10 +/- 0.34. The largest percentage (50.8%) of the S-OHI scores ranged between 0 and 1. In the multivariate model, younger age, male gender, and lower toothbrushing frequency (P <0.05) were associated with poor oral hygiene. Children with better socioeconomic status had better oral hygiene (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Most children ( approximately 60%) had an acceptable level of oral hygiene. Diverse variables were associated with oral hygiene in these Mexican children, highlighting a gradient distribution throughout the socioeconomic spectrum. It is necessary to implement strategies that would help to diminish the disparities observed across diverse socioeconomic groups.

Caries increment in the permanent dentition of Mexican children in relation to prior caries experience on permanent and primary dentitions.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the likelihood of caries increment in schoolchildren, based on their prior caries experience. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We undertook a longitudinal study in 452 six-to-nine year olds between 1999 and 2001 in Mexico, with dental exams conducted by two standardized examiners (kappa>0.85). The dependent variable was the DMFT increment, dichotomized as without increment, and at least one unit of increment. Independent variables estimated caries experience at baseline. Data were analyzed using non-parametric tests and generalized linear models (log-binomial) to calculate relative risk (RR) adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS: The percentage of caries-free children diminished by 20.5% from 1999 to 2001. DMFT index increased two-fold, from 0.25+/-0.70 in 1999 to 0.77+/-1.30 in 2001 (p<0.001). The overall risk for this sample was 24%. The DMFT increment was higher (p<0.001) in children with DMFT>0 and dmft>0 in 1999 (RR=1.89, 95% CI=1.37-2.62; RR=2.71, 95% CI=1.94-3.76, respectively). The likelihood for DMFT increment from the 1999 levels was: (1) 2.78 times higher (95% CI=2.06-3.76) if schoolchildren had caries in any of the first permanent molars and (2) 1.62 times higher (95% CI=1.20-2.19) if schoolchildren were affected by high severity caries at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Both caries prevalence and mean DMFT had significant increments in 18 months. Dental caries in the primary (dmft) and permanent (DMFT) dentitions at baseline are goods indicators of subsequent caries development in this group of children in a medium income country. This relationship became stronger when the occurrence of caries in the first permanent molars was included.

Introducing a clinical-behavioural scoring system for children's oral hygiene.

OBJECTIVES: Developing and testing a clinical-behavioural scoring system for assessing children's oral hygiene. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One clinical variable (the presence of dental plaque, measured using Silness and Loe's index) and one behavioural variable (self-reported tooth brushing frequency) were combined into secondary data analysis of research databases for 3-6-year-olds and 6-13-year-olds in a Mexican community. The combined scoring is an ordinal scale that depicts suitable, moderate and inadequate hygiene. Blinded dental examiners also collected dmft/DMFT data in standardised conditions. Data was analysed with Spearman's rho, Kruskall-Wallis, non-parametric tests for trends and Pearson's chi2 tests. RESULTS: 1303 children aged 3-6 years old and 1644 children aged 6-13 years old participated in the study. Clear relationships existed between the combined scoring system and dmft (p < 0.01) and between the scoring system and DMFT (p < 0.01), suggesting that the combined clinical-behavioural scoring system is a reasonably accurate measurement of the relationship between caries experience and oral hygiene in children in the given setting. CONCLUSIONS: The combined clinical-behavioural scoring system is a simple, easy-to-use tool that incorporates clinical and behavioural data commonly found in dental systems. Whether the clinical-behavioural scoring system can be generalised remains to be established.

Prevalencia de dentición funcional en ancianos mexicanos / Prevalence of functional teeth in Mexican elderly

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de dentición funcional (DF) y su distribución a través de diversas variables clínicas, sociodemográficas y socioeconómicas de una muestra de ancianos mexicanos. Material y métodos En un estudio transversal se incluyeron 139 adultos de 60 años y más de 2 asilos y un club de ancianos de la ciudad de Pachuca, Hidalgo, México. La variable dependiente fue la dentición funcional; operacionalmente categorizada como: 0 = sujetos con menos de 21 dientes presentes en la boca y 1 = sujetos con 21 o más dientes en la boca, excluyendo prótesis. Las variables sociodemográficas, socioeconómicas y conductuales se recogieron a través de un cuestionario. Las variables clínicas fueron recabadas por un examinador capacitado y estandarizado. El análisis se realizó utilizando pruebas no paramétricas en Stata. Resultados El promedio de edad fue de 79,06 +/- 9,78. La mayoría de los sujetos incluidos fueron mujeres (69,1 por ciento). La prevalencia de dentición funcional fue de 10,1 por ciento. En el análisis bivariado observamos lo siguiente: los sujetos con DF tuvieron menor edad (p < 0,05); entre las mujeres se observó mayor prevalencia de DF (p < 0,05); las personas con pareja presentaron más alto porcentaje de DF (p < 0,05); la prevalencia de DF fue diferente a través de los tipos de asilamiento (p < 0,05). Conclusiones Los datos sugieren una baja prevalencia de dentición funcional en esta muestra de adultos mayores. Este estudio demuestra que la DF varía en función de variables sociodemográficas.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of functional teeth (FT) and their distribution using clinical, demographic, and socioeconomic variables in a sample of Mexican elderly. Material and methods This cross-sectional study of 139 adults aged 60 years and older was conducted in two nursing homes and one club in Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico. The dependent variable was FT, and participants were operationally categorised as 0 (having less than 21 teeth) or 1 (having 21 or more teeth). Those categorised as 1 comprised the FT group. Sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and behavioural variables were collected using a questionnaire. Clinical variables were collected by a trained examiner using a standardised examination. Analysis was performed using non-parametric tests in Stata. Results The mean age was 79.06 +/- 9.78 years. Most (69.1 percent) of the participants were women. The prevalence of FT was 10.1 percent. In the bivariate analysis, it was observed that the FT group was younger (p < .05), women displayed a greater prevalence of FT than men (p < .05), as did those involved in a relationship compared to being single (p < .05), and FT prevalence differed by type of isolation (p < .05). Conclusions The prevalence of FT is low among nursing home residents and club members, and it varies with age, sex, relationship status, and type of isolation.

Prevalence of and risk indicators for chronic periodontitis in males from Campeche, Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: Determining the prevalence, severity and extension of chronic periodontitis and identifying risk indicators amongst policemen in Campeche, Mexico, using an electron probe. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of 161 men was conducted. A case of periodontitis was defined as a participant having clinical attachment loss in at least one (3) 4 mm site. Every periodontal site in the mouth was measured by a standardized periodontist using a Florida Probe System. STATA 8.2 was used for bivariate and multivariate statistical analysis, using logistic binary regression. RESULTS Mean age was 38.36+/-10.99 years. 23,622 periodontal sites were available for examination. Mean (SD) teeth and sites examined per person were 24.45+/-4.63 and 146.72+/-27.80, respectively. Periodontitis prevalence was 62.7%. Periodontitis severity was 2.9 mm and extent was 53.7%. Adjusted for alcohol intake, factors associated with periodontitis prevalence were being older ((3)35 years; OR=2.08; CI95%=1.05-4.10), smoking (current/former; OR=2.22; CI95%=1.06-4.77) and gingivitis (presence; OR=3.35; CI95%=1.34-8.42). CONCLUSIONS: Many study participants had poor periodontal conditions, with substantial overall prevalence of periodontitis. Older age, tobacco use and the presence of gingivitis were factors associated with periodontitis prevalence.

Dental attrition and associated factors in adolescents 14 to 19 years of age: a pilot study.

PURPOSE: This cross-sectional study evaluated the relationship between attrition and diverse variables in 390 Mexican adolescents aged 14 to 19 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An ordinal scoring system was used to describe the severity of attrition. RESULTS: Attrition prevalence was 33.3% and was associated with older age, presence of defective restorations, Class II malocclusion, and perception of stress level. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that attrition is present in 1 of every 3 adolescents.

Prevalence of and risk indicators for chronic periodontitis in males from Campeche, Mexico

Objective: Determining the prevalence, severity and extension of chronic periodontitis and identifying risk indicators amongst policemen in Campeche, Mexico, using an electron probe. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of 161 men was conducted. A case of periodontitis was defined as a participant having clinical attachment loss in at least one ³ 4 mm site. Every periodontal site in the mouth was measured by a standardized periodontist using a Florida Probe System.™ STATA 8.2™ was used for bivariate and multivariate statistical analysis, using logistic binary regression. Results: Mean age was 38.36±10.99 years. 23,622 periodontal sites were available for examination. Mean (SD) teeth and sites examined per person were 24.45±4.63 and 146.72±27.80, respectively. Periodontitis prevalence was 62.7 percent. Periodontitis severity was 2.9 mm and extent was 53.7 percent. Adjusted for alcohol intake, factors associated with periodontitis prevalence were being older (³35 years; OR=2.08; CI95 percent=1.05-4.10), smoking (current/former; OR=2.22; CI95 percent=1.06-4.77) and gingivitis (presence; OR=3.35; CI95 percent=1.34-8.42). Conclusions: Many study participants had poor periodontal conditions, with substantial overall prevalence of periodontitis. Older age, tobacco use and the presence of gingivitis were factors associated with periodontitis prevalence.

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia, severidad y extensión de periodontitis crónica, e identificar indicadores de riesgo entre policías de Campeche, México, utilizando una sonda electrónica. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en una muestra de conveniencia de 161 hombres. Un caso de periodontitis fue definido como pérdida de inserción en al menos un sitio ³ 4 mm. Todos los sitios periodontales fueron medidos utilizando la sonda Florida Probe System™ por un periodoncista estandarizado. Los análisis bivariado y multivariado fueron realizados en STATA 8.2 utilizando regresión logística binaria. Resultados: La media de edad fue 38,36±10,99 años. Un total de 23 622 sitios periodontales estuvieron disponibles para examen. El promedio de dientes y sitios examinados por persona fue 24,45±4,63 y 146,72±27,80, respectivamente. La prevalencia de periodontitis fue 62,7 por ciento. La severidad fue de 2,9 mm y la extensión fue 53,7 por ciento. Ajustando por consumo del alcohol, los factores asociados a la prevalencia fueron mayor edad (³35 años; RM=2,08; IC95 por ciento=1,05-4,10), tabaquismo (actual y pasado; RM=2,22; IC95 por ciento=1,06-4,77), y gingivitis (presencia; RM=3,35; CI95 por ciento=1,34-8,42). Conclusiones: La mayoría de los participantes tuvieron una condición periodontal desfavorable. La mayor edad, el uso de tabaco y la presencia de gingivitis fueron variables asociadas con la prevalencia de periodontitis.

Introducing a clinical-behavioural scoring system for children's oral hygiene

Objectives: Developing and testing a clinical-behavioural scoring system for assessing Children's oral hygiene. Materials and Methods One clinical variable (the presence of dental plaque, measured using Silness and LõeâǙs index) and one behavioural variable (self-reported tooth brushing frequency) were combined into secondary data analysis of research databases for 3-6-year-olds and 6-13-year-olds in a Mexican community. The combined scoring is an ordinal scale that depicts suitable, moderate and inadequate hygiene. Blinded dental examiners also collected dmft/DMFT data in standardised conditions. Data was analysed with Spearman's rho, Kruskall-Wallis, non-parametric tests for trends and Pearson's chi2 tests. Results 1 303 children aged 3-6 years old and 1,644 children aged 6-13 years old participated in the study. Clear relationships existed between the combined scoring system and dmft (p<0.01) and between the scoring system and DMFT (p<0.01), suggesting that the combined clinical-behavioural scoring system is a reasonably accurate measurement of the relationship between caries experience and oral hygiene in children in the given setting. Conclusions The combined clinical-behavioural scoring system is a simple, easy-to-use tool that incorporates clinical and behavioural data commonly found in dental systems. Whether the clinical-behavioural scoring system can be generalised remains to be established

Objetivos: Desarrollar un sistema de puntaje clínico-conductual para medir la higiene bucal en niños. Material y Métodos La investigación se realizó en dos etapas: 1) detección y selección de componentes de la higiene bucal, y 2) evaluación de la asociación con la caries dental. Una variable clínica (presencia de placa dentobacteriana usando el índice de Silness y Lõe) y una variable conductual (reporte de la frecuencia de cepillado) fueron combinadas en un análisis secundario de dos bases de datos de investigaciones epidemiológicas en niños de 3-6 años y de 6-13 años de edad en una comunidad mexicana. El puntaje combinado es en una escala ordinal que describe higiene bucal adecuada, moderada e inadecuada. Los examinadores también colectaron los índices ceod/CPOD. Los datos se analizaron con las pruebas de rho de Spearman, Kruskall-Wallis, no-paramétrica para tendencias, y ji2 de Pearson. Resultados 1 303 niños de 3-6 años de edad, y 1 644 niños de 6-13 años de edad participaron en los estudios. Se encontró una lara relación entre el sistema y el índice ceod (p<0.01), y entre el sistema y el índice CPOD (p<0.01), sugiriendo que este sistema es una medida adecuada de la higiene bucal en esta población. Conclusión El sistema de puntaje clínico-conductual para medir la higiene bucal es una herramienta simple y fácil de usar que incorpora datos clínicos y conductuales comúnmente encontrados en investigaciones dentales. El potencial del sistema de puntaje clínico-conductual para medir la higiene bucal para usarse en otras poblaciones necesita establecerse en estudios subsecuentes.