Lippia origanoides essential oil: an efficient and safe alternative to preserve food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.

AIMS: The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Lippia origanoides essential oil as a preservative in industrial products. METHODS AND RESULTS: The composition, antimicrobial activity, mutagenic and toxic potential of L. origanoides were determined. Then, the effect of essential oil as a preservative in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products was evaluated. The essential oil of L. origanoides consisted mainly of oxygenated monoterpenes (38·13%); 26·28% corresponded to the compound carvacrol. At concentrations ranging from 0·312 to 1·25 µl ml-1 and in association with polysorbate 80, the essential oil of L. origanoides inhibited the growth of all the tested micro-organisms. The medium lethal dose in mice was 3·5 g kg-1 , which categorizes it as nontoxic according to the European Union criteria, and negative results in the Ames test indicated that this oil was not mutagenic. In combination with polysorbate 80, the essential oil exerted preservative action on orange juice, cosmetic and pharmaceutical compositions, especially in the case of aqueous-based products. CONCLUSIONS: Lippia origanoides essential oil is an effective and safe preservative for orange juice, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study allowed for the complete understanding of the antimicrobial action and toxicological potential of L. origanoides essential oil. These results facilitate the development of a preservative system based on L. origanoides essential oil.

Fridericia platyphylla (Cham.) L.G. Lohmann root extract exerts cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects on gastric tumor cells and downregulates BCL-XL, BIRC5, and MET genes.

Fridericia platyphylla (Cham.) L.G. Lohmann (FP) has cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. We aimed to characterize the cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of FP extract on normal (GAS) and tumor-derived (ACP02 and HepG2) cell lines. The effective concentrations (EC50s) by tetrazolium bromide assay (MTT) were 56.16, 43.68, and 42.57 µg mL-1 and 69.38, 41.73, and 52.39 µg mL-1 by neutral red assay for GAS, ACP02, and HepG2 cells, respectively. The extract decreased nuclear division indices, which was not reflected in cell proliferation curves. Flow cytometric analyses showed that even 30 µg mL-1 extract (shown to be noncytotoxic by MTT assay) increased the sub-G1 population, indicating cell death due to apoptosis and necrosis. A cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay showed that 30 µg mL-1 of the extract increased the frequency of nuclear buds in tumor cells. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed CCND1 upregulation in doxorubicin-treated GAS cells and BCL-XL, BIRC5, and MET downregulation in 5 or 30 µg mL-1 in FP extract-treated ACP02 cells. In conclusion, FP extract modulated apoptosis- and cell cycle-related genes and presented selective cytotoxicity toward tumor cells that deserves further investigation by testing other cell types. Our results demonstrated that even medicinal plants exert adverse effects depending on the extract concentrations used and tissues investigated.

Mutagenicity of Mouriri pusa Gardner and Mouriri elliptica Martius.

Mouriri pusa Gardner and Mouriri elliptica Martius are fruit-bearing plants of the Melastomataceae family, popularly known in Brazil as puçá-preto or jaboticaba-do-cerrado, and they are used in folk medicine for the treatment of gastric ulcers. In this study, we employ the Ames test to assess the mutagenicity of compounds obtained from the leaves of these species. The methanol extract of the M. pusa was mutagenic to the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA97a and TA100, with or without metabolic activation. The methanol extract of M. elliptica induced mutagenic activity in TA98 when metabolized with S9 fraction and TA97a with and without S9, but with lower mutagenicity index (MI) and potencies values than those for M. pusa. Enriched fractions of flavonoids and tannins of M. pusa were also evaluated and they demonstrated positive mutagenicity. The highest values of MI and potency were obtained with the flavonoid fraction, which contains large amounts of quercetin, quercetin glycosides and myricetin. These compounds are probably related to the mutagenicity observed in the Ames test. The dichloromethane extract was not mutagenic in any of the test conditions employed.

Differences in gastroprotective and mutagenic actions between polar and apolar extracts of Ananas ananassoides.

Several plants are used in folk medicine to treat gastrointestinal disorders. Ananas ananassoides (Baker) L.B. Smith (Family Bromeliaceae) is a medicinal plant commonly used in the central region of Brazil against gastric pain. We evaluated two extracts (methanol [MeOH] and dichloromethane [DCM]) obtained from the leaves of A. ananassoides for their ability to protect the gastric mucosa against injuries caused by necrotizing agents (0.3 M HCl/60% ethanol, absolute ethanol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and pylorus ligation) in mice and rats. The best results were obtained after pretreatment with the DCM extract, whereas the MeOH extract did not show any significant anti-ulcerogenic activity but presented mutagenic action. The mechanism of action of the DCM extract suggested the effective participation of endogenous sulfhydryl group in the gastroprotective action. The data, taken together with the absence of acute toxicity and mutagenicity, indicate the apolar extract, instead of the polar, extract of A. ananassoides as a safe and potential new anti-ulcerogenic drug.

A duplicated nitrotienyl derivative with antimycobacterial activity: synthesis, X-ray crystallography, biological and mutagenic activity tests.

A duplicated nitrotienyl derivative was obtained as a by-product from the synthesis of a proposed molecular hybrid of a nitrotienyl derivative and isoniazid with an expected dual antimycobacteria mechanism. The structure was shown to be the 5,5'-dinitro-2-(2,3-diaza-4-(2'-tienyl)buta-1,3-dienyl)tiophene by X-ray crystallography. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of this compound proved to be promising against Mycobacterium pathogenic strains such as M. avium and M. kansasii, although it had a high level of mutagenicity, as observed in mutagenic activity tests.

In vitro basal and metabolism-mediated cytotoxicity of flavonoids.

The purpose of this study was to compare the basal cytotoxicity and metabolism-mediated cytotoxicity of kaempferol, quercetin and rutin. McCoy cells were exposed to various concentrations of the flavonols with and without the S9 system. The neutral red uptake assay was used to determine viability after 24 h at 35-37 degrees C. Dose-response curves were established for each flavonol in the presence and absence of external metabolizing systems. Kaempferol and quercetin were cytotoxic and provoked a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability, without the S9 system. The hepatic S9 microsomal fraction metabolized these compounds to less cytotoxic metabolites. In contrast, rutin at 500 microg/ml failed to produce any overt signs of toxicity in either assay.

Assessment of DNA damage by extracts and fractions of Strychnos pseudoquina, a Brazilian medicinal plant with antiulcerogenic activity.

Strychnos pseudoquina St. Hil. is a native plant of the Brazilian Savannah, used in popular medicine to treat a number of conditions. Since it contains large quantities of alkaloids with proven antiulcer activity, we tested the genotoxic potential of crude extracts and fractions containing alkaloids and flavonoids from the leaves of this plant, on Salmonella typhimurium and performed the micronucleus test on peripheral blood cells of mice treated in vivo. The results showed that the methanol extract of the leaves of S. pseudoquina is mutagenic to the TA98 (-S9) and TA100 (+S9, -S9) strains of Salmonella. The dichloromethane extract was not mutagenic to any of the tested strains. Fractions enriched with alkaloids or flavonoids were not mutagenic. In vivo tests were done on the crude methanol extract in albino Swiss mice, which were treated, by gavage, with three different doses of the extract. The highest dose tested (1800 mg/kgb.w.) induced micronuclei after acute treatment, confirming the mutagenic potential of the methanol extract of the leaves of S. pseudoquina. In high doses, constituents of S. pseudoquina compounds act on DNA, causing breaks and giving rise to micronuclei in the blood cells of treated animals.

Chemopreventive effect and lack of genotoxicity and mutagenicity of the exopolysaccharide botryosphaeran on human lymphocytes.

Carbohydrate biopolymers of fungal-origin are an important natural resource in the search for new bioagents with therapeutic and nutraceutical potential. In this study the mutagenic, genotoxic, antigenotoxic and antioxidant properties of the fungal exopolysaccharide botryosphaeran, a (1→3)(1→6)-ß-D-glucan, from Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05, was evaluated. The mutagenicity was assessed at five concentrations in Salmonella typhimurium by the Ames test. Normal and tumor (Jurkat cells) human T lymphocyte cultures were used to evaluate the genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity (Comet assay) of botryosphaeran alone and in combination with the mutagen methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). The ability of botryosphaeran to reduce the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) generated by hydrogen peroxide was assessed using the CM-H2DCFDA probe in lymphocyte cultures under different treatment times. None of the evaluated botryosphaeran concentrations were mutagenic in bacteria, nor induced genotoxicity in normal and tumor lymphocytes. Botryosphaeran protected lymphocyte DNA against damage caused by MMS under simultaneous treatment and post-treatment conditions. However, botryosphaeran was not able to reduce the RONS generated by H2O2. Besides the absence of genotoxicity, botryosphaeran exerted a protective effect on human lymphocytes against genotoxic damage caused by MMS. These results are important in the validation of botryosphaeran as a therapeutic agent targeting health promotion.

Effects of nemorosone, isolated from the plant Clusia rosea, on the cell cycle and gene expression in MCF-7 BUS breast cancer cell lines.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the cause of considerable morbidity and mortality in women. While estrogen receptor antagonists have been widely used in breast cancer treatment, patients have increasingly shown resistance to these agents and the identification of novel targeted therapies is therefore required. Nemorosone is the major constituent of the floral resin from Clusia rosea and belongs to the class of polycyclic polyisoprenylated benzophenones of the acylphloroglucinol group. The cytotoxicity of nemorosone in human cancer cell lines has been reported in recent years and has been related to estrogen receptors in breast cancer cells. METHODS: Changes induced by nemorosone in the cell cycle and gene expression of the MCF-7 BUS (estrogen-dependent) breast cancer cell line were analyzed using flow cytometry and the RT(2) Profiler PCR array, respectively. RESULTS: In comparison to breast cancer cells without treatment, nemorosone induced discrete cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and significant depletion in the G2 phase. Moreover, the compound altered the expression of 19 genes related to different pathways, especially the cell cycle, apoptosis and hormone receptors. CONCLUSION: These promising results justify further studies to clarify mechanisms of action of nemorosone, in view of evaluate the possible use of this benzophenone as adjuvant in the treatment of breast cancer.

Mutagenicity of paepalantine dimer and glycoside derivatives from Paepalanthus bromelioides.

The first isocoumarin isolated from the methylene chloride extract of Paepalanthus bromelioides, named paepalantine (isocoumarin 1), was found to have antimicrobial activity; but, it is mutagenic clastogenic and cytotoxic. Two other isocoumarins, paepalantine-9-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (isocoumarin 2) and paepalantine-9-O-beta-D-allopyranosyl(1 --> 6) glucopyranoside (isocoumarin 3) were isolated from the ethanolic extract. A fourth new isocoumarin, also isolated from the methylene chloride extract of the capitula of P. bromelioides, was characterized as an 8-8' dimer of paepalantine and denominated isocoumarin 4. The abilities of isocoumarins 2, 3 and 4 to induce mutations in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97a, TA98, TA100 and TA102 were investigated. Mutagenic activity was observed in strain TA97a treated with isocoumarin 2 in the presence of S9 mixture. The substitution of H at position 9 by glucose or glucose-allose caused reductions in the mutagenic activities of paepalantine, indicating this to be an important site for these properties.

Mutagenic activity of sweepings and pigments from a household-wax factory assayed with Salmonella typhimurium.

The mutagenic activity of garbage originating from a household wax industry was determined by the Salmonella/microsome assay, using the bacterial strains TA100, TA98 and YG1024. The garbage was obtained by sweeping the floor of the factory at the end of the work shift. Organic compounds were extracted by ultrasound for 30 min in dichloromethane or 70% ethanol. After evaporation of solvent, these extracts (HFS: household-wax factory sweepings) were dissolved in DMSO, and were tested for the mutagenic activity at varying concentrations (HFS-ET: 0.08-0.68 mg/plate, HFS-DCM: 0.60-7.31 mg/plate). The colouring agents (pigments) used in the production of the wax were also dissolved in DMSO and tested with the assay. The concentrations tested for each pigment were: Amaranth: 0.46-3.65 mg/plate, Auramine: 0.15-1.2 mg/plate and Rhodamine B: 0.22-1.82 mg/plate. Both ET and DCM organic extracts had mutagenic activity, especially in the YG1024 strain. The pigments behaved in a similar way, demonstrating that YG1024 was the most sensitive strain for the detection of mutagenicity, and that metabolization increased the activity. Human exposure (occupational and non-occupational) to industrial residues generated during the household-wax manufacturing and packaging process should be monitored, since this type of garbage is normally deposited in the environment without any control.

Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of the isocoumarin paepalantine in in vivo and in vitro mammalian systems.

Paepalantine is an isocoumarin isolated from Paepalanthus vellozioides which showed antimicrobial activity in in vitro experiments. In the present study, paepalantine was tested for possible clastogenic and cytotoxic action. Cultures from different individuals were treated with paepalantine at concentrations of 20, 40 and 80 microg/ml. The effect of isocoumarin was also tested in an in vivo assay using Wistar rat bone marrow cells. Paepalantine was administered intraperitoneally at concentrations of 6.25, 12.5 and 25 mg/kg body weight. Under these conditions paepalantine did not have a clastogenic effect, but was significantly cytotoxic in the in vitro and in vivo mammalian cell systems tested in the present work.

Mutagenicity induced by the hydroalcoholic extract of the medicinal plant Plathymenia reticulata Benth

Plathymenia reticulata Benth has an anti-inflammatory effect and is capable of neutralizing the neuromuscular blockade induced by Bothrops jararacussu or Crotalus durissus terrificus venoms, probably by precipitating venom proteins (an effect caused by plant tannins). The present study aimed to evaluate the mutagenic activity of P. reticulata by using the Salmonella mutagenicity assay (Ames test) and the micronucleus test in CHO-K1 cells. P. reticulata extract concentrations of 2.84, 5.68, 11.37, and 19.90 mg/plate were assayed by the Ames test using TA97a, TA98, TA100 and TA102 bacterial strains, with (+S9) and without (-S9) metabolic activation. Concentrations of 5, 1.6 and 0.5 μg/mL of P. reticulata extract were used for the micronucleus test. P. reticulata extract was mutagenic to TA98 (-S9) and showed signs of mutagenic activity in TA97a and TA102 (both -S9) strains. Micronucleus test CBPI values showed that the endogenous metabolic system increased the number of viable cells when compared to the non-activated samples and the micronucleus frequency increased when the cells were treated in the absence of S9. We concluded that P. reticulata extract may present direct mutagenic properties.(AU)

Mutagenicity induced by the hydroalcoholic extract of the medicinal plant Plathymenia reticulata Benth

Plathymenia reticulata Benth has an anti-inflammatory effect and is capable of neutralizing the neuromuscular blockade induced by Bothrops jararacussu or Crotalus durissus terrificus venoms, probably by precipitating venom proteins (an effect caused by plant tannins). The present study aimed to evaluate the mutagenic activity of P. reticulata by using the Salmonella mutagenicity assay (Ames test) and the micronucleus test in CHO-K1 cells. P. reticulata extract concentrations of 2.84, 5.68, 11.37, and 19.90 mg/plate were assayed by the Ames test using TA97a, TA98, TA100 and TA102 bacterial strains, with (+S9) and without (-S9) metabolic activation. Concentrations of 5, 1.6 and 0.5 ìg/mL of P. reticulata extract were used for the micronucleus test. P. reticulata extract was mutagenic to TA98 (-S9) and showed signs of mutagenic activity in TA97a and TA102 (both -S9) strains. Micronucleus test CBPI values showed that the endogenous metabolic system increased the number of viable cells when compared to the non-activated samples and the micronucleus frequency increased when the cells were treated in the absence of S9. We concluded that P. reticulata extract may present direct mutagenic properties.

Inhibitory effect of propolis and bee venom on the mutagenicity of some direct- and indirect-acting mutagens.

The antimutagenic effect of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) and honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom, both collected in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, was assessed by the Salmonella/microsome assay upon direct- and indirect-acting mutagens. EEP had inhibitory effect (in an ascending order) on the mutagenicity power of daunomycin (TA102), benzo(a)pyrene (TA100), and aflatoxin B(1)(TA98) and the venom acted against the mutagenicity of 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (TA98) and daunomycin (TA102). Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 19:403-413, 1999.

Mutagenic and cytotoxic activity of an isocoumarin (Paepalantine) isolated from Paepalanthus vellozioides.

A new isocoumarin with antimicrobial activity was isolated from Paepalanthus vellozioides (a native Brazilian plant) and called paepalantine. This study was carried out to assess the mutagenic activity of this new agent in assays with Salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA98, and TA102 and in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures, as well as cytotoxicity to McCoy cells. paepalantine caused a significant dose-dependent increase in the frequency of revertants in the three strains used in the assay, both with and without S9 mix, in concentrations varying from 2 to 128 micrograms/plate. The mutagenicity was confirmed in assays with CHO cells treated in the G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle. There was an increase in the chromosomal aberration frequency, mainly in the G2 phase. Furthermore, the mitotic index of the treated cultures (40,80, and 160 micrograms/ml) was significantly lower, indicating cytotoxicity. The midpoint cytotoxicity values of McCoy cells by the neutral red (NR) and microculture tetrazolium (MTT) techniques resulted in a NR50 and MTT50 of 30 and 38 micrograms/ml, respectively. Alterations to the paepalantine structure are suggested to reduce its mutagenic and cytotoxic activity in investigations for its antineoplastic potential.

Radioprotection: mechanisms and radioprotective agents including honeybee venom

Since 1949, a great deal of research has been carried out on the radioprotective action of chemical substances. These substances have shown to reduce mortality when administered to animals prior to exposure to a lethal dose of radiation. This fact is of considerable importance since it permits reduction of radiation-induced damage and provides prophylactic treatment for the damaging effects produced by radiotherapy. The following radiprotection mechanisms were proposed: free radical scavenger, repair by hydrogen donation to target molecules, formation of mixed disulfides, delay of cellular division and induction of hypoxia in the tissues. Radiprotective agents have been divided into four major groups: the thiol compounds, other sulfur compounds, pharmacological agents (anesthetic drugs, analgesics, tranquilizers, etc.) and other radioprotective agents (WR-1065, WR-2721, vitamins C and E, glutathione, etc). Several studies revealed the radioprotective action of Apis mellifera honeybee venom as well as that of its components mellitin and histamine. Radioprotective activity of bee venom involves mainly the stimulation of the hematopoietic system. In addition, release of histamine and reduction in oxygen tension also contribute to the radioprotective action of bee venom.

Avaliação da atividade mutagênica do extrato etanólico bruto de Paepalanthus latipes (Eriocaulaceae) e dos compostos flavonoídicos 7-metoxilados relacionados / Mutagenicity evaluation of crude ethanolic extract of Paepalanthus latipes (Eriocaulaceae) and isolated 7-methoxyflavonoids

Paepalanthus latipes (Silveira) é uma das plantas brasileiras nativas da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, conhecida como "sempre-vivas" e muito exportada para os Estados Unidos, Europa e Japão, por seu valor ornamental. Poucos resultados são relatados quanto à atividade biológica destas plantas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade mutagênica do extrato etanólico bruto de P. latipes e de dois flavonóides 7-metoxilados dele isolados (7-metilquercetagetina e 7-metilquercetagetina-4'-O-β-D-glicopiranosídeo), através do teste de Ames, utilizando linhagens mutantes de Salmonella typhimurium TA98 e TA100. A atividade mutagênica das amostras testadas, em concentrações variando de 62,5 a 375 μg/placa, foi determinada com ativação metabólica (utilizando-se a fração microssomal S9) e na ausência dessa. Os resultados demonstraram que, tanto o extrato etanólico bruto de P. latipes quanto os flavonóides 7-metoxilados testados, não induziram atividade mutagênica nas linhagens TA98 e TA100.

Paepalanthus latipes (Silveira) is one of the native Brazilian plants from Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, known as "sempre-vivas" which is exported to the United States, Europe and Japan because of its ornamental value. Few results were reported in relation to the biological activity of these plants. In this work, the mutagenicity of the crude ethanolic extract of P. latipes and isolated 7-methoxyflavonoids (7-methylquercetagetin and 7-methylquercetagetin-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside) was evaluated by using the Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains, at concentrations from 62.5 to 375 μg/plate, with and without metabolic activation (using microsomal S9 fraction). Results demonstrated that both the extract of P. latipes as well as the tested 7-methoxyflavonoids did not induce mutagenicity at the experimental tested conditions.

Atividade mutagênica de plantas medicinais / Mutagenic activity of medicinal plants

Os estudos de genotoxicidade com plantas têm crescido juntamente com o aumento do uso terapêutico e com o interesse de comprovação da eficácia das mesmas nas mais diversas finalidades farmacológicas.Isso deve-se ao fato de muitas das plantas utilizadas por um grande número de pessoas,apesar de possuírem propriedades farmacológicas, também podem causar alterações no DNA.Os riscos são ainda maiores quando o uso de tratamentos clínicos alternativos dá-se de forma não controlada, sem a devida atenção quanto a identificação correta da planta, a parte do vegetal a ser utilizada e a forma de preparo e administração.Nessa revisão são abordados aspectos da atividade mutagênica de algumas plantas medicinais.

Avaliação da atividade mutagênica da resíduo sólido de uma fábrica de confecções de meias e lingerie em ensaios com Salmonenella typhimurium / Mutagenic activity of sweepings from a sock and lingerie factory assayed with Salmonella typhimurium

Um dos efeitos mais danosos à saúde do homem advindo da exposição a agentes químicos é o câncer. A procura de novas soluções tecnológicas no setor industrial motivou o rápido crescimento dos setores produtivos, expondo um grande número de trabalhadores a milhares de agentes potencialmente tóxicos. Esses trabalhadores, ao desempenharem suas atividades ocupacionais, ficam expostos a substâncias químicas que contaminam seu ambiente de trabalho, podendo causar danos à sua saúde. Este trabalho avaliou a atividade mutagênica do lixo proveniente de uma fábrica de confecção de meias e lingerie do município de Araraquara - São Paulo, em ensaios com Salmonella/microssomo. Verificou-se um aumento significativo na freqüência de revertentes da linhagem YG1024 (-S9, +S9) em todos os extratos, indicando a presença de aminas aromáticas mutagênicas. As linhagnes TA100 e TA98 não demonstraram sensibilidade na detecção da atividade mutagênica dos extratos. A análise mutagênica desse resíduo industrial é de suma importância, visto que os funcinários que participam da produção estão diretamente expostos a tais agentes, bem como ao ambiente onde o lixo é depositado.