Endocytosis and storage of plasma factor V by human megakaryocytes.

Factor V is an essential coagulation cofactor that circulates in plasma and platelet alpha-granules where it is stored complexed to multimerin I (MMRN1). To gain insights into the origin and processing of human platelet factor V, and factor V-MMRN I complexes, we studied factorV in cultured megakaryocytes. Factor V mRNA was detected in all megakaryocyte cultures. However, like albumin, IgG and fibrinogen, factorV protein was detectable only in megakaryocytes cultured with exogenous protein. The amount of factor V associated with megakaryocytes was influenced by the exogenous factorV concentration. Similar to platelet factor V, megakaryocyte factor V was proteolyzed and complexed with megakaryocyte-synthesized MMRN1. With secretagogues, megakaryocytes released factor V, IgG, fibrinogen and MMRN1. Immunofluorescent and electron microscopy confirmed factorV uptake by endocytosis and its trafficking to megakaryocyte alpha-granules. These data provide direct evidence that human megakaryocytes process plasma-derived factor V into alpha-granules and generate factorV-MMRN I complexes from endogenously and exogenously synthesized proteins.

Studies of alpha-granule proteins in cultured human megakaryocytes.

alpha-Granule protein storage is important for producing platelets with normal haemostatic function. The low to undetectable levels of several megakaryocyte-synthesized alpha-granule proteins in normal plasma suggest megakaryocytes are important to sequester these proteins in vivo. alpha-Granule protein storage in vitro has been studied using other cell types, with differences observed in how some proteins are processed compared to platelets. Human megakaryocytes, cultured from cord blood CD34(+) cells and grown in serum-free media containing thrombopoietin, were investigated to determine if they could be used as a model for studying normal alpha-granule protein processing and storage. ELISA indicated that cultured megakaryocytes contained the alpha-granule proteins multimerin, von Willebrand factor, thrombospondin-1, beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4, but no detectable fibrinogen and factor V. A significant proportion of the alpha-granule protein in megakaryocyte cultures was contained within the cells (averages: 41-71 %), consistent with storage. Detailed analyses of multimerin and von Willebrand factor confirmed that alpha-granule proteins were processed to mature forms and were predominantly located in the alpha-granules of cultured megakaryocytes.Thrombopoietin-stimulated cultured megakaryocytes provide a useful model for studying alpha-granule protein processing and storage.

Intracellular activation of the fibrinolytic cascade in the Quebec Platelet Disorder.

The Quebec Platelet Disorder (QPD) is an unusual bleeding disorder associated with increased platelet stores of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and proteolysis of platelet alpha-granule proteins. The increased u-PA and proteolyzed plasminogen in QPD platelets led us to investigate possible contributions of intracellular plasmin generation to QPD alpha-granule proteolysis. ELISA indicated there were normal amounts of plasminogen and plasmin-alpha(2)-antiplasmin (PAP) complexes in QPD plasmas. Like normal platelets, QPD platelets contained only a small proportion of the blood plasminogen, however, they contained an increased amount of PAP complexes compared to normal platelets (P < 0.005). The quantities of plasminogen stored in platelets were important to induce QPD-like proteolysis of normal alpha-granule proteins by two chain u-PA (tcu-PA) in vitro. Moreover, adding supplemental plasminogen to QPD, but not to control, platelet lysates, triggered further alpha-granule protein proteolysis to forms that comigrated with plasmin degraded proteins. These data suggest the generation of increased but limiting amounts of plasmin within platelets is involved in producing the unique phenotypic changes to alpha-granule proteins in QPD platelets. The QPD is the only known bleeding disorder associated with chronic, intracellular activation of the fibrinolytic cascade.