Attitudes towards Sexual Behaviour: an Ex ploratory Analysis of a Comprehensive Model.

Introduction: A theoretical model of self-oriented cognitive schemata of sexual behaviour (SO-CSSB) was proposed after a previous disambiguation review on the definition and research of sexual attitudes. A quantitative exploration of the proposal may add real-world information regarding the internal structure and the adequacy of the defined factors. Consequently, the present study aims to 1) develop a questionnaire based on the theoretical review and 2) explore the structure of the SO-CSSB model. Method: Following the SO-CSSB principles, a questionnaire was developed and evaluated. An observational cross-sectional online survey was conducted. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a reliability analysis were performed. Results: A study sample, comprised of 188 subjects, was analysed (Age 18-56; M = 25.27; SD = 6.6; 62 male, 33.2%). The EFA yielded 16 factors with eigenvalues above 1, accounting for 67.21% of the variance (KMO = .672, Barlett's = 3958.7, sig.<.01; item communalities between .44 and .80). Items under .49 were cut off, which included values from .49 to .86. There was no correlation between components over .20, in a range from -.19 to .20. Reliability indexes varied from .46 to .86. Conclusion: A final model of 16 components following the SO-CSSB principles was presented. The analysis revealed certain modifications to the theoretical proposal, and the objective of adding a quantitative frame to empirically specify its factors was achieved. This outcome constitutes a step forward to developing a comprehensive model on sexual beliefs.

Introducción: Se propuso un modelo teórico de Esquemas Cognitivos Auto- orientados sobre Conducta Sexual (ECA-CS) tras una revisión previa de desam- biguación sobre la literatura actual de las actitudes sexuales. Una exploración cuantitativa de la propuesta puede añadir información real sobre la estructura interna y la adecuación de los factores definidos. En consecuencia, el presente estudio pretendió 1) desarrollar un cuestionario basado en la revisión teórica y 2) explorar la estructura del modelo ECA-CS. Método: Se elaboró y evaluó un cuestionario siguiendo los principios teóricos del ECA-CS. Se realizó una encuesta observacional transversal en línea. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y un análisis de fiabilidad. Resultados: Se analizó una muestra de 188 sujetos (Edad 18-56; M = 25.27; SD = 6.6) (62 varones, 33.2%). El AFE arrojó 16 factores con valores propios superiores a 1, que explicaban el 67.21% de la varianza (KMO = .672, Bar- lett's=3958.7, sig.<.01) (comunalidades de los ítems entre .44 y .80). Se estableció un punto de corte por debajo de .49, incluyendo valores entre .49 y .86. No hubo correlación entre componentes por encima de .20, en un rango de -.19 a .20. Los índices de fiabilidad variaron de .46 a .86. Conclusiones: Se presentó un modelo final de 16 componentes que sigue los principios del ECA-CS. El análisis reveló ciertas modificaciones a la propuesta teórica, y se logró el objetivo de agregar un marco cuantitativo para especificar empíricamente sus factores. Este resultado consti tuye un paso adelante en el desarrollo de un modelo integral sobre creencias sexuales.

Prevalence of psychological symptoms and associated risk factors in a Spanish sample of HIV-positive youth compared to uninfected peers.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was twofold: a) to determine the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety and sleep disturbances in young patients with vertically-transmitted HIV infection compared to uninfected peers, and b) to identify sociodemographic, psychosocial and medication-related variables and other clinical risk and protective factors related to psychological symptoms. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in two groups with independent measures (36 youth with vertically transmitted HIV infection and 39 HIV-negative peers). We used 3 standardised assessment tools and a sociodemographic/psychosocial questionnaire (STAI, BDI, PSQI and adapted sociodemographic test). We performed univariate and multivariable analyses. RESULTS: The univariate analysis did not find significant differences between groups either in psychosocial factors or in the clinical scores. The multivariable analysis found that the presence of psychological symptoms was strongly associated with sociodemographic factors and past events. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial factors and the social environment seemed to correlate more strongly to psychological symptoms than HIV status and to explain better the current psychological state of individuals.

[Prevalence of psychological symptoms and associated risk factors in a Spanish sample of HIV-positive youth compared to uninfected peers]. / Prevalencia y factores de riesgo de síntomas psicológicos en una muestra española de jóvenes con VIH en comparación con pares no infectados.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was twofold: (i)to determine the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety and sleep disturbances in young patients with vertically-transmitted HIV infection compared to uninfected peers, and (ii)to identify sociodemographic, psychosocial and medication-related variables and other clinical risk and protective factors related to psychological symptoms. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in two groups with independent measures (36 youth with vertically transmitted HIV infection and 39 HIV-negative peers). We used three standardised assessment tools and a sociodemographic/psychosocial questionnaire (STAI, BDI, PSQI and adapted sociodemographic test). We performed univariate and multivariable analyses. RESULTS: The univariate analysis did not find significant differences between groups either in psychosocial factors or in the clinical scores. The multivariable analysis found that the presence of psychological symptoms was strongly associated with sociodemographic factors and past events. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial factors and the social environment seemed to correlate more strongly to psychological symptoms than HIV status and to explain better the current psychological state of individuals.

Young adults and HIV. Awareness and risk behaviour of a group living in Spain. / Jóvenes y VIH. Conocimiento y conductas de riesgo de un grupo residente en España.

INTRODUCTION: Sexual intercourse is currently the main route of HIV infection in Spain. Despite decreases in new infections among women and drug users, the rate remains stable in men. The aim of this study was to assess risk behaviour and HIV awareness in a sample of young adults in Spain. METHODS: A cross-sectional, observational, descriptive study was performed on a non-HIV infected sample, using a questionnaire on sexual health and HIV awareness adapted from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics. A sexual risk variable was included (high and low), which was classified as high if subjects had had three or more sexual partners and did not always use a condom in all their sexual encounters. RESULTS: 243 subjects were included (65.6% women) aged between 16 and 36years (mean=25.7; SD=4.1) (16-24years: 134 subjects; 25-29years: 60 subjects; over 30years: 47 subjects). Approximately 40.9% said that they used a condom in all sexual relations and 61% did not perceive any risk of infection. There were no significant differences in awareness of infection routes between the high and low risk profiles. Washing after sex, having few partners, spermicide use and having undetectable viral load were protective measures significantly associated with differences in sexual risk (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: The main finding of the study was the underestimation of risk of infection, analysed after differences found between self-assessment and sexual risk. Both positive and negative results were found concerning HIV awareness.

What Does Sexual Behaviour Encompass? Mapping Human Sexual Repertoire / ¿Qué Conductas Componen el Comportamiento Sexual? Mapeo del Repertorio Sexual Humano

Introduction: For sciences applied to sexual behaviour, research has traditionally reported a wide variety of non-unified pools with a lack of a gold standard classification. Therefore, this work aimed to propose a comprehensivetaxonomy. Methods: A broad model was developed under expert criteria using a thematic analysis of the literature.After that, a systematic review was conducted to test and extend it within the given conditions of unification. Results:36 variables of actions and surrounding context were found and allocated in 5 groups: partner description, combinatoryvariables, objects associated, paraphilic behaviours and actual behaviours. 650 reports were screened, and 143were fully assessed. Of them, one was finally selected to add to the previous model. Discussion: A comprehensivetaxonomy was brought in, along with a method to expand and retest it if necessary. It is aimed to set a commonlyshared framework of repertoires to enable valid comparisons among samples or individuals.(AU)

Introducción: Para las ciencias del comportamiento sobre la conducta sexual, tradicionalmente, la investigación haexpuesto conjuntos no unificados de repertorios en ausencia de clasificaciones fundamentales. Por ello, este trabajotrata de exponer una propuesta de taxonomía completa y fundamentada. Métodos: Se desarrolló una propuesta delargo alcance bajo criterio de expertos haciendo un análisis temático de la literatura. Después, se llevó a cabo unarevisión sistemática para ponerla a prueba y extenderla. Resultados: Se encontraron 36 variables descriptivas delas acciones y el contexto inmediato, y se situaron en 5 grupos: pareja (descripción), combinatorio, elementos uobjetos (asociados), conductas parafílicas y conducta sexual. Se revisaron 650 estudios de los que 143 se evaluaronen profundidad. Sólo un elemento fue incluido al listado final tras la revisión sistemática. Discusión: Se obtuvo unataxonomía general del comportamiento sexual humano. El objetivo de este mapeo es facilitar mejores comparacionesentre muestras o individuos basándose en un criterio de referencia unificado.(AU)

Prevalencia y factores de riesgo de síntomas psicológicos en una muestra española de jóvenes con VIH en comparación con pares no infectados / Prevalence of psychological symptoms and associated risk factors in a Spanish sample of HIV-positive youth compared to uninfected peers

Introducción: Los objetivos principales del estudio fueron dos: a)identificar la prevalencia de síntomas depresivos y de ansiedad y trastornos del sueño en pacientes jóvenes con infección por VIH de transmisión vertical en comparación con un grupo de pares no infectados, y b)identificar factores sociodemográficos, psicosociales y relacionados con la medicación y otros factores de riesgo y protectores relacionados con los síntomas psicológicos. Métodos: Estudio transversal en dos grupos con medidas independientes: 36 sujetos con VIH (transmisión vertical) y 39 sin VIH (no infectados). Se emplearon tres instrumentos de evaluación estandarizados y un cuestionario sociodemográfico/psicosocial (STAI, BDI, PSQI y test sociodemográfico adaptado). Se realizó análisis univariante y multivariante. Resultados: El análisis univariante no reveló diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos en las variables psicosociales o las escalas clínicas. El análisis multivariante encontró que los síntomas psicológicos se asociaban con fuerza a factores sociodemográficos y experiencias del pasado. Conclusiones: El entorno y las variables psicosociales parecen estar asociados más estrechamente con los síntomas psicológicos que el estado de VIH y podrían explicar mejor el estado psicológico actual del individuo. (AU)

Introduction: The aim of the study was twofold: (i)to determine the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety and sleep disturbances in young patients with vertically-transmitted HIV infection compared to uninfected peers, and (ii)to identify sociodemographic, psychosocial and medication-related variables and other clinical risk and protective factors related to psychological symptoms. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in two groups with independent measures (36 youth with vertically transmitted HIV infection and 39 HIV-negative peers). We used three standardised assessment tools and a sociodemographic/psychosocial questionnaire (STAI, BDI, PSQI and adapted sociodemographic test). We performed univariate and multivariable analyses. Results: The univariate analysis did not find significant differences between groups either in psychosocial factors or in the clinical scores. The multivariable analysis found that the presence of psychological symptoms was strongly associated with sociodemographic factors and past events. Conclusions: Psychosocial factors and the social environment seemed to correlate more strongly to psychological symptoms than HIV status and to explain better the current psychological state of individuals. (AU)

Jóvenes y VIH. Conocimiento y conductas de riesgo de un grupo residente en España / Young adults and HIV. Awareness and risk behaviour of a group living in Spain

Introducción: El contacto sexual es actualmente en España la primera vía de contagio de VIH. Pese a los descensos en el número de nuevas infecciones en mujeres y consumo de drogas, en hombres se mantiene estable. El presente estudio pretende evaluar conductas de riesgo y conocimientos sobre VIH en una muestra de jóvenes en España. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal utilizando un cuestionario sobre salud sexual y conocimiento sobre el VIH adaptado del Instituto Nacional de Estadística. El grupo estuvo compuesto por jóvenes no infectados por VIH. Se incluyó la variable riesgo sexual (alto y bajo), siendo de riesgo alto los sujetos que habían tenido tres o más parejas y no utilizaban preservativo en todas las relaciones. Resultados: Se encuestaron 243 jóvenes (65,6% mujeres) de entre 16 y 36 años (media = 25,7; DE = 4,1) (16-24 años: 134 sujetos; 25-29 años, 60 sujetos; más de 30 años, 47 sujetos). El 40,9% contestaron que utilizaban el preservativo en todas sus relaciones y el 61% que no perciben ningún riesgo de infección. De forma mayoritaria no se encuentran diferencias significativas en conocimiento sobre vías de transmisión entre los grupos de alto y de bajo riesgo. Los métodos de protección que se asociaron significativamente con las diferencias en riesgo sexual fueron lavarse tras las relaciones sexuales, tener pocas parejas, uso de espermicidas y carga viral indetectable (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: El principal resultado del estudio es la infravaloración personal de riesgo indicado según las diferencias encontradas entre la valoración personal y el índice de riesgo sexual. Se encuentran resultados tanto positivos como negativos en cuanto al conocimiento sobre el VIH

Introduction: Sexual intercourse is currently the main route of HIV infection in Spain. Despite decreases in new infections among women and drug users, the rate remains stable in men. The aim of this study was to assess risk behaviour and HIV awareness in a sample of young adults in Spain. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational, descriptive study was performed on a non-HIV infected sample, using a questionnaire on sexual health and HIV awareness adapted from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics. A sexual risk variable was included (high and low), which was classified as high if subjects had had three or more sexual partners and did not always use a condom in all their sexual encounters. Results: 243 subjects were included (65.6% women) aged between 16 and 36 years (mean = 25.7; SD = 4.1) (16-24 years: 134 subjects; 25-29 years: 60 subjects; over 30 years: 47 subjects). Approximately 40.9% said that they used a condom in all sexual relations and 61% did not perceive any risk of infection. There were no significant differences in awareness of infection routes between the high and low risk profiles. Washing after sex, having few partners, spermicide use and having undetectable viral load were protective measures significantly associated with differences in sexual risk (P < .05). Conclusions: The main finding of the study was the underestimation of risk of infection, analysed after differences found between self-assessment and sexual risk. Both positive and negative results were found concerning HIV awareness