Overexpression of chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase (CDS) gene in Tagetes erecta leads to the overproduction of pyrethrin.

Pyrethrins are widely accepted as natural insecticides and offers several advantages of synthetic compounds, i.e., rapidity of action, bioactivity against a wide range of insects, comparatively lesser costs and the like. A significant source of pyrethrin is Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium; cultivated in restricted areas, as a result; natural pyrethrins are not produced in a large amount that would meet the ongoing global market demand. However, increasing its content and harnessing the desired molecule did not attract much attention. To enhance the production of pyrethrins in Tagetes erecta, the Chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase (CDS) gene was overexpressed under the promoter CaMV35S. Hypocotyls were used as explant for transformation, and direct regeneration was achieved on MS medium with 1.5 mg L-1 BAP and 5.0 mg L-1 GA3. Putative transgenics were screened on 10 mgL-1 hygromycin. After successful regeneration, screening and rooting process, the transgenic plants were raised inside the glass house and PCR amplification of CDS and HYG-II was used to confirm the transformation. Biochemical analysis using HPLC demonstrated the expression levels of the pyrethrin, which was approx. twenty-six fold higher than the non-transformed Tagetes plant.

Selective detection of diethanolamine utilizing an LMR/LSPR-based optical fiber sensor.

Diethanolamine (DEA) is used for amine wash to remove toxic gases such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S) while processing crude oil and in other pharmaceutical products. The detection of diethanolamine is of prime importance to avoid its harmful impact. In this study, we have designed a lossy mode resonance (LMR)-based optical fiber sensor for the detection of DEA. An optical fiber probe was fabricated by coating a bulk layer of titanium dioxide (TiO2) on the core of the optical fiber (probe-1). To extend this study, we prepared biosynthesised gold nanoparticles and coated them on to the top of the TiO2-layer-coated probe (probe-2). The surface structure was confirmed using characterization techniques such as FESEM, HRTEM and UV-visible spectroscopy. Further, a comparative study among probe-1 and probe-2 has been carried out in terms of their performance parameters such as sensitivity, figure of merit, limit of detection, repeatability and response time. The sensitivity of the TiO2 bulk layer/AuNP bilayer-coated optical fiber probe (probe-2) was observed to be 16 079.63 nm RIU-1 (0.074 nm mM-1), which was approximately double the sensitivity of the TiO2 bulk layer-coated optical fiber probe (probe-1). Selectivity experiments were also performed to confirm the high sensitivity of the sensor towards DEA.

Understanding social norms and violence in childhood: theoretical underpinnings and strategies for intervention.

Violence in childhood is a widespread human rights violation that crosses cultural, social and economic lines. Social norms, the shared perceptions about others that exist within social groups, are a critical driver that can either prevent or perpetuate violence in childhood. This review defines injunctive and descriptive social norms and lays out a conceptual framework for the relationship between social norms and violence in childhood, including the forces shaping social norms, the mechanisms through which these norms influence violence in childhood (e.g. fear of social sanctions, internalization of normative behavior), and the drivers and maintainers of norms related to violence in childhood. It further provides a review of theory and evidence-based practices for shifting these social norms including strategic approaches (targeting social norms directly, changing attitudes to shift social norms, and changing behavior to shift social norms), core principles (e.g. using public health frameworks), and intervention strategies (e.g. engaging bystanders, involving stakeholders, using combination prevention). As a key driver of violence in childhood, social norms should be an integral component of any comprehensive effort to mitigate this threat to human rights. Understanding how people's perceptions are shaped, propagated, and, ultimately, altered is crucial to preventing violence in childhood.

Health impacts of Facebook usage and mobile texting among undergraduate dental students: it's time to understand the difference between usage and an excessive use.

BACKGROUND: Facebook and mobile texting are prevalent in the lives of almost every student. However, little is known about the relationship between Facebook usage or mobile texting and their impacts on health amongst undergraduate dental students. In this study, excessive Facebook use and excessive mobile texting were studied as they relate to impacts on health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a private university in Malaysia. A total of 188 undergraduate dental students were interviewed using a pre-tested and self-rated questionnaire. Data collected from participants were analysed using SPSS version 18.0. Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and multiple logistic regression analyses were applied to study the relationship between explanatory variables and excessive Facebook use and excessive mobile texting. RESULTS: The prevalence of excessive Facebook use and excessive mobile texting amongst undergraduate dental students was found to be 33.2% and 33.0%, respectively. According to a multivariate analysis, texting habits, such as the presence of daytime sleepiness after texting late at night (aOR = 2.682, 95% CI = 1.142-6.301) and the presence of anxious feelings if students failed to receive a timely response (aOR = 3.819, 95% CI = 1.580-9.230), were determined to be significant predictors of excessive mobile texting. Excessive Facebook use was found to be significantly related to three variables as follows: fewer numbers of close friends (aOR = 2.275, 95% CI = 1.057-4.898), the checking of updates on the Facebook walls of their friends (aOR = 2.582, 95% CI = 1.189-5.605) and the absence of active and vigorous feelings during Facebook use (aOR = 3.401, 95% CI = 1.233-9.434). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one-third of undergraduate dental students in this study experienced excessive Facebook use and/or excessive mobile texting. Health education and promotion should be instituted to create awareness, whilst students should be advised to practise self-control with respect to both mobile texting and Facebook usage.

Early evaluation of voice quality in glottic cancer (T1, T2) following curative radiotherapy.

BACKGROUND: This is prospective study analyzing the subjective and objective quality of voice and voice related quality of life in patients of early glottic cancer (T1, T2 disease) before and after receiving curative radiotherapy. METHODS: Fifteen patients of early glottic carcinoma (T1, T2) underwent voice assessment using multidimensional voice protocol based on recommendation by European Laryngological Society which included Perceptual analysis of voice by speech therapist and otolaryngologist, acoustic analysis; aerodynamic efficiency analysis-Maximum phonation time; patient's self perception of voice analysis--Voice handicap index; and videolaryngostroboscopy. Assessment was done prior to commencement of radiation therapy and at 1 month and 3 months following radio- therapy. RESULTS: There was significant improvement in majority of the voice parameters post radiotherapy. Perceptual analysis showed significant improvement in GRBAS score following radiotherapy. Perturbation measures (jitter, shimmer, SNR, HNR) showed improvement post radiotherapy though remained inferior compared to controls. Mean fundamental frequency (Mean F0) and habitual frequency (habitual F0) decreased post radiotherapy. Intensity of voice increased following radiotherapy which was statistically significant (p < 0.05). There was significant improvement in the patient's perception of their quality of voice and voice related quality of life post radiotherapy. Maximum phonation time showed statistically significant improvement post-radiotherapy. Perceptual analysis of voice by professional observer correlated well with patients self perception of his own voice. CONCLUSION: Voice quality improves following radiotherapy but not all the patients regain normal voice. Improvement in voice quality improves quality of life of patients shown by improved voice handicap index.

Safety and diagnostic yield of transbronchial lung cryobiopsy by flexible bronchoscopy using laryngeal mask airway in diffuse and localized peripheral lung diseases: A single-center retrospective analysis of 326 cases.

BACKGROUND: Intubation with either an endotracheal tube or a rigid bronchoscope is generally preferred to provide airway protection as well as to manage unpredictable complications during transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC). The laryngeal mask airway has been described as a safe and convenient tool for airway control during bronchoscopy. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: In this study, we evaluated the safety and outcome of using a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) as a conduit for performing TBLC by flexible video bronchoscopy (FB). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the database of the patients who underwent TBLC between November 2015 and September 2019. The procedure was performed using FB through LMA under general anesthesia. Prophylactic occlusion balloon was routinely used starting January 2017 onwards. Radial endobronchial ultrasound (R-EBUS) guidance was used for TBLC in the localized lung lesions when deemed necessary. Multidisciplinary consensus diagnostic yield was determined and periprocedural complications were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 326 patients were analysed. The overall diagnostic yield was 81.60% (266/326) which included a positive yield of 82.98% (161/194) in patients with diffuse lung disease and 79.54% (105/132) in patients with localized disease. Serious bleeding complication occurred in 3 (0.92%) cases. Pneumothorax was encountered in 8 (2.45%) cases. A total of 9 (2.76%) cases had at least 1 major complication. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the use of LMA during TBLC by flexible bronchoscopy allows for a convenient port of entry, adequate airway support and effective endoscopic management of intrabronchial haemorrhage especially with the use of occlusion balloon.

Virulence of major periodontal pathogens and lack of humoral immune protection in a rat model of periodontal disease.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to test the hypothesis that periodontal pathogens Tannerella forsythia and Porphyromonas gingivalis are synergistic in terms of virulence potential using a model of mixed-microbial infection in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three groups of rats were infected orally with either T. forsythia or P. gingivalis in mono-bacterial infections or as mixed-microbial infections for 12 weeks and a sham-infected group were used as a control. This study examined bacterial infection, inflammation, immunity, and alveolar bone loss changes with disease progression. RESULTS: Tannerella forsythia and P. gingivalis genomic DNA was detected in microbial samples from infected rats by PCR indicating their colonization in the rat oral cavity. Primary infection induced significantly high IgG, IgG2b, IgG1, and IgG2a antibody levels indicating activation of mixed Th1 and Th2 immune responses. Rats infected with the mixed-microbial consortium exhibited significantly increased palatal horizontal and interproximal alveolar bone loss. Histological examinations indicated significant hyperplasia of the gingival epithelium with moderate inflammatory infiltration and apical migration of junctional epithelium. The results observed differ compared to uninfected controls. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that T. forsythia and P. gingivalis exhibit virulence, but not virulence synergy, resulting in the immuno-inflammatory responses and lack of humoral immune protection during periodontitis in rats.

Detection of adulteration in pure honey utilizing Ag-graphene oxide coated fiber optic SPR probes.

Fiber optic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor utilizing silver (Ag) and Ag-graphene oxide (GO) is designed and developed for the detection of adulteration of glucose and fructose in pure honey. The concentration range of the two adulterants in pure honey is varied from 4% to 20% with a step change of 4%. The experiments were performed with two different fiber optic probes viz. Probe 1 and Probe 2. Probe 1 is fabricated by coating 50 nm Ag film on unclad optical fiber portion and Probe 2 is fabricated by modifying Ag film with GO for sensitivity improvement. The study confirms that using GO modified fiber optic probe, the sensitivity is enhanced to 24% and 37% for glucose and fructose adulterated honey samples respectively. The technique presented in this study is easy, rapid, label free and shows high prospective for the detection of adulterants in pure honey.

Understanding the context of male and transgender sex work using peer ethnography.

OBJECTIVES: To distinguish between three distinct groups of male and transgender sex workers in Pakistan and to demonstrate how members of these stigmatized groups need to be engaged in the research process to go beyond stated norms of behaviour. METHODS: A peer ethnography study was undertaken in a major city in Pakistan. 15 male and 15 transgender sex workers were trained as peer researchers to each interview three peers in their network. Analysis was based on interviews with peer researchers as well as observation of dynamics during training and analysis workshops. RESULTS: The research process revealed that, within the epidemiological category of biological males who sell sex, there are three sociologically different sexual identities: khusras (transgender), khotkis (feminized males) and banthas (mainstream male identity). Both khusras and khotkis are organised in strong social structures based on a shared identity. While these networks provide emotional and material support, they also come with rigid group norms based on expected "feminine" behaviours. In everyday reality, sex workers showed fluidity in both behaviour and identity according to the situational context, transgressing both wider societal and group norms. The informal observational component in peer ethnography was crucial for the accurate interpretation of interview data. Participant accounts of behaviour and relationships are shaped by the research contexts including who interviews them, at what stage of familiarity and who may overhear the conversation. CONCLUSIONS: To avoid imposing a "false clarity" on categorisation of identity and assumed behaviour, it is necessary to go beyond verbal accounts to document the fluidity of everyday reality.

Radiological features of dengue fever in cases and control

Background:Dengue (pronounced Dengee) fever is a painful, debilitating mosquito-borne disease caused by any one of four closely related dengue viruses. Aim of the study was to study radiological features of dengue fever in cases and control.Methods:Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group study conducted among 100 seropositive dengue patients,18-60 years of age (fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria) at Lala Lajpat Rai hospital, Kanpur for December2019 October 2021. Selected patients were subjected to history, examination, necessary investigations and then were managed according to national vector borne disease control programme (NVBDCP) guidelines. A total of 100 serology proven dengue patients were included and followed up. Two groups (fifty in each) were allocated by simple first and then systematic random sampling. Case group was given doxycycline and control group was given placebo. Results:USG findings commonly seen in both the cases and control group were hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, ascites right pleural effusion, thickened GB wall and edema. In both the groups, pleural effusion was the most common complication.Conclusions: Ultrasound examinations detected plasma leakage in multiple body compartments around time of defervescence. Presence of plasma leakage in form of ascites and pleural effusion was more in control group as compared to case group seems doxycycline decrease the plasma leakage. Pleural effusion is most common finding ofplasma leakage.

Quantitative determination of reserpine, ajmaline, and ajmalicine in Rauvolfia serpentina by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

A sensitive and reproducible reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using photodiode array detection is established for the simultaneous quantitation of important root alkaloids of Rauvolfia serpentina, namely, reserpine, ajmaline, and ajmalicine. A Chromolith Performance RP-18e column (100 x 4.6-mm i.d.) and a binary gradient mobile phase composed of 0.01 M (pH 3.5) phosphate buffer (NaH(2)PO(4)) containing 0.5% glacial acetic acid and acetonitrile are used. Analysis is run at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with the detector operated at a wavelength of 254 nm. The calibration curves are linear over a concentration range of 1-20 microg/mL (r = 1.000) for all the alkaloids. The various other aspects of analysis (i.e., peak purity, similarity, recovery, and repeatability) are also validated. For the three components, the recoveries are found to be 98.27%, 97.03%, and 98.38%, respectively. The limits of detection are 6, 4, and 8 microg/mL for ajmaline, ajmalicine, and reserpine, respectively, and the limits of quantitation are 19, 12, and 23 microg/mL for ajmaline, ajmalicine, and reserpine, respectively. The developed method is simple, reproducible, and easy to operate. It is useful for the evaluation of R. serpentina.

Simultaneous determination of vincristine, vinblastine, catharanthine, and vindoline in leaves of catharanthus roseus by high-performance liquid chromatography.

A simple reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method is developed for the simultaneous quantitation of the anticancerous drugs vincristine, vinblastine, and their precursors catharanthine and vindoline using a Merck Chromolith Performance reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography column. A better resolution is obtained in comparison with available particulate-type C18 columns. The column provides good reproducibility and peak symmetry. Chromatography is carried isocratically with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.1M phosphate buffer containing 0.5% glacial acetic acid (21:79, v/v; pH 3.5) at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min and UV detection at 254 nm. Parameters such as linearity, limits of quantitation (LOQ) and detection (LOD), precision, accuracy, recovery, and robustness are studied. The method is selective and linear for alkaloid concentration in the range 0.25 microg-25 microg/mL. The LOQ and LOD are 25, 46, 56, and 32 microg/mL and 8, 14, 18, and 10 microg/mL, respectively. The results of accuracy studies are good. Values for coefficient of variation are 2.50, 1.82, 1.33, and 1.13, respectively. The percent recovery of the alkaloids was found to be 96%, 97%, 98%, and 98%, respectively. Peak purity and homogeneity of these compounds in plant extract is studied using a photodiode-array detector. This simple and rapid method of analysis is applied for the determination of these alkaloids in a large number of leaf extracts of Catharanthus roseus..

Comparison of Treatment Outcome of Transforaminal and Caudal Epidural Steroid Injections for Radiating Low Back Pain

Introduction: Back pain is one of the most common reasonsfor the patients to seek emergency care. Caudal-ESI is both thesafest and the easiest epidural injection, and it does not alwaysrequire fluoroscopic guidance. Transforaminal ESI seems tobe more effective at reducing pain, improving functionality,and preventing spinal surgery, based on the data reported inprevious studies and systematic reviews. Hence; under the lightof above mentioned data the present study was undertaken forassessing and comparing the efficacy of Transforaminal andCaudal Epidural Steroid Injections Outcome for the treatmentin patients with chronic low back pain.Material and methods: A total of 20 patients with chroniclow back pain who underwent treatment with Transforaminalor caudal epidural steroid injection were enrolled in thepresent study. Patients belonged to the age group of 20-75years of age. All the patients were divided into two groupswith 10 patients in each group as follows: Group 1 includedpatients who were given injections through Transforaminalroute, while group 2 included patients who were giveninjections through caudal route. Pain relief after the epiduralsteroid injection using Visual analogue scale (VAS). Clinicalprofile of the subjects was obtained and details were filled in aproforma. All the results were summarized in Microsoft excelsheet and were analyzed by SPSS software.Results: Mean VAS at Pre-injection, Immediate Postinjection, Post-injection 1 month and Post-injection 3 monthfor subjects of group 1 was found to be 7.5, 4.3, 3.5 and 3.4respectively. Mean VAS at Pre-injection, Immediate Postinjection, Post-injection 1 month and Post-injection 3 monthfor subjects of group 1 was found to be 7.2, 5.1, 4.1 and 4.2respectively. While comparing the mean VAS among thepatients of both the study groups, at different post-treatmenttime intervals, significant results were obtained.Conclusion: Transforaminal approach demonstrated superioreffectiveness and should be performed with increasingfrequency.

Infrared to infrared upconversion emission in Pr(3+)/Yb(3+) co-doped La2O3 and La(OH)3 nano-phosphors: a comparative study.

The Pr(3+)/Yb(3+) co-doped La2O3 and La(OH)3 nano-phosphors have been synthesized through solution combustion method. The structure and morphology of the samples have been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The physical and optical properties of the samples have been measured and compared. A broad intense infrared emission centered at 850nm due to (1)I6→(1)G4 transition along with sharp green emission centerd at 513nm due to (3)P0→(3)H4 transition are observed on excitation with 976nm laser. The emission intensity of Pr(3+) is optimized with concentration and it is maximum at 0.08mol%. The annealed samples are found to be more crystalline and emit larger photoluminescence due to removal of quenching centers. The power dependent study of green upconversion emission indicates the involvement of two photons. The phosphor in La(OH)3 phase is more stable though the photoluminescence emission is slightly weak. La(OH)3 is less toxic compared to La2O3 and is biocompatible. It generates more heat and can be used in biothermal treatment.

"Uncommon Contents of Inguinal Hernial Sac": A Surgical Dilemma.

Inguinal hernia repair is the most common surgery done by both young and experienced surgeons. The hernia in the inguinal region usually contains the omentum and small intestine but rarely can contain unusual contents like the appendix, ovary with fallopian tubes, urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, and cecum. The aim of this study is to present our experience of uncommon contents in the inguinal hernia sac and their surgical management. A retrospective study of 330 patients who underwent inguinal hernia repair was carried out over a period of 3 years from January 2008 to December 2011. Only five patients presented with unusual contents in the inguinal hernia sac; an incidence of 1.5 %. Two of them had vermiform appendix, with acute appendicitis (Amyand's hernia) noted in one of them. The patient with acute appendicitis underwent appendicectomy with herniorrhaphy, while in the other, hernioplasty with mesh was done as the patient was with normal appendix. In one case, the urinary bladder was the content of the inguinal hernia sac and there were two cases with the ovary and fallopian tubes as its content. In all these cases, contents were replaced back and hernia repair was done. Unusual contents of the hernial sac may create a surgical dilemma (whether to save or sacrifice the organ) during hernia repair even to an experienced surgeon.

Structural characterizations and intense green upconversion emission in Yb3+, Pr3+ co-doped Y2O3 nano-phosphor.

We report the structural and optical properties of Yb(3+), Pr(3+) co-doped Y2O3 nano-phosphor synthesized through solution combustion method. The structural studies reveal the nano-crystalline structure of the sample. The energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) measurements confirm the presence of Y, O, Pr and Yb elements in the sample. Fourier transform infrared studies show the vibrational features of the samples. The fluorescence spectra of the samples have been monitored on excitation with 976 nm and the intense green upconversion emission observed at 552 nm is due to (3)P0→(3)H5 electronic transition. The concentration of Pr(3+) ion in the sample is optimized and the fluorescence intensity is maximum at 0.08 mol% of Pr(3+). The power dependence studies reveal the involvement of two photons in the emission process. The possible mechanism of upconversion has been discussed on the basis of schematic energy level diagram. The sample annealed at higher temperature enhances the fluorescence intensity up to 8 times and this enhancement is discussed in terms of the removal of optical quenching centers. The nano-phosphor can be applicable in the field of display devices and green laser.

Evaluation of phytoaccumulation potential of toxic metals from sewage sludge by high- value aromatic plant geranium

Aim: The present study aimed to assess the phytoextraction potential of plant geranium (CIM BIO-171) to remove metals from sewage sludge and to investigate the growth, yield and quality of essential oil of this aromatic plant grown in contaminated sludge.Methodology: The experiment was conducted at research farm of CSIR-CIMAP, Lucknow during 2017-18 in vertical cemented column pots dug into soil. Six treatment groups of sewage sludge and soil were taken with four replication, i.e., T1-100% sewage sludge, T2-80% sewage sludge + 20% soil, T3-60% sewage sludge + 40% soil, T4-40% sewage sludge + 60% soil, T5-20% sewage sludge + 80% soil and T6-soil (only soil). Experimental soil was analysed at pre-harvest and post-harvest stage for soil characters. All plant attributes were recorded at the time of harvesting. Results: Result of the present study showed reduction in the heavy metals in the soil at harvest in comparison to the contents observed in soil at initial stage. All the parameters of growth, yield, biomass and essential oil were found to increase with the application rate of sewage sludge in geranium (CIM BIO-171). Interpretation: The results of the present study clearly indicate the phytoextraction capability of geranium plant (CIM BIO-171). Furthermore, the plants grown in contaminated sludge has all the beneficial impact on growth, yield and quality of essential oil.

Radiation dose reduction in postoperative computed position control of cochlear implant electrodes in lambs - An experimental study.

OBJECTIVE: Cochlear implants (CI) are standard treatment for prelingually deafened children and postlingually deafened adults. Computed tomography (CT) is the standard method for postoperative imaging of the electrode position. CT scans accurately reflect electrode depth and position, which is essential prior to use. However, routine CT examinations expose patients to radiation, which is especially problematic in children. We examined whether new CT protocols could reduce radiation doses while preserving diagnostic accuracy. METHODS: To investigate whether electrode position can be assessed by low-dose CT protocols, a cadaveric lamb model was used because the inner ear morphology is similar to humans. The scans were performed at various volumetric CT dose-indexes CTDIvol)/kV combinations. For each constant CTDIvol the tube voltage was varied (i.e., 80, 100, 120 and 140kV). This procedure was repeated at different CTDIvol values (21mGy, 11mGy, 5.5mGy, 2.8mGy and 1.8mGy). To keep the CTDIvol constant at different tube voltages, the tube current values were adjusted. Independent evaluations of the images were performed by two experienced and blinded neuroradiologists. The criteria diagnostic usefulness, image quality and artifacts (scaled 1-4) were assessed in 14 cochlear-implanted cadaveric lamb heads with variable tube voltages. RESULTS: Results showed that the standard CT dose could be substantially reduced without sacrificing diagnostic accuracy of electrode position. The assessment of the CI electrode position was feasible in almost all cases up to a CTDIvol of 2-3mGy. The number of artifacts did not increase for images within this dose range as compared to higher dosages. The extent of the artifacts caused by the implanted metal-containing CI electrode does not depend on the radiation dose and is not perceptibly influenced by changes in the tube voltage. Summarizing the evaluation of the CI electrode position is possible even at a very low radiation dose. CONCLUSIONS: CT imaging of the temporal bone for postoperative electrode position control of the CI is possible with a very low and significantly radiation dose. The tube current-time product and voltage can be reduced by 50% without increasing artifacts. Low-dose postoperative CT scans are sufficient for localizing the CI electrode.