Skin Antisepsis before Surgical Fixation of Extremity Fractures.

BACKGROUND: Studies evaluating surgical-site infection have had conflicting results with respect to the use of alcohol solutions containing iodine povacrylex or chlorhexidine gluconate as skin antisepsis before surgery to repair a fractured limb (i.e., an extremity fracture). METHODS: In a cluster-randomized, crossover trial at 25 hospitals in the United States and Canada, we randomly assigned hospitals to use a solution of 0.7% iodine povacrylex in 74% isopropyl alcohol (iodine group) or 2% chlorhexidine gluconate in 70% isopropyl alcohol (chlorhexidine group) as preoperative antisepsis for surgical procedures to repair extremity fractures. Every 2 months, the hospitals alternated interventions. Separate populations of patients with either open or closed fractures were enrolled and included in the analysis. The primary outcome was surgical-site infection, which included superficial incisional infection within 30 days or deep incisional or organ-space infection within 90 days. The secondary outcome was unplanned reoperation for fracture-healing complications. RESULTS: A total of 6785 patients with a closed fracture and 1700 patients with an open fracture were included in the trial. In the closed-fracture population, surgical-site infection occurred in 77 patients (2.4%) in the iodine group and in 108 patients (3.3%) in the chlorhexidine group (odds ratio, 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55 to 1.00; P = 0.049). In the open-fracture population, surgical-site infection occurred in 54 patients (6.5%) in the iodine group and in 60 patients (7.3%) in the chlorhexidine group (odd ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.58 to 1.27; P = 0.45). The frequencies of unplanned reoperation, 1-year outcomes, and serious adverse events were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with closed extremity fractures, skin antisepsis with iodine povacrylex in alcohol resulted in fewer surgical-site infections than antisepsis with chlorhexidine gluconate in alcohol. In patients with open fractures, the results were similar in the two groups. (Funded by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research; PREPARE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03523962.).

Osteonecrosis of the distal tibia after pilon fractures.

BACKGROUND: Pilon fractures are devastating injuries with high complication rates. Osteonecrosis has been previously described after Weber C fracture-dislocations but has not been reported following fixation of pilon fractures. METHODS: All AO/OTA 43-C pilon fractures from 2007 to 2018 were reviewed. Injury factors and demographics were recorded. Computed tomography (CT) scans of the fracture pattern were analyzed to determine risk factors for ON. RESULTS: 71 pilon fractures in 69 patients were included. Mean follow-up was 21.6 months. 18 patients demonstrated ON at a mean 7.3 months' post-injury. Regression analysis demonstrated no differences between cohorts with respect to smoking status, open injury, or diabetic status. ON was associated with small anterolateral fragment less than 2.0cm2 (OR=19.47, p=0.012), higher comminution (OR=3.00, p=0.005), use of calcium phosphate bone substitute (OR=20.72, p=0.013). CONCLUSIONS: ON of the distal tibia was not associated with patient factors but was associated with fracture characteristics.

Immediate Unprotected Weightbearing vs 2 Weeks Nonweightbearing After Open Reduction Internal Fixation of Ankle Fractures.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative care protocols for ankle fracture surgery remain controversial with variability among care providers. This prospective controlled trial compared 12-week postoperative outcomes for immediate unprotected weightbearing (IMWB) vs nonweightbearing (NWB) for 2 weeks in a splint followed by weightbearing as tolerated (WBAT) in a boot after surgical fixation of selected low-energy ankle fractures without superior articular involvement. METHODS: Eighty-seven patients undergoing surgical fixation of ankle fractures at a single level 1 trauma center were recruited according to specific criteria and enrolled by presentation date. The first 43 eligible patients were allocated to the control group, with NWB in a splint for 2 weeks followed by WBAT in a walker boot. The next 44 patients recruited were allocated to the IMWB group. The primary outcome was the Olerud-Molander score (OMAS). Secondary outcome measures included the Euroquol-5D (EQ5D) score and Work Productivity and Activity Impairment: Specific Health Problem (WPAI:SHP) scores, ankle range of motion (ROM), wound complications, time to return to work, radiograph measurements, and fracture reduction loss. In this perioperative-focused study, we collected data on patients until 12 weeks postoperation. RESULTS: The IMWB group had 5 superficial wound complications vs 1 in the control group. At 12 weeks, we found no difference in OMAS, EQ5D, WPAI:SHP scores, ROM, time to return to work, or radiographic measurements. CONCLUSION: In this short-term and relatively small prospective trial, we found more wound complications among patients treated with immediate unprotected weightbearing compared with patients treated with 2 weeks of NWB followed by protected weightbearing. Given the low incidence and small sample size, we do not know if these observed findings are generalizable. However, we also found no difference in functional outcomes at 12 weeks postoperation between these 2 groups. In light of that, we do not recommend IMWB after open reduction internal fixation of low-energy ankle fractures with plate and/or screw fixation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II, prospective controlled trial.

Local administration of vancomycin powder in orthopaedic fracture surgery: current practice and trends.

Objectives: Surgical site infections in orthopaedic trauma are a significant problem with meaningful patient and health care system-level consequences. Direct application of antibiotics to the surgical field has many potential benefits in reducing surgical site infections. However, to date, the data regarding the local administration of antibiotics have been mixed. This study reports on the variability of prophylactic vancomycin powder use in orthopaedic trauma cases across 28 centers. Methods: Intrawound topical antibiotic powder use was prospectively collected within three multicenter fracture fixation trials. Fracture location, Gustilo classification, recruiting center, and surgeon information were collected. Differences in practice patterns across recruiting center and injury characteristics were tested using chi-square statistic and logistic regression. Additional stratified analyses by recruiting center and individual surgeon were performed. Results: A total of 4941 fractures were treated, and vancomycin powder was used in 1547 patients (31%) overall. Local administration of vancomycin powder was more frequent in open fractures 38.8% (738/1901) compared with closed fractures 26.6% (809/3040) (P < 0.001). However, the severity of the open fracture type did not affect the rate at which vancomycin powder was used (P = 0.11). Vancomycin powder use varied substantially across the clinical sites (P < 0.001). At the surgeon level, 75.0% used vancomycin powder in less than one-quarter of their cases. Conclusions: Prophylactic intrawound vancomycin powder remains controversial with varied support throughout the literature. This study demonstrates wide variability in its use across institutions, fracture types, and surgeons. This study highlights the opportunity for increased practice standardization for infection prophylaxis interventions. Level of Evidence: Prognostic-III.

Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip Fractures (FAITH-2): The Exploratory Health-Related Quality of Life and Patient-Reported Functional Outcomes of a Multi-Centre 2 × 2 Factorial Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial in Young Femoral Neck Fracture Patients.

PURPOSE: Femoral neck fractures in young patients are typically managed with internal fixation using either cancellous screws or a sliding hip screw (SHS). Although fixation preserves the hip joint, patients are still at risk of complications and poor clinical outcomes which lead to diminished function and health related quality of life (HRQL). The Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip Fractures (FAITH-2) pilot randomized controlled factorial trial evaluated the effect of surgical fixation (cancellous screws vs. SHS) and vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo on patient-reported function and HRQL. METHODS: Patients between the ages of 18-60 years with a femoral neck fracture requiring surgical fixation were eligible. Eligible patients were randomized to receive either a sliding hip screw or cancellous screws for fracture fixation AND vitamin D3 4,000 IU or placebo daily for 6 months. Patient-reported function (Hip Outcome Score) and HRQL (Short Form-12) were assessed at standardized time points in the 12 months following their fixation surgery. Patient-reported function and HRQL were summarized using means, SD, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), or percentages and counts. Longitudinal data analysis with mixed models was used to explore the effect of treatment group and time on the patient-reported function and HRQL. RESULTS: 86 of the 91 patients randomized into the FAITH-2 pilot study were deemed eligible. There were no significant differences in patient-reported function or HRQL between the treatment groups at 12 months post-fracture. At the 6- and 9-month assessments, a potential benefit in hip function was seen in the cancellous screw group. In all treatment groups, participants reported lower function and HRQL at 12 months post-fracture as compared to their pre-injury assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Few differences were found in function and HRQL among the treatment groups in the FAITH-2 pilot study. Despite modern implants and vitamin D supplementation, neither function nor HRQL returns to baseline in this population. Additional efforts to improve the outcomes of these challenging injuries are still needed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level II.

The Influence of Sagittal Proximal Tibial Anatomy in Tibial Intramedullary Nailing.

OBJECTIVES: To quantify anatomic variation in sagittal proximal tibial anatomy and determine if anatomy or nail insertion method influences the radiographic nail position. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort of prospectively collected data. SETTING: Level 1 trauma center. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Forty-five patients with 46 tibia fractures (OTA/AO 41A, 42, and 43) treated with infrapatellar (IP) or suprapatellar (SP) nailing. The average patient age was 40.6 years (range 19-62 years). INTERVENTION: Patients received IP or SP nailing. Cohorts were analyzed based on the nailing technique and proximal tibial anatomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Proximal tibial radiographic anatomy was quantified using novel measurements [anterior tubercle angle (ATA) and entry point position (EPP)]. Nail entry point, entry point displacement after reaming, nail position, and quality of reduction was measured and compared between groups. RESULTS: ATA was highly variable between patients. ATA was strongly correlated with EPP with a higher ATA associated with EPP more colinear with the intramedullary canal. Patients with low ATA treated with IP nailing had significantly longer operative times (60.0 vs. 45.7 minutes). Low ATA tibias had a higher incidence of entry point displacement due to eccentric reaming compared with high ATA tibias (70% vs. 38%) with the highest incidence of entry point displacement and absolute displacement in low ATA tibias treated with IP nailing (86%, 2.8 mm). SP nailing demonstrated shorter operative times relative to IP nailing (45.5 vs. 55.6 minutes). CONCLUSIONS: There is considerable variability in proximal tibial anatomy and these features influences the nail position within the tibia. These differences in anatomy should be considered to potentially reduce operative times, entry point displacement and anteriorization of tibial nails. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Plate-Assisted Intramedullary Nailing of Proximal Third Tibia Fractures.

OBJECTIVES: To report on the safety of unicortical plate stabilization in conjunction with intramedullary nailing (IMN) of proximal third tibia fractures. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. SETTING: A Level I trauma center. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: All Orthopaedic Trauma Association 41A and 42A/B/C proximal tibia fractures treated with IMN from January 2011 to May 2018 were reviewed. Fifty-three proximal tibia fractures in 50 patients were included in the study. Twenty-four patients were treated with plate-assisted reduction and IMN, and 29 were treated with IMN alone. The plate-assisted IMN cohort was subdivided into patients with plate retention and those that had the plate removed. INTERVENTION: Plate-assisted IMN and IMN only. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Patients were followed up for evidence of nonunion, reduction quality, postoperative infection, and rate of implant removal. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between plate-assisted IMN and IMN only for age, fracture type, mechanism of injury, quality of reduction, or implant removal rate. Open fractures were treated more often with plate-assisted IMN (88%) compared with the number of open fractures treated with IMN only (12%). There were no differences in nonunion rate or rate of postoperative infection between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Plate-assisted IMN of proximal third tibia fractures can safely be performed even in open tibia fractures with similar rates of nonunion, infection, and implant removal rates to patients treated with IMN only. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Fixation Using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip Fractures (FAITH-2): The Clinical Outcomes of a Multicenter 2 × 2 Factorial Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial in Young Femoral Neck Fracture Patients.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the fixation method and vitamin D supplementation affect the risk of patient-important outcomes within 12 months of injury in nongeriatric femoral neck fracture patients. DESIGN: A pilot factorial randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Fifteen North American clinical sites. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-one adults 18-60 years of age with a femoral neck fracture requiring surgical fixation. INTERVENTION: Participants were randomized to a surgical intervention (sliding hip screw or cancellous screws) and a vitamin D intervention (vitamin D3 4000 IU daily vs. placebo for 6 months). MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The primary clinical outcome was a composite of patient-important complications (reoperation, femoral head osteonecrosis, severe femoral neck malunion, and nonunion). Secondary outcomes included fracture-healing complications and radiographic fracture healing. RESULTS: Eighty-six participants with a mean age of 41 years were included. We found no statistically significant difference in the risk of patient-important outcomes between the surgical treatment arms (hazard ratio 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.40-2.02, P = 0.80) and vitamin D supplementation treatment arms (hazard ratio 0.96, 95% confidence interval 0.42-2.18, P = 0.92). CONCLUSIONS: These pilot trial results continue to describe the results of current fixation implants, inform the challenges of improving outcomes in this fracture population, and may guide future vitamin D trials to improve healing outcomes in young fracture populations. Although the pilot trial was not adequately powered to detect treatment effects, publishing these results may facilitate future meta-analyses on this topic. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Fixation Using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip Fractures: The feasibility of a multicenter 2 × 2 factorial randomized controlled trial evaluating surgical treatment and vitamin D supplementation in young femoral neck fracture patients.

OBJECTIVES: To conduct a pilot trial for the Fixation using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip Fractures (FAITH-2) protocol to assess feasibility of a definitive trial. DESIGN: Pilot trial. SETTING: Twenty-five clinical sites across North America and Australia were initiated, but enrolment occurred in only 15 North American sites. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-one randomized adults aged 18 to 60 years with a femoral neck fracture requiring surgical fixation. INTERVENTION: Eligible patients were randomized to receive surgical treatment (sliding hip screw or cancellous screws) AND nutritional supplementation (4000 IU of vitamin D or placebo) for 6 months postfracture. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Feasibility outcomes included: clinical site initiation, participant enrolment rate, proportion of participants with complete 12-month follow-up, level of data quality, and rate of protocol adherence (number of randomization errors, crossovers between treatment groups, and daily supplementation adherence). RESULTS: Eighty-six of 91 participants randomized into the pilot trial from 15 North American hospitals were deemed eligible. Four of five primary feasibility criteria were not achieved as we were unable to initiate clinical sites outside of North America and Australia due to feasibility constraints, slow participant enrolment (60 participants recruited over 36 mo), low adherence with daily nutritional supplementation at the 6-week (72.1%), 3-month (60.5%), and 6-month (54.7%) follow-up visits, and a high loss to follow-up rate of 22.1% at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Despite not meeting key feasibility criteria, we increased our knowledge on the logistics and anticipated barriers when conducting vitamin D supplementation trials in this trauma population, which can be used to inform the design and conduct of future trials on this topic.

Short Versus Long InterTAN Fixation for Geriatric Intertrochanteric Hip Fractures: A Multicentre Head-to-Head Comparison.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if geriatric intertrochanteric hip fracture patients achieve equivalent postoperative functional status after management with either a short (180-200 mm) or a long (260-460 mm) InterTAN intramedullary device. DESIGN: Retrospective review of a prospective randomized control trial. SETTING: Four Level I Trauma Centers. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: One hundred eight patients with OTA/AO classification 31A-1 and 31A-2 intertrochanteric hip fractures were included in the study. INTERVENTION: Internal fixation using an IT device. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Primary outcomes included Functional Independence Measure and Timed Up and Go. Secondary outcomes included blood loss, surgical time, length of stay, adverse events, and mortality. RESULTS: Seventy-one short and 37 long IT patients met study inclusion criteria. Demographics were similar between groups. There was no difference in Functional Independence Measure or Timed Up and Go scores between the 2 IT groups at any of the time points collected. Mean operative time was lower in the short IT group than in the long IT group (60 vs. 73 minutes; P = 0.021). A higher proportion of long IT patients had reamed constructs (95% vs. 48% short IT, P < 0.001). Postoperative blood loss was significantly higher in the long IT group without a significant influence on the number of patients requiring transfusion (P = 0.582) or average units transfused (P = 0.982). There was no significant difference in the proportion of postoperative adverse events between the 2 cohorts despite a higher number of peri-implant femur fractures in the short IT group than in the long IT group (5 vs. 1, P = 0.350). CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative functional status was not influenced by the length of IT device in the management of geriatric intertrochanteric hip fractures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

A Multicenter Randomized Control Trial Comparing a Novel Intramedullary Device (InterTAN) Versus Conventional Treatment (Sliding Hip Screw) of Geriatric Hip Fractures.

OBJECTIVES: To compare outcomes in elderly patients with intertrochanteric hip fractures treated with either the sliding hip screw (SHS) or InterTAN intramedullary device (IT). DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, multicenter clinical trial. SETTING: Five level 1 trauma centers. PATIENTS: Two hundred forty-nine patients 55 years of age or older with AO/OTA 31A1 (43) and OA/OTA 31A2 (206) fractures were prospectively enrolled and followed for 12 months. INTERVENTION: Computer generated randomization to either IT (n = 123) or SHS (n = 126). MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) were used to measure function and motor performance. Secondary outcome measures included femoral shortening, complications, and mortality. RESULTS: Demographics, comorbidities, preinjury FIM scores and TUG scores were similar between groups. Patients (17.2%) who received an IT had limb shortening greater than 2 cm compared with 42.9% who received an SHS (P < 0.001). To determine the importance of preinjury function and fracture stability, we analyzed the subgroup of patients with the ability to walk 150 m independently preinjury and an OA/OTA 31A-2 fracture (n = 70). In this subgroup, patients treated with SHS had greater shortening and demonstrated poorer FIM and TUG scores compared with patients treated with an IT. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, most patients with intertrochanteric femur fractures can expect similar functional results whether treated with an intramedullary or extramedullary device. However, active, functional patients have an improved outcome when the InterTAN is used to treat their unstable intertrochanteric fracture. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Reoperation following open reduction and plate fixation of displaced mid-shaft clavicle fractures.

BACKGROUND: Operative fixation of displaced, mid-shaft clavicle fractures has become an increasingly common practice. With this emerging trend, data describing patient outcomes with longer follow-up are necessary. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of subjects treated with plate fixation for displaced mid-shaft clavicle fractures from 2003 to 2009 at a Level I trauma hospital. All subjects were greater than 12 months post-index surgery. Treatment involved ORIF with either a low-contact dynamic compression plate (LCDC) or a contoured plate (pre-contoured or pelvic reconstruction plate). Our primary outcome was reoperation for any indication. RESULTS: 143 subjects were included. The mean age was 36 ± 14 years and the mean time to reoperation or chart review was 33 months. Contoured plates were used in 64% of cases and LCDC plates were used in the remaining subjects. Twenty-nine subjects (20%) underwent reoperation: 23.5% of subjects treated with LCDC plates and 18.5% of subjects treated with contoured plates (p=0.52). Indications for reoperation included implant irritation (n=25), implant failure (n=2), and non-union (n=2). There was near statistically significant association with reoperation and female gender (p=0.05) but no association between reoperation and age (p=0.14), fracture class (p=0.53), plate type (p=0.49), or plate location (p=0.93). The mean QuickDASH score for the population surveyed was 8.8 (5.5-12.1; 95% CI) with near statistically significant and clinically relevant difference between those considering reoperation and those not 22.3 (8.6-36.0; 95% CI) versus 6.7 (3.6-9.8; 95% CI). CONCLUSIONS: This study represents a large series of displaced clavicle fractures treated with open reduction and plate fixation. Reoperation following plate fixation is relatively common, but primarily due to implant irritation. No difference in reoperation rates between plate types or location could be detected in our current sample size. Also, excellent functional outcomes continue to be observed several years after clavicle fracture fixation.

A fragment-specific approach to Type IID Monteggia elbow fracture-dislocations.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the pattern of injury, surgical technique, and outcomes of Monteggia Type IID fracture dislocations. DESIGN: Retrospective review of prospectively collected clinical and radiographic patient data in an orthopaedic trauma database. SETTING: Level I university-based trauma center. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: All patients with Monteggia Type IID fracture-dislocations admitted from January 2000 to July 2005. INTERVENTION: Review of patient demographics, fracture pattern, method of fixation, complications, additional surgical procedures, and clinical and radiographic outcome measures. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Clinical outcomes: elbow range of motion, complications. Radiographic outcomes: characteristic fracture fragments, quality of fracture reduction, healing time, degenerative changes, and heterotopic ossification. RESULTS: Sixteen patients were included in the study. All fractures united. There were six complications in six patients, including three contractures with associated heterotopic ossification, one pronator syndrome and late radial nerve palsy, one radial head collapse, and one with prominent hardware. CONCLUSIONS: Monteggia IID fracture-dislocations are complex injuries with typical specific fracture fragments. Anatomic fixation of all injury components and avoidance of complications where possible can lead to a good outcome in these challenging injuries.

Technique of reduction and fixation of unicondylar medial Hoffa fracture.

Coronal fractures of the medial femoral condyle (Hoffa fractures) are rare. Articular surface communication is common, and reduction can be difficult. For this injury, an extensile medial subvastus approach can be used to obtain adequate visualization, accurate reduction, and fixation. A case series of these injuries and this treatment method supports this management strategy.

Reliability of bony landmarks for restoration of the joint line in revision knee arthroplasty.

The aim of this study was to determine the reliability of bone landmarks for restoring the joint line in revision knee arthroplasty. The relationship of the femoral epicondyles, the tibial tubercle (TT) and the fibular head (FH) to the joint line was measured on 200 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, 100 females, 100 males), including assessment on intraobserver and interobserver reliability. MRI scans demonstrating chondral lesions and osteoarthritis were excluded, as were patients with immature skeletons or a history of previous knee surgery. Sequences in sagittal, coronal and axial planes were used as well as cross-referencing with the same computer software. In order to account for size differences between patients, each bony landmark measurement was converted to a ratio relative to the femoral or/and tibial width. We found a transepicondylar axis equal to 3.11 degrees (+/-1.9). The average distance from the epicondyles to the joint line was respectively 23 mm on the lateral side and 28 mm on the medial side. However there was a variation of distance from the epicondyles of the joint line up to 11 mm and a significative difference was found between male and female. We determined the distances from the tip of the FH and from the TT to the joint line. The joint line-FH distance averaged 14 mm (range 4.1-22.13) with no gender difference. The joint line-TT distance was averaged 22 mm (range 10.61-32.09). We determined an epicondylar ratio (distance from the lateral epicondyle to the joint line related to the femoral width). We found this ratio averaged 28% with no gender difference (P = 0.09). There is a large variation of bony landmarks depending on the size of the individual. Considering this findings, the FH is not a reliable guide for the joint line in revision surgery. Previous studies have measured the absolute values from various landmarks to the joint line. This study provides a significant advantage, in that the level of the joint line can be determined for each individual by using a ratio to account for gender and size differences.

Bone bruises associated with ACL rupture: correlation with injury mechanism.

BACKGROUND: Different patterns of bone bruising are seen on magnetic resonance imaging in acute anterior cruciate ligament ruptures. These patterns may relate to the mechanism of injury. HYPOTHESIS: There is a correlation between the mechanism of anterior cruciate ligament injury and bone bruise patterns on magnetic resonance imaging. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS: Data regarding the mechanism of anterior cruciate ligament rupture were collected prospectively on patients who had anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Inclusion criteria included a clear history of mechanism, magnetic resonance imaging within 6 weeks of injury, and no previous knee injury. Patients were divided into noncontact and contact mechanism groups. Bone bruise frequency, location, depth, and intensity were analyzed using magnetic resonance imaging and correlated with the mechanism of injury. RESULTS: Two hundred fifty-six patients were identified; 100 met the inclusion criteria, 86 were in the noncontact mechanism group, and 14 were in the contact mechanism group. The proportion of bone bruises in the lateral compartment in both groups was higher (P < .001) than in the medial compartment. Bone bruising was more frequent, deeper, and more intense in the noncontact group, with frequency (P = .019) and intensity (P < .001) scores reaching significance at the lateral tibial plateau. Medial compartment bone bruising was seen more frequently than previously reported, particularly in the noncontact group. CONCLUSION: The noncontact mechanism appears to cause more severe bone bruising in both the medial and lateral compartments.

Osteotomy for the early varus arthritic knee.

High tibial osteotomy is a well-established procedure for the management of medial compartment arthritis that is currently experiencing a resurgence in popularity. A number of techniques have been described, with the ultimate goal of obtaining appropriate alignment to provide pain relief and functional improvement over a long-term period. Appropriate patient selection and careful surgical technique is necessary to achieve these goals with a minimal risk of complication. Newer technology such as computer navigation promises to improve the overall accuracy of the procedure. The need for alignment correction in combination with ligament reconstruction and chondral resurfacing surgery will increase the indications for this procedure. This article discusses the techniques available for high tibial osteotomy, the results and relative advantages of each, and the appropriate surgical technique to achieve optimal results while minimizing complications.

Computer-assisted gap equalization in total knee arthroplasty.

This in vitro biomechanical study compared a conventional balancing technique in knee arthroplasty to a technique using computer assistance. The experimental technique used a soft tissue tensioner instrumented with computer-monitored load cells to quantify soft tissue tension. To assess outcome, a tibial load transducer measured medial and lateral compartment forces and tibial rotation. An electromagnetic tracking system quantified knee position under simulated muscle loading. The computer-assisted technique improved knee balance before insertion of components. However, once components were implanted, there was no difference in knee load balance between the 2 techniques. No correlation was shown between compartmental load balance and tibial rotation or mechanical axis misalignment. Although computer-assisted surgery may improve technical accuracy, further work is necessary to achieve an optimal final knee load balance.

High tibial osteotomy with use of the Taylor Spatial Frame external fixator for osteoarthritis of the knee.

BACKGROUND: High tibial osteotomy (HTO) is used to treat medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee in active patients with varus alignment. In this study we review the clinical and radiographic outcomes associated with the Taylor Spatial Frame (Smith & Nephew), and its use in HTOs, and we include an illustrative case report. METHODS: In 7 patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee and varus alignment, the Taylor Spatial Frame was applied to the tibia in the operating room and a proximal tibial osteotomy was performed. Patients followed a computer-generated turning schedule until the desired correction was achieved. The frame was removed when the osteotomy site had healed. The lower extremity measure (LEM) was used to assess physical function. Clinical outcome measures relating to the Taylor Spatial Frame included latency, time to correction, time in the frame, number of residual corrections and complications. Radiographic outcomes included preoperative Resnick grades of osteoarthritis, pre- and post-correction limb alignment and tibial slope measurements. RESULTS: Average (and standard deviation) LEM grade at a mean 41 (14) months follow-up after correction was 94% (5%). Average latency was 8 days, time to correction was 15 days, time in the frame was 23 weeks and number of residual corrections was 1.3. Complications were similar to those for external fixators. Radiographic correction goals were met in all patients. CONCLUSION: The Taylor Spatial Frame is a valuable asset when using HTO to treat medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee.

Reliability and comparison of acromion assessment techniques on X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging (reliability of acromion assessment techniques).

OBJECTIVE: To determine the reliability and correlation of plain radiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the assessment of acromion morphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Acromion morphology was assessed using the lateral acromion angle (LAA) and the acromion-humeral interval (AHI). Thirty patients who had X-rays and MRI for impingement syndrome were included. Six blinded observers assessed the acromion morphology subjectively and objectively. RESULTS: Neither acromion assessment technique demonstrated a positive correlation (kappa and intraclass coefficient < 0.55) between X-ray and MRI. Both techniques were reliable (kappa and intraclass coefficient > 0.55) when measured objectively by experienced observers. CONCLUSION: The LAA and the AHI are both reliable acromion assessment techniques on X-ray and MRI when measured objectively and by experienced observers.