The Green Gut: Chlorophyll Degradation in the Gut of Spodoptera littoralis.

Chlorophylls, the most prominent natural pigments, are part of the daily diet of herbivorous insects. The spectrum of ingested and digested chlorophyll metabolites compares well to the pattern of early chlorophyll-degradation products in senescent plants. Intact chlorophyll is rapidly degraded by proteins in the front- and midgut. Unlike plants, insects convert both chlorophyll a and b into the corresponding catabolites. MALDI-TOF/MS imaging allowed monitoring the distribution of the chlorophyll catabolites along the gut of Spodoptera littoralis larvae. The chlorophyll degradation in the fore- and mid-gut is strongly pH dependent, and requires alkaline conditions. Using LC-MS/MS analysis we identified a lipocalin-type protein in the intestinal fluid of S. littoralis homolog to the chlorophyllide a binding protein from Bombyx mori. Widefield and high-resolution autofluorescence microscopy revealed that the brush border membranes are covered with the chlorophyllide binding protein tightly bound via its GPI-anchor to the gut membrane. A function in defense against gut microbes is discussed.

Single synapse glutamate imaging reveals multiple levels of release mode regulation in mammalian synapses.

Mammalian central synapses exhibit vast heterogeneity in signaling strength. To understand the extent of this diversity, how it is achieved, and its functional implications, characterization of a large number of individual synapses is required. Using glutamate imaging, we characterized the evoked release probability and spontaneous release frequency of over 24,000 individual synapses. We found striking variability and no correlation between action potential-evoked and spontaneous synaptic release strength, suggesting distinct regulatory mechanisms. Subpixel localization of individual evoked and spontaneous release events reveals tight spatial regulation of evoked release and enhanced spontaneous release outside of evoked release region. Using on-stage post hoc immune-labeling of vesicle-associated proteins, Ca2+-sensing proteins, and soluble presynaptic proteins we were able to show that distinct molecular ensembles are associated with evoked and spontaneous modes of synaptic release.

Vinculin binding angle in podosomes revealed by high resolution microscopy.

Podosomes are highly dynamic actin-rich adhesive structures formed predominantly by cells of the monocytic lineage, which degrade the extracellular matrix. They consist of a core of F-actin and actin-regulating proteins, surrounded by a ring of adhesion-associated proteins such as vinculin. We have characterised the structure of podosomes in macrophages, particularly the structure of the ring, using three super-resolution fluorescence microscopy techniques: stimulated emission depletion microscopy, structured illumination microscopy and localisation microscopy. Rather than being round, as previously assumed, we found the vinculin ring to be created from relatively straight strands of vinculin, resulting in a distinctly polygonal shape. The strands bind preferentially at angles between 116° and 135°. Furthermore, adjacent vinculin strands are observed nucleating at the corners of the podosomes, suggesting a mechanism for podosome growth.