Absent Relations of Religious Coping to Telomere Length in African American and White Women and Men.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated whether race and sex moderated the relations of religious coping to telomere length (TL), a biomarker of cellular aging implicated in race-related health disparities. METHODS: Participant data were drawn from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study, which included 252 socioeconomically diverse African American and White men and women aged (30-64 years old). Cross-sectional multivariable regression analyses examined interactive associations of religious coping, race, and sex to TL, adjusting for other sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: Religious coping was unrelated to TL in this sample (p's > .05). There were no notable race or sex differences. Post hoc exploratory analyses similarly found that neither secular social support coping use nor substance use coping was associated with TL. CONCLUSION: There was no evidence to support that religious coping use provided protective effects to TL in this sample of African American and White women and men. Nevertheless, future studies should use more comprehensive assessments of religious coping and intersectional identities to provide an in-depth examination of religiosity/spirituality as a potential culturally salient protective factor in cellular aging among African Americans in the context of specific chronic stressors such as discrimination.

Microvascular dysfunction and neurovascular uncoupling are exacerbated in peripheral artery disease, increasing the risk of cognitive decline in older adults.

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a vascular pathology with high prevalence among the aging population. PAD is associated with decreased cognitive performance, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Normal brain function critically depends on an adequate adjustment of cerebral blood supply to match the needs of active brain regions via neurovascular coupling (NVC). NVC responses depend on healthy microvascular endothelial function. PAD is associated with significant endothelial dysfunction in peripheral arteries, but its effect on NVC responses has not been investigated. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that NVC and peripheral microvascular endothelial function are impaired in PAD. We enrolled 11 symptomatic patients with PAD and 11 age- and sex-matched controls. Participants were evaluated for cognitive performance using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery and functional near-infrared spectroscopy to assess NVC responses during the cognitive n-back task. Peripheral microvascular endothelial function was evaluated using laser speckle contrast imaging. We found that cognitive performance was compromised in patients with PAD, evidenced by reduced visual memory, short-term memory, and sustained attention. We found that NVC responses and peripheral microvascular endothelial function were significantly impaired in patients with PAD. A positive correlation was observed between microvascular endothelial function, NVC responses, and cognitive performance in the study participants. Our findings support the concept that microvascular endothelial dysfunction and neurovascular uncoupling contribute to the genesis of cognitive impairment in older PAD patients with claudication. Longitudinal studies are warranted to test whether the targeted improvement of NVC responses can prevent or delay the onset of PAD-associated cognitive decline.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Peripheral artery disease (PAD) was associated with significantly decreased cognitive performance, impaired neurovascular coupling (NVC) responses in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (LDLPFC and RDLPFC), and impaired peripheral microvascular endothelial function. A positive correlation between microvascular endothelial function, NVC responses, and cognitive performance may suggest that PAD-related cognitive decrement is mechanistically linked, at least in part, to generalized microvascular endothelial dysfunction and subsequent impairment of NVC responses.

Synergistic Associations of Depressive Symptoms and Executive Functions With Longitudinal Trajectories of Diabetes Biomarkers Among Urban-Dwelling Adults Without Diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Depressive symptoms and executive functions (EFs) have recently emerged as novel risk factors for type 2 diabetes, but it is unknown if these factors interact to influence diabetes pathophysiology across the life span. We examined the synergistic associations of depressive symptoms and EFs with longitudinal trajectories of diabetes diagnostic criteria among middle-aged and older adults without diabetes. METHODS: Participants were 1257 African American and White, urban-dwelling adults from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study who were assessed up to three times over a 13-year period (2004-2017). At baseline, participants completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale and measures of EFs-Trail Making Test Part B, verbal fluency, and Digit Span Backward-for a composite EFs score, and provided blood samples at each follow-up for glycated hemoglobin and fasting serum glucose. RESULTS: A total of 155 and 220 individuals developed diabetes or prediabetes at wave 3 and wave 4, respectively. Linear mixed-effects regression models adjusting for sociodemographic factors, diabetes risk factors, and antidepressant medications revealed significant three-way interactions of Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression, EFs, and age on change in glycated hemoglobin (b = -0.0001, p = .005) and in fasting serum glucose (b = -0.0004, p < .001), such that among individuals with lower but not higher EFs, elevated depressive symptoms were associated with steeper age-related increases in diabetes biomarkers over time. CONCLUSIONS: Depressive symptoms and lower EFs may interactively accelerate trajectories of key diagnostic criteria, thereby increasing the risk for earlier diabetes incidence. Identifying individuals in this high-risk group may be an important clinical priority for earlier intervention, which has the promise of preventing or delaying this debilitating disease.

Interactive Relations Across Dimensions of Interpersonal-Level Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms to Carotid Intimal-Medial Thickening in African Americans.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine within-race interactions of multiple dimensions of self-reported discrimination with depressive symptoms in relation to carotid intimal-medial thickness (IMT), a subclinical marker of atherosclerosis prospectively implicated in stroke incidence, in middle-aged to older African American and white adults. METHODS: Participants were a socioeconomically diverse group of 1941 African Americans (56.5%) and whites from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study (30-64 years old, 47% men, 45.2% with household income <125% federal poverty threshold) who underwent carotid IMT measurement. Discrimination was assessed across four dimensions (everyday, frequency across various social statuses, racial, and lifetime burden). The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale was used to assess depressive symptoms. RESULTS: In cross-sectional hierarchical regression analyses, two interactions were observed in African Americans: more frequent discrimination across various social statuses (b < 0.001, p = .006) and a higher lifetime discrimination burden (b < 0.001, p = .02) were each related to thicker carotid IMT in those with greater depressive symptoms. No significant findings were observed within whites. CONCLUSIONS: Among African Americans, those reporting high levels of discrimination and depressive symptoms have increased carotid atherosclerosis and may be at greater risk for clinical end points compared with those reporting one or neither of these risk factors. Findings suggest that assessment of interactive relationships among social and psychological factors may elucidate novel pathways for cardiovascular disease, including stroke, among African Americans.

Neurocognitive Function in Children with Primary Hypertension after Initiation of Antihypertensive Therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the change in neurocognitive test performance in children with primary hypertension after initiation of antihypertensive therapy. STUDY DESIGN: Subjects with hypertension and normotensive control subjects had neurocognitive testing at baseline and again after 1 year, during which time the subjects with hypertension received antihypertensive therapy. Subjects completed tests of general intelligence, attention, memory, executive function, and processing speed, and parents completed rating scales of executive function. RESULTS: Fifty-five subjects with hypertension and 66 normotensive control subjects underwent both baseline and 1-year assessments. Overall, the blood pressure (BP) of subjects with hypertension improved (24-hour systolic BP load: mean baseline vs 1 year, 58% vs 38%, P < .001). Primary multivariable analyses showed that the hypertension group improved in scores of subtests of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Grooved Pegboard, and Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Tower Test (P < .05). However, the control group also improved in the same measures with similar effects sizes. Secondary analyses by effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy showed that subjects with persistent ambulatory hypertension at 1 year (n = 17) did not improve in subtests of Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and had limited improvement in Grooved Pegboard. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, children with hypertension did not improve in neurocognitive test performance after 1 year of antihypertensive therapy, beyond that also seen in normotensive controls, suggesting improvements with age or practice effects because of repeated neurocognitive testing. However, the degree to which antihypertensive therapy improves BP may affect its impact upon neurocognitive function.

Distributions of Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in a Socioeconomically and Racially Diverse Sample.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Differential subgroup vulnerability to subclinical cardiovascular disease is likely, and yet few, if any, studies have addressed interactive relations of age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status (SES) to these conditions to examine nuances of known health disparities. We examined distributions of carotid atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness in a socioeconomically diverse, biracial, urban sample. METHODS: Participants (n=2270) in the population-based HANDLS study (Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity Across the Life Span; 30-64 years old, 44% men, 57% African American, 39% with household income <125% federal poverty threshold) underwent carotid intimal medial thickness (IMT) and pulse wave velocity assessment. RESULTS: In cross-sectional hierarchical regression analyses, interactive race×SES effects were identified for IMT and pulse wave velocity, such that high SES African Americans had significantly thicker IMTs and faster pulse wave velocities than all other subgroups (ie, low SES African Americans, low SES whites, and high SES whites). A race×sex effect was also identified for IMT, such that the IMT discrepancy between white men and women was more pronounced than the discrepancy between African American men and women. Finally, an SES×sex effect indicated that while IMTs of high SES and low SES men did not significantly differ, high SES women had marginally thicker IMTs than low SES women. CONCLUSIONS: High SES African Americans may be particularly vulnerable to subclinical cardiovascular diseases, placing them at enhanced risk for clinical cardiovascular diseases, including stroke. These findings suggest that male sex, low SES, and African American ancestry may represent imprecise generalizations as risk factors for subclinical cardiovascular disease.

Neurocognitive Function in Children with Primary Hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To compare neurocognitive test performance of children with primary hypertension with that of normotensive controls. STUDY DESIGN: Seventy-five children (10-18 years of age) with newly diagnosed, untreated hypertension and 75 frequency-matched normotensive controls had baseline neurocognitive testing as part of a prospective multicenter study of cognition in primary hypertension. Subjects completed tests of general intelligence, attention, memory, executive function, and processing speed. Parents completed rating scales of executive function and the Sleep-Related Breathing Disorder scale of the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ-SRBD). RESULTS: Hypertension and control groups did not differ significantly in age, sex, maternal education, income, race, ethnicity, obesity, anxiety, depression, cholesterol, glucose, insulin, and C-reactive protein. Subjects with hypertension had greater PSQ-SRBD scores (P = .04) and triglycerides (P = .037). Multivariate analyses showed that hypertension was independently associated with worse performance on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (List A Trial 1, P = .034; List A Total, P = .009; Short delay recall, P = .013), CogState Groton Maze Learning Test delayed recall (P = .002), Grooved Pegboard dominant hand (P = .045), and Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence Vocabulary (P = .016). Results indicated a significant interaction between disordered sleep (PSQ-SRBD score) and hypertension on ratings of executive function (P = .04), such that hypertension heightened the association between increased disordered sleep and worse executive function. CONCLUSIONS: Youth with primary hypertension demonstrated significantly lower performance on neurocognitive testing compared with normotensive controls, in particular, on measures of memory, attention, and executive functions.

Differential Associations of Socioeconomic Status With Global Brain Volumes and White Matter Lesions in African American and White Adults: the HANDLS SCAN Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to examine interactive relations of race and socioeconomic status (SES) to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-assessed global brain outcomes with previously demonstrated prognostic significance for stroke, dementia, and mortality. METHODS: Participants were 147 African Americans (AAs) and whites (ages 33-71 years; 43% AA; 56% female; 26% below poverty) in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span SCAN substudy. Cranial MRI was conducted using a 3.0 T unit. White matter (WM) lesion volumes and total brain, gray matter, and WM volumes were computed. An SES composite was derived from education and poverty status. RESULTS: Significant interactions of race and SES were observed for WM lesion volume (b = 1.38; η = 0.036; p = .028), total brain (b = 86.72; η = 0.042; p < .001), gray matter (b = 40.16; η = 0.032; p = .003), and WM (b = 46.56; η = 0.050; p < .001). AA participants with low SES exhibited significantly greater WM lesion volumes than white participants with low SES. White participants with higher SES had greater brain volumes than all other groups (albeit within normal range). CONCLUSIONS: Low SES was associated with greater WM pathology-a marker for increased stroke risk-in AAs. Higher SES was associated with greater total brain volume-a putative global indicator of brain health and predictor of mortality-in whites. Findings may reflect environmental and interpersonal stressors encountered by AAs and those of lower SES and could relate to disproportionate rates of stroke, dementia, and mortality.

Diet quality and cognitive function in an urban sample: findings from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study.

OBJECTIVE: Poor diet quality contributes to morbidity, including poor brain health outcomes such as cognitive decline and dementia. African Americans and individuals living in poverty may be at greater risk for cognitive decrements from poor diet quality. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Baltimore, MD, USA. SUBJECTS: Participants were 2090 African Americans and Whites (57 % female, mean age=47·9 years) who completed two 24 h dietary recalls. We examined cognitive performance and potential interactions of diet quality with race and poverty status using baseline data from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study. Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) scores were calculated and interpreted using federal guidelines. A neurocognitive test battery was administered to evaluate cognitive function over several domains. RESULTS: Linear regression analyses showed that lower HEI-2010 scores were associated with poorer verbal learning and memory (P<0·05) after adjustment for covariates. Diet quality within the sample was poor. Significant interactions of HEI-2010 and poverty status (all P<0·05) indicated that higher diet quality was associated with higher performance on tests of attention and cognitive flexibility, visuospatial ability and perceptual speed among those below the poverty line. No significant race interactions emerged. Higher diet quality was associated with better performance on two measures of verbal learning and memory, irrespective of race and poverty status. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that diet quality and cognitive function are likely related at the population level. Future research is needed to determine whether the association is clinically significant.

Lifetime prevalence of traumatic brain injury in a demographically diverse community sample.

BACKGROUND: Although incidence rates are well documented for traumatic brain injury, lifetime prevalence in a demographically diverse sample is unknown. We examined the prevalence of self-reported traumatic brain injury (TBI) in a demographically diverse sample. METHODS: History of TBI was examined in 2881 African-Americans and Whites in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study-a community-based, epidemiological investigation of urban-dwelling adults. Logistic regression analyses examined the odds of TBI as a function of sex, race, poverty status, age quintile and their interactions. RESULTS: A significant 3-way interaction was noted amongst race, poverty status and age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-2.31, p = 0.021). Amongst Whites living in poverty, younger (30-36 years of age) individuals had greater odds of TBI than older (58-64 years of age) individuals, whereas older African-Americans living in poverty had greater odds of TBI. Additionally, a main effect of sex (OR = 2.36, 95% CI 1.85-3.03, p < 0.001) indicated that men had greater odds of TBI. CONCLUSIONS: History of TBI is most prevalent in men, older African-Americans in poverty, and younger Whites in poverty. Preventive measures targeting relevant TBI risk factors in these populations are warranted.

Effect of cognitive status on exercise performance and quality of life in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease.

BACKGROUND: We determined whether scores on a cognitive screening measure were associated with the primary outcome measure of peak walking time (PWT) and with secondary outcome measures related to mobility, community-based ambulation, health-related quality of life (QoL), and vascular function in patients with claudication and peripheral artery disease (PAD). METHODS: Gross cognitive status of 246 PAD patients was assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) questionnaire. Patients were grouped according to whether they had a perfect MMSE score of 30 points (n = 123) or whether they missed one or more points (n = 123). Patients were characterized on numerous outcomes, including PWT during a treadmill test and QoL. RESULTS: Compared with the group with the higher MMSE scores, there was a trend for lower PWT in the group with the lower MMSE scores (P = .06) after adjusting for age, sex, race, and education level (model 1), which became significant (380 ± 250 seconds vs 460 ± 270 seconds; P < .05) after adjusting for model 1 plus coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and arthritis (model 2). Multiple domains of QoL were lower (P < .05) in the group with the lower MMSE scores after adjusting for model 1, but only mental health remained lower (75 ± 20% vs 80 ± 5%; P = .02) after further adjustment with model 2. CONCLUSIONS: In symptomatic patients with PAD, lower cognitive screening scores were associated with greater ambulatory impairment than in patients with higher MMSE scores. Furthermore, worse cognitive status was associated with lower scores in multiple dimensions of health-related QoL, all of which except mental health were explained by the comorbid conditions of coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and arthritis. The clinical significance is that there is a need for enhanced cognitive and mental health screening as potential indicators of poor outcome among symptomatic patients with PAD. Furthermore, patients identified as having worse cognitive status might be in greatest need of intervention to improve ambulation and QoL related to mental health.

Cross-sectional relations of race and poverty status to cardiovascular risk factors in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Lifespan (HANDLS) study.

BACKGROUND: Examine interactive relations of race and poverty status with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in a socioeconomically diverse sample of urban-dwelling African American (AA) and White adults. METHODS: Participants were 2,270 AAs and Whites (57% AA; 57% female; ages 30-64 years) who completed the first wave of the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study. CVD risk factors assessed included body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), total cholesterol (TC), high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), and systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressure (SBP, DBP, PP). Interactive and independent relations of race, poverty status, and sex were examined for each outcome via ordinary least squares regression adjusted for age, education, literacy, substance use, depressive symptoms, perceived health care barriers, medical co-morbidities, and medications. RESULTS: Significant interactions of race and poverty status (p's < .05) indicated that AAs living in poverty had lower BMI and WC and higher HDL-C than non-poverty AAs, whereas Whites living in poverty had higher BMI and WC and lower HDL-C than non-poverty Whites. Main effects of race revealed that AAs had higher levels of HbA1c, SBP, and PP, and Whites had higher levels of TC, LDL-C and TG (p's < .05). CONCLUSION: Poverty status moderated race differences for BMI, WC, and HDL-C, conveying increased risk among Whites living in poverty, but reduced risk in their AA counterparts. Race differences for six additional risk factors withstood extensive statistical adjustments including SES indicators.

Associations Between Diabetes and Cognitive Function in Socioeconomically Diverse African American and White Men and Women.

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether race and poverty (income <125% of the federal poverty limit), modifies associations between diabetes and cognition in a biracial, urban-dwelling sample. METHODS: Cross-sectional data for 2066 participants (mean age = 47.6 years, 56.8% women, 56.2% African American, 38.6% below poverty) from the first wave of the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study were used for analyses. Eleven tests measured cognitive function. Interactions among diabetes, race, and poverty status with cognition were assessed in multiple regression analyses. RESULTS: Significant interactions among diabetes, race, and poverty status were observed. Among African Americans below poverty, diabetic individuals performed lower than nondiabetic individuals on California Verbal Learning Test Free Recall Short Delay (z = -0.444 [0.123] versus z = -0.137 [0.045]) and Long Delay (z = -0.299 [0.123] versus z = -0.130 [0.045]), Digit Span Backward (z = -0.347 [0.109] versus z = -0.072 [0.041]), and the Brief Test of Attention (z = -0.452 [-0.099] versus z = -0.099 [0.047]), and higher on Category Fluency (z = 0.114 [0.117] versus z = -0.118 [0.044]). No consistent differences between diabetic and nondiabetic individuals were found for African American and white participants above poverty. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes was associated with poorer verbal memory, working memory, and attention among African Americans living in poverty. Diabetic African Americans below poverty may have increased risk of cognitive deficit at a younger age. Improving health literacy, doctor-patient communication, and multidisciplinary medical care for impoverished individuals may reduce differences. Additional research is needed to clarify mechanisms underlying these associations.

Renal function and long-term decline in cognitive function: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.

BACKGROUND: Renal disease has been associated with greater risk of dementia and greater cognitive impairment. However, the relationship of lower renal function with long-term decline in specific domains of cognitive function remains unclear among community-dwelling, non-demented individuals. METHODS: Stroke- and dementia-free participants (n = 2,116) were enrolled in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, a community-based, prospective, longitudinal study. Renal function was estimated by the inverse of serum creatinine adjusted for age, sex and race and (in sensitivity analyses) estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the MDRD formula. Outcome measures were changes in scores on 6 cognitive tests encompassing a range of cognitive functions, measured at 2-year intervals. Mixed-effects regression models examined the longitudinal relations of renal function with cognitive functions after adjusting for demographics, comorbidity and other potential confounders. RESULTS: Mean age at initial testing was 53.9 years (SD 17.1), and 94 participants (4.4%) had an eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) and 18.5% had at least one comorbidity. With increasing age, longitudinal increases in creatinine concentrations were associated with more rapid decline in performance on several cognitive measures, including the learning slope of the California Verbal Learning Test, a test of verbal learning (p < 0.01), and the Benton Visual Retention Test, a test of visual memory (p < 0.01). Associations were similar for changes in eGFRMDRD, which was also associated with the rate of decline in verbal memory. CONCLUSION: In a community-based adult population, declines in renal function independently associated with greater long-term declines in visual memory and verbal memory and learning.

Coping with racism: the impact of prayer on cardiovascular reactivity and post-stress recovery in African American women.

BACKGROUND: Prayer is often used to cope with racism-related stress. Little is known about its impact on cardiovascular function. PURPOSE: This study examined how prayer coping relates to cardiovascular reactivity (CVR), post-stress recovery, and affective reactivity in response to racism-related stress. METHODS: African American women (n =81; mean age=20 years) reported their use of prayer coping on the Perceived Racism Scale and completed anger recall and racism recall tasks while undergoing monitoring of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV), and hemodynamic measures. Prayer coping was examined for associations with CVR, recovery, and affective change scores using general linear models with repeated measures. RESULTS: Higher prayer coping was associated with decreased state stress and DBP reactivity during racism recall (p's<0.05) and with decreased DBP and increased HRV during racism recall recovery(p's<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Coping with racism by utilizing prayer may have cardiovascular benefits for African American women.

Subjective socioeconomic status predicts Framingham cardiovascular disease risk for whites, not blacks.

BACKGROUND: Higher rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors are well documented among those with objective indicators of lower socioeconomic status (SES), such as income, education, and occupation. However, relatively little is known about the relationship of subjective SES to CVD risk, particularly within different racial groups. METHODS: Subjective SES and Framingham 10-year CVD risk profile were examined in 1,722 socioeconomically diverse Black and White adults enrolled in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study. The sample had a mean age of 47.7 years, was 57% female, 56% African American, and 39% living in poverty. RESULTS: Subjective SES was associated with greater CVD risk after adjustment for poverty status, substance use, BMI, depression, antihypertensives, and co-morbidities (B = -.059, t[1,1711] = -2.44, P = .015). However, when the analysis was race-stratified, subjective SES was associated with CVD risk in Whites (B = -.074, F[1,787] = -2.01, P = .045), but not Blacks. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that subjective SES may aid in predicting CVD risk in Whites, but not Blacks. It is important to note that these analyses were adjusted for poverty status, a potent indicator of objective SES. Thus, these findings further suggest that for Whites, subjective SES may influence CVD risk beyond that associated with objective SES. These findings highlight the potential importance of patients' subjective SES in CVD risk detection.

Distinct functions of social support and cognitive function among older adults.

UNLABELLED: BACKGROUND/STUDY CONTEXT: Social support has been shown to buffer cognitive decline in older adults; however, few studies have examined the association of distinct functions of perceived social support and cognitive function. The current study examined the relations between distinct functions of social support and numerous cognitive domains in older adults. METHODS: Data were derived from a cross-sectional, correlational study of cardiovascular risk factors, cognitive function, and neuroimaging. The participants were 175 older adults with a mean age of 66.32. A number of neuropsychological tests and the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List were administered. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to determine cross-sectional relations of social support to cognitive function after controlling for age, gender, education, depressive symptomatology, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, total cholesterol, and fasting glucose. RESULTS: No significant positive relations were found between distinct functions of social support and cognitive function in any domain; however, inverse relations emerged such that greater social support across several functions was associated with poorer nonverbal memory and response inhibition. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that the receipt of social support may be a burden for some older adults. Within the current study, fluid cognitive abilities reflected this phenomenon. The mechanism through which social support is associated with poorer cognitive function in some domains deserves further exploration.

Interactive Relations of Body Mass Index, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Sex to Cognitive Function in Older Adults.

OBJECTIVE: The course of cognitive aging is influenced by multiple health factors. This cross-sectional study investigated the interactive relations between body mass index (BMI), maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), and sex on neuropsychological outcomes in community-dwelling predominantly older adults. METHODS: Participants were 164 healthy adults [M (SD) = 64.6 (12.5) years, 56% men, 87% white] who participated in an investigation of cardiovascular risk factors and brain health. Multivariable regression analysis, adjusted for age, education, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and depression, examined the interactive relations of BMI, VO2max, and sex to multiple neuropsychological outcomes. RESULTS: Significant BMI*VO2max*sex interactions for Grooved Pegboard dominant (p = .019) and nondominant (p = .005) hands revealed that men with lower VO2max (l/min) displayed worse performance with each hand as BMI increased (p's < .02). A significant BMI*sex interaction for Logical Memory-Delayed Recall (p = .036) (after adjustment for blood glucose) showed that men, but not women, with higher BMI demonstrated worse performance (p = .036). Lastly, significant main effects indicated that lower VO2max was related to poorer logical memory, and higher BMI was associated with poorer Trail Making B and Stroop interference scores (p's < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Among men, higher cardiorespiratory fitness may protect against the negative impact of greater BMI on manual dexterity and motor speed, making VO2max a target for intervention. Higher BMI is further associated with poorer executive function and verbal memory (in men), and lower VO2max is associated with poorer verbal memory.

Racial Discrimination, Religious Coping, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among African American Women and Men.

OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study examined whether religious coping buffered the associations between racial discrimination and several modifiable cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors-systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI), and cholesterol-in a sample of African American women and men. METHODS: Participant data were taken from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity Across the Life Span study (N = 815; 55.2% women; 30-64 years old). Racial discrimination and religious coping were self-reported. CVD risk factors were clinically assessed. RESULTS: In sex-stratified hierarchical regression analyses adjusted for age, socioeconomic status, and medication use, findings revealed several significant interactive associations and opposite effects by sex. Among men who experienced racial discrimination, religious coping was negatively related to systolic BP and HbA1c. However, in men reporting no prior discrimination, religious coping was positively related to most risk factors. Among women who had experienced racial discrimination, greater religious coping was associated with higher HbA1c and BMI. The lowest levels of CVD risk were observed among women who seldom used religious coping but experienced discrimination. CONCLUSION: Religious coping might mitigate the effects of racial discrimination on CVD risk for African American men but not women. Additional work is needed to understand whether reinforcing these coping strategies only benefits those who have experienced discrimination. It is also possible that religion may not buffer the effects of other psychosocial stressors linked with elevated CVD risk.