microRNA maintains nutrient homeostasis in the symbiont-host interaction.

Endosymbionts provide essential nutrients for hosts, promoting growth, development, and reproduction. However, the molecular regulation of nutrient transport from endosymbiont to host is not well understood. Here, we used bioinformatic analysis, RNA-Sequencing, luciferase assays, RNA immunoprecipitation, and in situ hybridization to show that a bacteriocyte-distributed MRP4 gene (multidrug resistance-associated protein 4) is negatively regulated by a host (aphid)-specific microRNA (miR-3024). Targeted metabolomics, microbiome analysis, vitamin B6 (VB6) supplements, 3D modeling/molecular docking, in vitro binding assays (voltage clamp recording and microscale thermophoresis), and functional complementation of Escherichia coli were jointly used to show that the miR-3024/MRP4 axis controls endosymbiont (Serratia)-produced VB6 transport to the host. The supplementation of miR-3024 increased the mortality of aphids, but partial rescue was achieved by providing an external source of VB6. The use of miR-3024 as part of a sustainable aphid pest-control strategy was evaluated by safety assessments in nontarget organisms (pollinators, predators, and entomopathogenic fungi) using virus-induced gene silencing assays and the expression of miR-3024 in transgenic tobacco. The supplementation of miR-3024 suppresses MRP4 expression, restricting the number of membrane channels, inhibiting VB6 transport, and ultimately killing the host. Under aphids facing stress conditions, the endosymbiont titer is decreased, and the VB6 production is also down-regulated, while the aphid's autonomous inhibition of miR-3024 enhances the expression of MRP4 and then increases the VB6 transport which finally ensures the VB6 homeostasis. The results confirm that miR-3024 regulates nutrient transport in the endosymbiont-host system and is a suitable target for sustainable pest control.

An EMC-Hpo-Yki axis maintains intestinal homeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions.

Balanced control of stem cell proliferation and differentiation underlines tissue homeostasis. Disruption of tissue homeostasis often results in many diseases. However, how endogenous factors influence the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) under physiological and pathological conditions remains poorly understood. Here, we find that the evolutionarily conserved endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC) negatively regulates ISC proliferation and intestinal homeostasis. Compromising EMC function in progenitors leads to excessive ISC proliferation and intestinal homeostasis disruption. Mechanistically, the EMC associates with and stabilizes Hippo (Hpo) protein, the key component of the Hpo signaling pathway. In the absence of EMC, Yorkie (Yki) is activated to promote ISC proliferation due to Hpo destruction. The EMC-Hpo-Yki axis also functions in enterocytes to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Importantly, the levels of the EMC are dramatically diminished in tunicamycin-treated animals, leading to Hpo destruction, thereby resulting in intestinal homeostasis disruption due to Yki activation. Thus, our study uncovers the molecular mechanism underlying the action of the EMC in intestinal homeostasis maintenance under physiological and pathological conditions and provides new insight into the pathogenesis of tunicamycin-induced tumorigenesis.

miR-309a is a regulator of ovarian development in the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis.

Fecundity is arguably one of the most important life history traits, as it is closely tied to fitness. Most arthropods are recognized for their extreme reproductive capacity. For example, a single female of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis, a highly invasive species that is one of the most destructive agricultural pests worldwide, can lay more than 3000 eggs during its life span. The ovary is crucial for insect reproduction and its development requires further investigation at the molecular level. We report here that miR-309a is a regulator of ovarian development in B. dorsalis. Our bioinformatics and molecular studies have revealed that miR-309a binds the transcription factor pannier (GATA-binding factor A/pnr), and this activates yolk vitellogenin 2 (Vg 2) and vitellogenin receptor (VgR) advancing ovarian development. We further show that miR-309a is under the control of juvenile hormone (JH) and independent from 20-hydroxyecdysone. Thus, we identified a JH-controlled miR-309a/pnr axis that regulates Vg2 and VgR to control the ovarian development. This study has further enhanced our understanding of molecular mechanisms governing ovarian development and insect reproduction. It provides a background for identifying targets for controlling important Dipteran pests.

Suppressing the expression of glutathione S-transferase gene GSTd10 increases the sensitivity of Zeugodacus cucurbitae against ß-cypermethrin.

Zeugodacus cucurbitae Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae) is an agriculturally and economically important pest worldwide that has developed resistance to ß-cypermethrin. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) have been reported to be involved in the detoxification of insecticides in insects. We have found that both ZcGSTd6 and ZcGSTd10 were up-regulated by ß-cypermethrin induction in our previous study, so we aimed to explore their potential relationship with ß-cypermethrin tolerance in this study. The heterologous expression of ZcGSTd6 and ZcGSTd10 in Escherichia coli showed significantly high activities against 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). The kinetic parameters of ZcGSTd6 and ZcGSTd10 were determined by Lineweaver-Burk. The Vmax and Km of ZcGSTd6 were 0.50 µmol/min·mg and 0.3 mM, respectively. The Vmax and Km of ZcGSTd10 were 1.82 µmol/min·mg and 0.53 mM. The 3D modelling and molecular docking results revealed that ß-cypermethrin exhibited a stronger bounding to the active site SER-9 of ZcGSTd10. The sensitivity to ß-cypermethrin was significantly increased by 18.73% and 27.21%, respectively, after the knockdown of ZcGSTd6 and ZcGSTd10 by using RNA interference. In addition, the inhibition of CDNB at 50% (IC50) and the inhibition constants (Ki) of ß-cypermethrin against ZcGSTd10 were determined as 0.41 and 0.33 mM, respectively. The Ki and IC50 of ß-cypermethrin against ZcSGTd6 were not analysed. These results suggested that ZcGSTd10 could be an essential regulator involved in the tolerance of Z. cucurbitae to ß-cypermethrin.

Twisted Benzothieno-Fused BOPHY Dyes as Triplet Photosensitizers with Long-Lived Triplet Excited States.

The synthesis of a series of photostable [b]-benzothieno-fused BOPHY derivatives is reported via one-pot condensation of formylated isoindoles or formylindoles with hydrazine and subsequent boron complexation. These dyes show strong absorption in the deep red region and acceptable fluorescence quantum yields (∼30%). The two fused benzothiophene moieties are slightly deviated from the BOPHY core (with dihedral angles of 6.1 and 10.2°). This slightly twisted conformation brings an enhanced spin-orbit coupling and a reduced energy band gap between singlet and triplet states. The enhanced intersystem cross process endows these series of dyes with a good singlet oxygen quantum yield (up to 63%), a high triplet-state quantum yield (up to 78%), and a long lifetime value (up to 127 µs). Density functional theory calculations indicate that the transition from S1 to T2 states is crucial for triplet-state formation, highlighting their high efficiency in intersystem crossing. The calculated triplet electron spin surface reveals a widespread distribution of triplet states across the conjugated molecular structure, which enhances the Dexter mechanism for triplet energy transfer in these BOPHY photosensitizers. These findings are helpful for thorough understanding of the fundamental ISC process and developing triplet photosensitizers.

Mode of inheritance for pesticide resistance, importance and prevalence: A review.

Pesticides remain a cornerstone in pest control, yet their extensive and irrational use also fuel the evolution of resistance. This review analyzes globally published experimental data spanning from the 1970s to 2023 to focus on how phenotypic and underlying genotypic variations are shaped during the selective response. The discussion commences with an examination of sex-linked/maternal resistance. Observations related to maternal inheritance have enriched our understanding of pesticide mode of action, notably exemplified by bifenazate. However, the predominant control of the resistant phenotype is attributed to autosomal traits, with a high prevalence of dominance and monogenic inheritance observed, also evident in field strains. This observation raises concerns regarding resistance management strategies due to their potential to accelerate the spread of resistance. The interplay between dominance levels and monogenic inheritance is further explored, with dominant traits being significantly more prevalent in polygenic inheritance. This observation may be attributed to the accumulation of enhanced metabolism. Notably, further analysis indicated that field strains exhibit a higher incidence of monogenic inheritance compared to other selected strains, aligning with established theoretical frameworks. In conclusion, the genetic architecture of resistance warrants increased research focus for its pivotal role in guiding resistance management strategies and advancing fundamental research.

Sublethal and transgenerational effects of lufenuron on the biological traits of Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae).

The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), is a globally important pest that has developed severe resistance to various pesticides. Lufenuron has been widely used in the control of the related pests in citrus orchard ecosystem. In this study, the susceptibilities of egg, larva, deutonymph and female adult of P. citri to lufenuron was determined, and the LC50 values were 161.354 mg/L, 49.595 mg/L, 81.580 mg/L, and 147.006 mg/L, respectively. Life-table analysis indicated that the fecundities were significantly increased by 11.86% and 26.84% after the mites were treated with LC20 concentrations of lufenuron at the egg or deutonymph stages, respectively. After eggs were treated with lufenuron, the immature stage and longevity were also affected, and resulted in a significant increase in r, R0 and λ. After exposure of female adults to LC20 of lufenuron, the fecundity and longevity of F0 generation significantly decreased by 31.99% and 10.94%, respectively. Furthermore, the expression level of EcR and Vg was significantly inhibited upon mites was treated with lufenuron. However, lufenuron exposure has a positive effect on fecundity and R0 in F1 generation, the expression of all reproduction-related genes was significantly up-regulated. In conclusion, there was a stimulating effect on the offspring population. Our results will contribute to the assessment of the resurgence of P. citri in the field after the application of lufenuron and the development of integrated pest control strategies in citrus orchards.

Mitochondrial coding genes mediate insecticide tolerance in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel).

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), an invasive insect pest infesting fruits and vegetables, possesses a remarkable capacity for environmental adaptation. The investigation of behind mechanisms of the stress adaptability in B. dorsalis holds significantly practical relevance. Previous studies on the molecular mechanism underlying stress resistance in B. dorsalis have predominantly focused on nuclear-coding genes, with limited exploration on organelle-coding genes. In this study, we assessed alterations in the mitochondrial physiological parameters of B. dorsalis under exposure to malathion, avermectin, and beta-cypermethrin at LD50 dosages. The results showed that all three insecticides were capable of reducing mitochondrial complex IV activity and ATP content. Expression patterns of mitochondrial coding genes across different developmental stages, tissues and insecticide exposures were analyzed by RT-qPCR. The results revealed that these mitochondrial coding genes were expressed in various tissues and at different developmental stages. Particularly noteworthy, atp6, cox2, and cytb exhibited substantial up-regulation in response to malathion and avermectin treatment. Furthermore, RNAi-mediated knockdown of atp6 and cox2 resulted in the increased toxicity of malathion and avermectin against B. dorsalis, and cox2 silencing was also associated with the decreased complex IV activity. These findings suggest that atp6 and cox2 most likely play pivotal roles in mediating tolerance or resistance to malathion and avermectin in B. dorsalis. Our results provide novel insights into the role of mitochondrial coding genes in conferring tolerance to insecticides in B. dorsalis, with practical implications for controlling this pest in the field.

Design the fusion double-strand RNAs to control two global sap-sucking pests.

RNA interference (RNAi) is an effective pest management strategy through silencing the crucial genes in target organisms. However, the effectiveness of targeting a single gene is often limited by the silencing efficiency due to tissue or developmental stage-specific gene expression. Moreover, multiple pests often infest the same crop simultaneously under current ecological conditions. Therefore, a combined strategy of "targeting multiple genes" and "controlling multiple pests" is expected to yield better management results. In this study, homologous genes from two globally sap-sucking pests, the peach aphid (Myzus persicae) and the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), were screened on a genome-wide scale. Subsequently, RNAi bioassays showed silencing the genes (MpAbd-A, MpH3, MpRpL27a, and MpScr) exhibited high mortalities in both species, which were further selected for designing fusion dsRNAs. These fusion dsRNAs resulted in higher mortalities in both pests than single gene silencing and posed a minimal off-target risk to the predator ladybeetle (Propylaea japonica) based on the sequence analysis. Finally, the tobacco plants expressing the fusion dsRNAs through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology enhanced the resistance to both pests. In conclusion, this study proposes a novel RNAi-based approach for managing two sap-sucking pests simultaneously.

Two heat shock cognate 70 genes involved in spermatogenesis regulate the male fertility of Zeugodacus cucurbitae, as potential targets for pest control.

The melon fly Zeugodacus cucurbitae Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae) is an agricultural quarantine pest threatening fruit and vegetable production. Heat shock cognate 70 (Hsc70), which is a homolog of the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), was first discovered in mice testes and plays an important role in spermatogenesis. In this study, we identified and cloned five Hsc70 genes from melon fly, namely ZcHsc70_1/2/3/4/5. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these proteins are closely related to Hsc70s from other Diptera insects. Spatiotemporal expression analysis showed that ZcHsc70_1 and ZcHsc70_2 are highly expressed in Z. cucurbitae testes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization further demonstrated that ZcHsc70_1 and ZcHsc70_2 are expressed in the transformation and maturation regions of testes, respectively. Moreover, RNA interference-based suppression of ZcHsc70_1 or ZcHsc70_2 resulted in a significant decrease of 74.61% and 63.28% in egg hatchability, respectively. Suppression of ZcHsc70_1 expression delayed the transformation of sperm cells to mature sperms. Meanwhile, suppression of ZcHsc70_2 expression decreased both sperm cells and mature sperms by inhibiting the meiosis of spermatocytes. Our findings show that ZcHsc70_1/2 regulates spermatogenesis and further affects the male fertility in the melon fly, showing potential as targets for pest control in sterile insect technique by genetic manipulation of males.

Cuticular competing endogenous RNAs regulate insecticide penetration and resistance in a major agricultural pest.

BACKGROUND: The continuously developing pesticide resistance is a great threat to agriculture and human health. Understanding the mechanisms of insecticide resistance is a key step in dealing with the phenomenon. Insect cuticle is recently documented to delay xenobiotic penetration which breaks the previous stereotype that cuticle is useless in insecticide resistance, while the underlying mechanism remains scarce. RESULTS: Here, we find the integument contributes over 40.0% to insecticide resistance via different insecticide delivery strategies in oriental fruit fly. A negative relationship exists between cuticle thickening and insecticide penetration in resistant/susceptible, also in field strains of oriental fruit fly which is a reason for integument-mediated resistance. Our investigations uncover a regulator of insecticide penetration that miR-994 mimic treatment causes cuticle thinning and increases susceptibility to malathion, whereas miR-994 inhibitor results in opposite phenotypes. The target of miR-994 is a most abundant cuticle protein (CPCFC) in resistant/susceptible integument expression profile, which possesses capability of chitin-binding and influences the cuticle thickness-mediated insecticide penetration. Our analyses find an upstream transcriptional regulatory signal of miR-994 cascade, long noncoding RNA (lnc19419), that indirectly upregulates CPCFC in cuticle of the resistant strain by sponging miR-994. Thus, we elucidate the mechanism of cuticular competing endogenous RNAs for regulating insecticide penetration and demonstrate it also exists in field strain of oriental fruit fly. CONCLUSIONS: We unveil a regulatory axis of lnc19419 ~ miR-994 ~ CPCFC on the cuticle thickness that leads to insecticide penetration resistance. These findings indicate that competing endogenous RNAs regulate insecticide resistance by modulating the cuticle thickness and provide insight into the resistance mechanism in insects.

The target sign: a significant CT sign for predicting small-bowel ischemia and necrosis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between changes in the thickness and density of diseased small-bowel wall and small-bowel ischemia and necrosis (SBN) on CT imaging when small-bowel obstruction (SBO) occurs. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 186 patients with SBO in our hospital from March 2020 to June 2023. The patients were divided into simple SBO (control group) and SBN (case group) groups. We used logistic regression analysis, the chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test to analyze the correlation between the changes in the thickness and density of the diseased intestinal wall and the SBN. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to calculate the accuracy of the multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Of the 186 patients with SBO, 98 (52.7%) had simple SBO, 88 (47.3%) had SBN, and the rate of SBN was 47.3% (88/186). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that six CT findings were significantly correlated with SBN (p < 0.05), namely, thickening of the diseased intestinal wall with the target sign (OR = 21.615), thinning of the diseased intestinal wall (OR = 48.106), increase in the diseased intestinal wall density (OR = 13.696), mesenteric effusion (OR = 21.635), decrease in the diseased intestinal wall enhancement on enhanced scanning (OR = 41.662), and increase in the diseased intestinal wall enhancement on enhanced scanning (OR = 15.488). The AUC of the multivariate analysis reached 0.987 (95% CI 0.974-0.999). Specifically, the target sign was easily recognizable on CT images and was a significant CT finding for predicting SBN. CONCLUSION: We identified 6 CT findings that were significantly associated with SBN, and may be helpful for clinical treatment.

Pd(II)-Catalyzed Cascade Annulation of o-Aminobenzoic Acids with CO, Amines, and Aldehydes to N3-/N1,N3-Substituted 2,3-Dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones.

The unprecedented Pd(II)-catalyzed cascade annulation of o-aminobenzoic acids with CO, amines, and aldehydes has been developed. This protocol provides an efficient and concise approach to selective construction of N3-substituted and N1,N3-disubstituted 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones mostly in moderate to excellent yields from simple and easily available starting materials under mild conditions featured with low cost, high step economy, broad substrate scope, and good product diversity.

Synthesis, Properties, and Semiconducting Characteristics of Bisbenzothieno[b]-Fused BODIPYs.

A novel family of bisbenzothieno[b]-fused BODIPYs containing seven fused aromatic rings has been developed from readily available benzothieo[3,2-b]pyrroles through an efficient two-step synthetic route, exhibiting planar skeletons with excellent photostabilities, deep-red absorptions, and near-infrared emissions (up to 753 nm). Importantly, the thin-film transistors based on BTB with a meso-dimethylamino-phenyl group exhibit unipolar n-type charge transporting characteristics with a high electron mobility of 0.013 cm2 V-1 s-1.

The miR-9b microRNA mediates dimorphism and development of wing in aphids.

Wing dimorphism is a phenomenon of phenotypic plasticity in aphid dispersal. However, the signal transduction for perceiving environmental cues (e.g., crowding) and the regulation mechanism remain elusive. Here, we found that aci-miR-9b was the only down-regulated microRNA (miRNA) in both crowding-induced wing dimorphism and during wing development in the brown citrus aphid Aphis citricidus We determined a targeted regulatory relationship between aci-miR-9b and an ABC transporter (AcABCG4). Inhibition of aci-miR-9b increased the proportion of winged offspring under normal conditions. Overexpression of aci-miR-9b resulted in decline of the proportion of winged offspring under crowding conditions. In addition, overexpression of aci-miR-9b also resulted in malformed wings during wing development. This role of aci-miR-9b mediating wing dimorphism and development was also confirmed in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum The downstream action of aci-miR-9b-AcABCG4 was based on the interaction with the insulin and insulin-like signaling pathway. A model for aphid wing dimorphism and development was demonstrated as the following: maternal aphids experience crowding, which results in the decrease of aci-miR-9b. This is followed by the increase of ABCG4, which then activates the insulin and insulin-like signaling pathway, thereby causing a high proportion of winged offspring. Later, the same cascade, "miR-9b-ABCG4-insulin signaling," is again involved in wing development. Taken together, our results reveal that a signal transduction cascade mediates both wing dimorphism and development in aphids via miRNA. These findings would be useful in developing potential strategies for blocking the aphid dispersal and reducing viral transmission.

Functional analysis of an overexpressed glutathione S-transferase BdGSTd5 involved in malathion and malaoxon detoxification in Bactrocera dorsalis.

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are one of the three detoxification enzyme families. The constitutive and inducible overexpression of GSTs genes plays an important role in insecticide resistance. Previous study showed that malathion resistance was polygenic, and elevated GSTs activity was one of the important factor participating in malathion resistance of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), a serious economic pest worldwide. BdGSTd5 overexpression was inducible upon exposure to malathion. However, the involvement of BdGSTd5 in malathion resistance has not been clarified. In this study, we found that BdGSTd5 sequence harbored the conserved region of delta class GSTs, which were overexpressed in malathion resistant strain of B. dorsalis compared to malathion susceptible strain. The highest mRNA expression level of BdGSTd5 was found in 1-day-old adult, and the levels decreased with aging. The dsBdGSTd5 injection effectively silenced (73.4% reduction) the expression of BdGSTd5 and caused significant increase in susceptibility to malathion with a cumulative mortality increasing of 13.5% at 72 h post malathion treatment (p < 0.05). Cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that BdGSTd5 was capable of malathion detoxification. Molecular docking analysis further indicated the interactive potential of BdGSTd5 with malathion and its toxic oxide malaoxon. The recombinant BdGSTd5 exhibited glutathione-conjugating activity toward 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene and malathion and malaoxon metabolic capacity with significant reduction (p < 0.05) of the peak areas by 90.0% and 73.1%, respectively. Taken together, the overexpressed BdGSTd5 contributes to malathion metabolism and resistance, which detoxify the malathion in B. dorsalis via directly depleting malathion and malaoxon.

Overexpression of ABCB transporter genes confer multiple insecticide tolerances in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Bactrocera dorsalis is a notable invasive pest that has developed resistance to several commonly used insecticides in the field, such as avermectin, beta-cypermethrin and malathion. Investigating the mechanisms of insecticide resistance in this pest is of paramount importance for ensuring its effective control. The ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily B (ABCB) genes, responsible for encoding transmembrane efflux transporters, represent a potential source of insecticide detoxification activity or transportation that remains largely unexplored in B. dorsalis. In this study, seven BdABCB genes were identified and comprehensive analyzed based on the latest genome and transcriptome dataset. Subsequently, we characterized the expression profiles of these genes across different development stages and tissues, as well as under different insecticide exposures. The results showed that the BdABCB genes were expressed at all stages in B. dorsalis, with BdABCB2 and BdABCB7 being highly expressed in the pupal stage, while BdABCB5 and BdABCB6 were highly expressed in the larval stage. Besides, the BdABCBs were highly expressed in the detoxification metabolic tissues. Among them, BdABCB5 and BdABCB6 were significantly overexpressed in the midgut and Malpighian tubules, respectively. Furthermore, with the exception of BdABCB6, the expression levels of the other six BdABCBs were significantly up-regulated following induction with avermectin, beta-cypermethrin and malathion. Six BdABCBs (BdABCB1-5 and BdABCB7) were knocked down by RNA interference, and the interference efficiencies were 46.58%, 39.50%, 45.60%, 33.74%, 66.37% and 63.83%, respectively. After injecting dsBdABCBs, the mortality of flies increased by 25.23% to 39.67% compared to the control upon exposure to the three insecticides. These results suggested that BdABCBs play crucial roles in the detoxification or tolerance of B. dorsalis to multiple insecticides.

Identification, expression profiles and involvement in insecticides tolerance and detoxification of carboxylesterase genes in Bactrocera dorsalis.

Carboxylesterases (CarEs) are a multifunctional superfamily of enzymes and play an important role in detoxification of various insecticides in insects. The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, is one of the most destructive agricultural pests and has developed different degrees of resistance to organophosphates in field. However, the involvement of BdCarEs in tolerance or resistance to other alternative insecticides are still unclear. In the present study, 33 BdCarEs genes were identified based on the genome database of B. dorsalis. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that they were classified into nine clades, with abundance of α-esterases. Meanwhile, the sequence characterization and the chromosome distribution were also analyzed. The spatiotemporal expression analysis of BdCarEs genes suggested that the diversity of potential function in different physiological processes. With the exception of BdCarE21, all BdCarEs genes responded to at least one insecticide exposure, and BdCarE20 was found to be up-regulated after exposure to all five tested insecticides individually. Eight BdCarEs genes were overexpressed in MR strain when compared to that in SS strain. Subsequently, knockdown the expression of representative BdCarEs genes significantly increased the susceptibility of the oriental fruit fly to corresponding insecticides, which indicated that the tested BdCarEs genes contributed to one or multiple insecticide detoxification. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential role in respond to tolerance or resistance to insecticides with different mode of action, and will facilitate development of efficiency management strategy for B. dorsalis.

Fusion dsRNA in targeting salivary protein genes enhance the RNAi-based aphid control.

RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising tool for pest control and relies on sequence-specific gene silencing. Salivary proteins are cooperatively secreted into plants to guarantee the feeding of aphids; thus they have potential to develop as selective targets for RNAi-based pest control strategy. For this purpose, we firstly analyzed 18 salivary proteomes of various aphid species, and these salivary proteins can be mainly categorized into seven functional groups. Secondly, we created a work-flow for fusion dsRNA design that can target multiple genes but were selectively safe to beneficial insects. Based on this approach, seven fusion dsRNAs were designed to feed the green peach aphid, which induced a significant reduction in aphid fitness. Among them, ingestion of dsperoxidase induced the highest mortality in aphids, which was also significantly higher than that of traditional dsRNAs in targeting three peroxidases separately. In addition, dsperoxidase-fed green peach aphids triggered the highest H2O2 content of host plants as well as the attraction to natural enemies (ladybeetle and parasitic wasp) but repellent to other control aphids. Our results indicate that the fusion dsRNA design approach can improve aphid control capacity, and the fusion dsRNA targeting salivary protein-encoding genes can enhance the direct and indirect defenses of host plants, thus providing a new strategy for RNAi-based aphid control.

Enhancement of behavioral nociceptive responses but not itching responses by viewing mirror images in adult mice.

Can mice recognize themselves in a mirror? The answer is unclear. Previous studies have reported that adult mice - when shown itch-like videos - demonstrated itch empathy. However, this was proven to be unreproducible in other studies. In the present study, we wanted to examine whether adult mice were able to recognize their mirror image. In our testing, we found that mice spent more time in the central area in an open field with mirrors surrounding the chamber than those in a normal open field. In a similar open field test with four mice placed in four directions, mice showed similar behavioral responses to those with mirrors. These results indicate that mice are able to recognize images in the mirror, however, they cannot distinguish their own mirror images from the mirror images of other mice. To repeat the experiments of itch empathy, we compared the itch responses of mice in the mirrored environment, to those without. No significant difference in itching responses was detected. Differently, in the case of chemical pain (formalin injection), animals' nociceptive responses to formalin during Phase II were significantly enhanced in the mirrored open field. A new format of heat map was developed to help the analysis of the trace of mice in the open field. Our results suggest that mice do recognize the presence of mice in the mirror, and their nociceptive - but not itch - responses are enhanced.