RNA-sequencing revealed apple pomace ameliorates expression of genes in the hypothalamus associated with neurodegeneration in female rats fed a Western diet during adolescence to adulthood.

OBJECTIVES: Apple pomace, a waste byproduct of apple processing, is rich in nutrients (e.g. polyphenols and soluble fiber) with the potential to be neuroprotective. The aim of this study was to employ RNA-sequencing (RNASeq) technology to investigate diet-gene interactions in the hypothalamus of rats after feeding a Western diet calorically substituted with apple pomace. METHODS: Adolescent (age 21-29 days) female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned (n = 8 rats/group) to consume either a purified standard diet, Western (WE) diet, or Western diet calorically substituted with 10% apple pomace (WE/AP) for 8 weeks. RNA-seq was performed (n = 5 rats/group) to determine global differentially expressed genes in the hypothalamus. RESULTS: RNA-seq results comparing rats fed WE to WE/AP revealed 15 differentially expressed genes in the hypothalamus. Caloric substitution of WE diet with 10% apple pomace downregulated (q < 0.06) five genes implicated in brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders: synuclein alpha, phospholipase D family member 5, NADH dehydrogenase Fe-S protein 6, choline O-acetyltransferase, and frizzled class receptor 6. DISCUSSION: Altered gene expression of these five genes suggests that apple pomace ameliorated synthesis of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, in rats fed a WE diet. Apple pomace, a rich source of antioxidant polyphenols and soluble fiber, has been shown to reverse nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Diet-induced NAFLD decreases hepatic de novo synthesis of choline, a precursor to acetylcholine. Based on preclinical evidence, apple pomace has the potential to be a sustainable functional food for maintaining brain function and for reducing the risk of neurodegeneration.

Apple Pomace Consumption Favorably Alters Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in Young Female Sprague-Dawley Rats Fed a Western Diet.

Apple pomace, which is a waste byproduct of processing, is rich in several nutrients, particularly dietary fiber, indicating potential benefits for diseases that are attributed to poor diets, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD affects over 25% of United States population and is increasing in children. Increasing fruit consumption can influence NAFLD. The study objective was to replace calories in standard or Western diets with apple pomace to determine the effects on genes regulating hepatic lipid metabolism and on risk of NAFLD. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned (n = 8 rats/group) to isocaloric diets of AIN-93G and AIN-93G/10% w/w apple pomace (AIN/AP) or isocaloric diets of Western (45% fat, 33% sucrose) and Western/10% w/w apple pomace (Western/AP) diets for eight weeks. There were no significant effects on hepatic lipid metabolism in rats fed AIN/AP. Western/AP diet containing fiber-rich apple pomace attenuated fat vacuole infiltration, elevated monounsaturated fatty acid content, and triglyceride storage in the liver due to higher circulating bile and upregulated hepatic DGAT2 gene expression induced by feeding a Western diet. The study results showed the replacement of calories in Western diet with apple pomace attenuated NAFLD risk. Therefore, apple pomace has the potential to be developed into a sustainable functional food for human consumption.

A second survey of high explosives traces in public places.

This survey was carried out as a follow-up to a 1994 survey carried out by this laboratory (1) in order to determine the background levels of explosives traces in public places. The first survey concentrated on transport areas and police stations in and around London. This second study examines levels in four of the United Kingdom's major cities: Birmingham, Cardiff, Glasgow, and Manchester. Samples were taken at various transport sites and from hotels, private houses, private vehicles, and clothing. The survey showed that traces of the high explosives nitroglycerine (NG), trinitrotoluene (TNT), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), and cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) are rare within the general public environment. Only one low-level trace of RDX was detected. NG, possibly associated with the use of firearms, was detected at low levels in two samples and 2,4-DNT was detected in a separate sample. No PETN was detected in any of the samples. The results of the survey indicate that it is unlikely that persons visiting public areas could become significantly contaminated with explosives. The analytical procedures employed would also have detected ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) if present at levels greater than 2 ng, nitrobenzene (NB) if present at levels greater than 50 ng, mononitrotoluenes if present at levels greater than 50 ng, and the other common isomers of dinitrotoluene if these had been present at levels in excess of 10 ng. None of these were detected. The relatively high volatility of EGDN, NB, and the mononitrotoluenes would, however, cause traces of these compounds to disperse rapidly. A proportion of the samples (approximately 7%) were analyzed for the presence of HMX. No HMX was detected.

Caloric Substitution of Diets with Apple Pomace was Determined to be Safe for Renal and Bone Health Using a Growing Rat Model

Aims: To determine the safety of caloric substitution with 10% (g/kg) apple pomace to a healthy or Western diet. Study Design: Growing (age 22-29 days) female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned (n=8 rats/group) to consume a purified standard rodent diet (AIN-93G), AIN-93G/10% g/kg apple pomace (AIN/AP), Western diet, or Western/10% g/kg apple pomace (Western/AP) diets for 8 weeks. Results: Histological evaluation showed renal interstitial hypercellularity in rats fed AIN/AP, Western, and Western/AP diets. However, there were no effects on renal expression of oxidative stress and inflammatory genes or serum measures of kidney damage and function among diet groups. Apple pomace was also high in calcium which can affect calcium balance. Dietary calcium consumption was highest (P < .001) in rats consuming Western/AP. However, there were no significant differences in calcium absorption and retention among diet groups. Further, there was no evidence of renal calcification. There were also no impacts on femoral calcium, total mineral content, size or strength. Conclusions: Based on the results, apple pomace consumption was safe for renal and bone health in a rodent model, regardless of diet quality. Future preclinical studies should be conducted to further determine the efficacy and safety of apple pomace.