Hematopoietic stem cell development is dependent on blood flow.

During vertebrate embryogenesis, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) arise in the aorta-gonads-mesonephros (AGM) region. We report here that blood flow is a conserved regulator of HSC formation. In zebrafish, chemical blood flow modulators regulated HSC development, and silent heart (sih) embryos, lacking a heartbeat and blood circulation, exhibited severely reduced HSCs. Flow-modifying compounds primarily affected HSC induction after the onset of heartbeat; however, nitric oxide (NO) donors regulated HSC number even when treatment occurred before the initiation of circulation, and rescued HSCs in sih mutants. Morpholino knockdown of nos1 (nnos/enos) blocked HSC development, and its requirement was shown to be cell autonomous. In the mouse, Nos3 (eNos) was expressed in HSCs in the AGM. Intrauterine Nos inhibition or embryonic Nos3 deficiency resulted in a reduction of hematopoietic clusters and transplantable murine HSCs. This work links blood flow to AGM hematopoiesis and identifies NO as a conserved downstream regulator of HSC development.

Tumor-Extrinsic Axl Expression Shapes an Inflammatory Microenvironment Independent of Tumor Cell Promoting Axl Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

The activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase Axl by Gas6 is a major driver of tumorigenesis. Despite recent insights, tumor cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic Axl functions are poorly understood in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Thus, we analyzed the cell-specific aspects of Axl in liver cancer cells and in the tumor microenvironment. We show that tumor-intrinsic Axl expression decreased the survival of mice and elevated the number of pulmonary metastases in a model of resection-based tumor recurrence. Axl expression increased the invasion of hepatospheres by the activation of Akt signaling and a partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the liver tumor burden of Axl+/+ mice induced by diethylnitrosamine plus carbon tetrachloride was reduced compared to systemic Axl-/- mice. Tumors of Axl+/+ mice were highly infiltrated with cytotoxic cells, suggesting a key immune-modulatory role of Axl. Interestingly, hepatocyte-specific Axl deficiency did not alter T cell infiltration, indicating that these changes are independent of tumor cell-intrinsic Axl. In this context, we observed an upregulation of multiple chemokines in Axl+/+ compared to Axl-/- tumors, correlating with HCC patient data. In line with this, Axl is associated with a cytotoxic immune signature in HCC patients. Together these data show that tumor-intrinsic Axl expression fosters progression, while tumor-extrinsic Axl expression shapes an inflammatory microenvironment.

dATP elevation induces myocardial metabolic remodeling to support improved cardiac function.

Hallmark features of systolic heart failure are reduced contractility and impaired metabolic flexibility of the myocardium. Cardiomyocytes (CMs) with elevated deoxy ATP (dATP) via overexpression of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) enzyme robustly improve contractility. However, the effect of dATP elevation on cardiac metabolism is unknown. Here, we developed proteolysis-resistant versions of RNR and demonstrate that elevation of dATP/ATP to ∼1% in CMs in a transgenic mouse (TgRRB) resulted in robust improvement of cardiac function. Pharmacological approaches showed that CMs with elevated dATP have greater basal respiratory rates by shifting myosin states to more active forms, independent of its isoform, in relaxed CMs. Targeted metabolomic profiling revealed a significant reprogramming towards oxidative phosphorylation in TgRRB-CMs. Higher cristae density and activity in the mitochondria of TgRRB-CMs improved respiratory capacity. Our results revealed a critical property of dATP to modulate myosin states to enhance contractility and induce metabolic flexibility to support improved function in CMs.

Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis Is Associated with Contractile Dysfunction in Stem Cell Model of MYH7 E848G Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

Missense mutations in myosin heavy chain 7 (MYH7) are a common cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), but the molecular mechanisms underlying MYH7-based HCM remain unclear. In this work, we generated cardiomyocytes derived from isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cells to model the heterozygous pathogenic MYH7 missense variant, E848G, which is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and adult-onset systolic dysfunction. MYH7E848G/+ increased cardiomyocyte size and reduced the maximum twitch forces of engineered heart tissue, consistent with the systolic dysfunction in MYH7E848G/+ HCM patients. Interestingly, MYH7E848G/+ cardiomyocytes more frequently underwent apoptosis that was associated with increased p53 activity relative to controls. However, genetic ablation of TP53 did not rescue cardiomyocyte survival or restore engineered heart tissue twitch force, indicating MYH7E848G/+ cardiomyocyte apoptosis and contractile dysfunction are p53-independent. Overall, our findings suggest that cardiomyocyte apoptosis is associated with the MYH7E848G/+ HCM phenotype in vitro and that future efforts to target p53-independent cell death pathways may be beneficial for the treatment of HCM patients with systolic dysfunction.

Mechanical compensation in the evolution of the early hominin feeding apparatus.

Australopiths, a group of hominins from the Plio-Pleistocene of Africa, are characterized by derived traits in their crania hypothesized to strengthen the facial skeleton against feeding loads and increase the efficiency of bite force production. The crania of robust australopiths are further thought to be stronger and more efficient than those of gracile australopiths. Results of prior mechanical analyses have been broadly consistent with this hypothesis, but here we show that the predictions of the hypothesis with respect to mechanical strength are not met: some gracile australopith crania are as strong as that of a robust australopith, and the strength of gracile australopith crania overlaps substantially with that of chimpanzee crania. We hypothesize that the evolution of cranial traits that increased the efficiency of bite force production in australopiths may have simultaneously weakened the face, leading to the compensatory evolution of additional traits that reinforced the facial skeleton. The evolution of facial form in early hominins can therefore be thought of as an interplay between the need to increase the efficiency of bite force production and the need to maintain the structural integrity of the face.

Performance of free-flow field-step electrophoresis as cleanup step for the non-target analysis of environmental water samples.

For the analysis of low concentrations of micropollutants in environmental water samples, efficient sample enrichment and cleanup are necessary to reduce matrix effects and to reach low detection limits. For analytes of low and medium polarity, solid-phase extraction is used, but robust methods for the preconcentration of highly polar or ionizable analytes are scarce. In this work, field-step electrophoresis (FSE) was developed as an environmental sample cleanup technique for ionizable micropollutants and ionic transformation products. The FSE electrolyte system preconcentrated 15 acidic model analytes (pKa from -2.2 to 9.1) present in aqueous samples in two fractions by factors of 5-10. Simultaneously, highly mobile matrix compounds were removed including inorganic ions such as sulfate and chloride. The fractions were either directly injected for downstream analysis by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) or further processed by evaporative preconcentration with subsequent reconstitution in an organic solvent suitable for separation methods like hydrophilic interaction chromatography. The FSE/RPLC-MS method exhibited high quantitative precision with RSDs of 3-6%. The method was successfully applied to a spiked river water sample and its performance compared with common solid-phase extraction and evaporative concentration, demonstrating a high analyte coverage. FSE combined with non-target screening by RPLC-MS revealed a strong reduction in matrix load especially at low retention times. Seventeen compounds were identified in the FSE fractions sampled at the field step boundary by retention time, accurate mass, and mass fragments. Suspect screening by FSE/RPLC-MS was facilitated by FSE's selectivity for anionic compounds.

The dental remains from the Early Upper Paleolithic of Manot Cave, Israel.

This study presents the dental remains discovered at Manot Cave (MC), Western Galilee, Israel. The cave contains evidence for human occupation during the Early Upper Paleolithic period (46-33 ka) mainly of Early Ahmarian (∼46-42 ka) and Levantine Aurignacian (∼38-34 ka) cultural levels. Six teeth (three deciduous and three permanent) were found at the site, of which four could be thoroughly analyzed. The morphology of the teeth was qualitatively described and analyzed using traditional and geometric morphometric methods. A large comparative sample was used in order to assess the morphological affiliation of the Manot specimens with other Homo groups. The results provided equivocal signals: the upper first premolar (MC-9 P3) is probably modern human; the upper deciduous second molar (MC-10 dm2) and the upper second permanent molar (MC-8 M2) might be modern humans; the lower second deciduous molar (MC-7 dm2) might be Neanderthal. Owing to the small sample size and the almost total lack of distinctive characteristics, our outcome could not supply conclusive evidence to address the question of whether Manot Aurignacian population came from Europe or descended from the local Ahmarian population.

Levantine cranium from Manot Cave (Israel) foreshadows the first European modern humans.

A key event in human evolution is the expansion of modern humans of African origin across Eurasia between 60 and 40 thousand years (kyr) before present (bp), replacing all other forms of hominins. Owing to the scarcity of human fossils from this period, these ancestors of all present-day non-African modern populations remain largely enigmatic. Here we describe a partial calvaria, recently discovered at Manot Cave (Western Galilee, Israel) and dated to 54.7 ± 5.5 kyr bp (arithmetic mean ± 2 standard deviations) by uranium-thorium dating, that sheds light on this crucial event. The overall shape and discrete morphological features of the Manot 1 calvaria demonstrate that this partial skull is unequivocally modern. It is similar in shape to recent African skulls as well as to European skulls from the Upper Palaeolithic period, but different from most other early anatomically modern humans in the Levant. This suggests that the Manot people could be closely related to the first modern humans who later successfully colonized Europe. Thus, the anatomical features used to support the 'assimilation model' in Europe might not have been inherited from European Neanderthals, but rather from earlier Levantine populations. Moreover, at present, Manot 1 is the only modern human specimen to provide evidence that during the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic interface, both modern humans and Neanderthals contemporaneously inhabited the southern Levant, close in time to the likely interbreeding event with Neanderthals.

Telomere shortening is a hallmark of genetic cardiomyopathies.

This study demonstrates that significantly shortened telomeres are a hallmark of cardiomyocytes (CMs) from individuals with end-stage hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) or dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) as a result of heritable defects in cardiac proteins critical to contractile function. Positioned at the ends of chromosomes, telomeres are DNA repeats that serve as protective caps that shorten with each cell division, a marker of aging. CMs are a known exception in which telomeres remain relatively stable throughout life in healthy individuals. We found that, relative to healthy controls, telomeres are significantly shorter in CMs of genetic HCM and DCM patient tissues harboring pathogenic mutations: TNNI3, MYBPC3, MYH7, DMD, TNNT2, and TTN Quantitative FISH (Q-FISH) of single cells revealed that telomeres were significantly reduced by 26% in HCM and 40% in DCM patient CMs in fixed tissue sections compared with CMs from age- and sex-matched healthy controls. In the cardiac tissues of the same patients, telomere shortening was not evident in vascular smooth muscle cells that do not express or require the contractile proteins, an important control. Telomere shortening was recapitulated in DCM and HCM CMs differentiated from patient-derived human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) measured by two independent assays. This study reveals telomere shortening as a hallmark of genetic HCM and DCM and demonstrates that this shortening can be modeled in vitro by using the hiPSC platform, enabling drug discovery.

Gradient-based grey wolf optimizer with Gaussian walk: Application in modelling and prediction of the COVID-19 pandemic.

This research proposes a new type of Grey Wolf optimizer named Gradient-based Grey Wolf Optimizer (GGWO). Using gradient information, we accelerated the convergence of the algorithm that enables us to solve well-known complex benchmark functions optimally for the first time in this field. We also used the Gaussian walk and Lévy flight to improve the exploration and exploitation capabilities of the GGWO to avoid trapping in local optima. We apply the suggested method to several benchmark functions to show its efficiency. The outcomes reveal that our algorithm performs superior to most existing algorithms in the literature in most benchmarks. Moreover, we apply our algorithm for predicting the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. Since the prediction of the epidemic is a complicated task due to its stochastic nature, presenting efficient methods to solve the problem is vital. Since the healthcare system has a limited capacity, it is essential to predict the pandemic's future trend to avoid overload. Our results predict that the US will have almost 16 million cases by the end of November. The upcoming peak in the number of infected, ICU admitted cases would be mid-to-end November. In the end, we proposed several managerial insights that will help the policymakers have a clearer vision about the growth of COVID-19 and avoid equipment shortages in healthcare systems.

Evolutionary trajectories of tooth histology patterns in modern sharks (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii).

During their evolutionary history, modern sharks developed different tooth mineralization patterns that resulted in very distinct histological patterns of the tooth crown (histotypes). To date, three different tooth histotypes have been distinguished: (i) orthodont teeth, which have a central hollow pulp cavity in the crown, encapsulated by a prominent layer of dentine (orthodentine); (ii) pseudoosteodont teeth, which have their pulp cavities secondarily replaced by a dentinal core of porous dentine (osteodentine), encased by orthodentine; and (iii) osteodont teeth, which lack orthodentine and the whole tooth crown of which consists of osteodentine. The aim of the present study was to trace evolutionary trends of tooth mineralization patterns in modern sharks and to find evidence for the presence of phylogenetic or functional signals. High resolution micro-computed tomography images were generated for the teeth of members of all nine extant shark orders and the putative stem group †Synechodontiformes, represented here by three taxa, to examine the tooth histology non-destructively. Pseudoosteodonty is the predominant state among modern sharks and represents unambiguously the plesiomorphic condition. Orthodonty evolved several times independently in modern sharks, while the osteodont tooth histotype is only developed in lamniform sharks. The two shark orders Heterodontiformes and Pristiophoriformes showed highly modified tooth histologies, with Pristiophorus exhibiting a histology only known from batomorphs (i.e. rays and skates), and Heterodontus showing a histological difference between anterior and posterior teeth, indicating a link between its tooth morphology, histology and durophagous lifestyle. The tooth histotype concept has proven to be a useful tool to reflect links between histology, function and its taxonomic value for distinct taxa; however, a high degree of variation, especially in the pseudoosteodont tooth histotype, demonstrates that the current histotype concept is too simplistic to fully resolve these relationships. The vascularization pattern of the dentine might offer new future research pathways for better understanding functional and phylogenetic signals in the tooth histology of modern sharks.

An In Vitro Model for Identifying Cardiac Side Effects of Anesthetics.

The understanding of anesthetic side effects on the heart has been hindered by the lack of sophisticated clinical models. Using micropatterned human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, we obtained cardiac muscle depressant profiles for propofol, etomidate, and our newly identified anesthetic compound KSEB01-S2. Propofol was the strongest depressant among the 3 compounds tested, exhibiting the largest decrease in contraction velocity, depression rate, and beating frequency. Interestingly, KSEB01-S2 behaved similarly to etomidate, suggesting a better cardiac safety profile. Our results provide a proof-of-concept for using human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes as an in vitro platform for future drug design.

Accuracy of transferring analog dental casts to a virtual articulator.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Complex digital workflows have been developed to create virtual dental patients. Direct and indirect digital methods are available for transferring analog patient information to virtual articulators. The direct method consists solely of digital workflows. The indirect method combines analog steps and digital procedures, representing an intermediate solution between the analog and direct digital approach. Studies that have investigated the overall accuracy of the virtual working space are sparse. PURPOSE: The purpose of this clinical study was to investigate the accuracy of the virtual dental space using the indirect digital workflow. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Mounted gypsum casts of 18 patients were used for indirect scanning. The maxillary casts were mounted in their skull-related position with a kinematic facebow. The mandibular casts were mounted in centric relation to the maxillary casts. The obtained digitized casts were transferred to a virtual articulator. An occlusal analysis was performed both in the analog and virtual environments, and the coordinates of matching analog and virtual contact points were measured. The trueness and precision of the indirect transferring procedure were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 194 analog points was considered in the reference. Ninety-three percent of all analog points matched a virtual correspondent, and 96% of the analog first contacts between the casts were also present as first contacts in the virtual space. The trueness of the data transfer, corresponding to the spatial distance between the matching analog and virtual points, was 0.55 ±0.31 mm. The maximum recorded deviation was 1.02 mm. CONCLUSIONS: The correspondence between the number and position of analog and virtual contacts was high. The mean absolute deviation of the matching point-pairs was better than that reported for the direct digital method. Under the conditions described, the virtual dental space created with the indirect digital method can be reliably used for virtual occlusal analysis in clinical practice.

A hybrid augmented ant colony optimization for the multi-trip capacitated arc routing problem under fuzzy demands for urban solid waste management.

Nowadays, urban solid waste management is one of the most crucial activities in municipalities and their affiliated organizations. It includes the processes of collection, transportation and disposal. These major operations require a large amount of resources and investments, which will always be subject to limitations. In this paper, a chance-constrained programming model based on fuzzy credibility theory is proposed for the multi-trip capacitated arc routing problem to cope with the uncertain nature of waste amount generated in urban areas with the aim of total cost minimization. To deal with the complexity of the problem and solve it efficiently, a hybrid augmented ant colony optimization algorithm is developed based on an improved max-min ant system with an innovative probability function and a simulated annealing algorithm. The performance of hybrid augmented ant colony optimization is enhanced by using the Taguchi parameter design method to adjust the parameters' values optimally. The overall efficiency of the algorithm is evaluated against other similar algorithms using well-known benchmarks. Finally, the applicability of the suggested methodology is tested on a real case study with a sensitivity analysis to evolve the managerial insights and decision aids.

Paget's Disease of Long Bones: Microstructural Analyses of Historical Bone Samples.

Although Paget's disease of bone (PDB) is the second most common metabolic bone disease, there is only limited information about the microarchitecture of affected bones. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine cortical and trabecular bone properties in clinically relevant locations by microcomputed tomography (µCT). Ten femora and ten tibiae affected by Paget's disease taken from the Natural History Museum Vienna were compared to 13 femora and 10 tibiae of non-affected body donors. Digitization of the cortical and trabecular bone microarchitecture was performed with an X-ray-based µCT scanner. Additionally, semi-quantitative gradings of trabecular and cortical architectural parameters of the femora and the tibiae were generated. Microcomputed tomography images showed changes in the thickness of cortices, cortical porosity, and trabecularization of cortical structures. Moreover, severe disorganization of trabecular structures, trabecular defects, and thickening of (remaining) trabeculae were detected. Numerical cortical analyses showed lower total bone volume (BV) and lower BV in the outer region (66-100%) (- 36%, p = 0.004, and - 50%, p < 0.001, respectively), lower total volume (TV) in the outer region (66-100%) (- 42%, p < 0.001), lower total bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and BV/TV in the outer region (66-100%) (- 23%, and - 12%, p < 0.001, respectively), higher BV and TV in the middle region (33-66%) and higher BV/TV in the inner region (0-33%) (123%, p = 0.011, 147%, p = 0.010, and 33%, p = 0.025, respectively) in Pagetic compared to non-affected bones. Trabecular analyses showed higher BV/TV (96%, p = 0.008) and Tb.Th (43%, p = 0.004) in Pagetic compared to non-affected bones. There is a major and consistent structural alteration of PDB at cortical and trabecular sites in weight-bearing long bones. Our findings are relevant for the differential diagnosis of PDB and for the pathogenesis of associated complications, since the disorder produces abnormalities in the structure that might lead to bone fragility.

Variation of 3D outer and inner crown morphology in modern human mandibular premolars.

OBJECTIVES: This study explores the outer and inner crown of lower third and fourth premolars (P3 , P4 ) by analyzing the morphological variation among diverse modern human groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied three-dimensional models of the outer enamel surface and the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) from µCT datasets of 77 recent humans using both an assessment of seven nonmetric traits and a standard geometric morphometric (GM) analysis. For the latter, the dental crown was represented by four landmarks (dentine horns and fossae), 20 semilandmarks along the EDJ marginal ridge, and pseudolandmarks along the crown and cervical outlines. RESULTS: Certain discrete traits showed significantly different regional frequencies and sexual dimorphism. The GM analyses of both P3 s and P4 s showed extensive overlap in shape variation of the various populations (classification accuracy 15-69%). The first principal components explained about 40% of shape variance with a correlation between 0.59 and 0.87 of the features of P3 s and P4 s. Shape covariation between P3 s and P4 s expressed concordance of high and narrow or low and broad crowns. CONCLUSIONS: Due to marked intragroup and intergroup variation in GM analyses of lower premolars, discrete traits such as the number of lingual cusps and mesiolingual groove expression provide better geographic separation of modern human populations. The greater variability of the lingual region suggests a dominance of functional constraints over geographic provenience or sex. Additional information about functionally relevant aspects of the crown surface and odontogenetic data are needed to unravel the factors underlying dental morphology in modern humans.

Septic Cardiomyopathy.

OBJECTIVES: To describe, with an emphasis on clinical applications, what is known about the pathophysiology, management, and implications of septic cardiomyopathy in the adult ICU. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: A PubMed literature review was performed for relevant articles. Only articles in English that studied human adults with sepsis were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND DATA SYNTHESIS: Multiple competing definitions for septic cardiomyopathy hinder understanding of this entity. Although many patients with sepsis develop cardiac dysfunction, the impact of septic cardiomyopathy on prognosis and therapy remains to be demonstrated. Treatment of septic cardiomyopathy is aimed at treating the underlying sepsis and providing specific supportive care for cardiogenic shock when present. CONCLUSIONS: Septic cardiomyopathy is an important contributor to organ dysfunction in sepsis. Guided treatment of septic cardiomyopathy may affect patients' prognosis, especially when their cardiac index is substantially decreased. The implication of septic cardiomyopathy for both short- and long-term outcomes is an important area for future investigation.

Interaction of albumins and heparinoids investigated by affinity capillary electrophoresis and free flow electrophoresis.

A fast and precise affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) method has been applied to investigate the interactions between two serum albumins (HSA and BSA) and heparinoids. Furthermore, different free flow electrophoresis methods were developed to separate the species which appears owing to interaction of albumins with pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS) under different experimental conditions. For ACE experiments, the normalized mobility ratios (∆R/Rf ), which provided information about the binding strength and the overall charge of the protein-ligand complex, were used to evaluate the binding affinities. ACE experiments were performed at two different temperatures (23 and 37°C). Both BSA and HSA interact more strongly with PPS than with unfractionated and low molecular weight heparins. For PPS, the interactions can already be observed at low mg/L concentrations (3 mg/L), and saturation is already obtained at approximately 20 mg/L. Unfractionated heparin showed almost no interactions with BSA at 23°C, but weak interactions at 37°C at higher heparin concentrations. The additional signals also appeared at higher concentrations at 37°C. Nevertheless, in most cases the binding data were similar at both temperatures. Furthermore, HSA showed a characteristic splitting in two peaks especially after interacting with PPS, which is probably attributable to the formation of two species or conformational change of HSA after interacting with PPS. The free flow electrophoresis methods have confirmed and completed the ACE experiments.

Palaeobiology of Hyaenodon exiguus (Hyaenodonta, Mammalia) based on morphometric analysis of the bony labyrinth.

Species of the extinct genus Hyaenodon were among the largest carnivorous mammals from the Late Eocene through Early Miocene in North America, Europe and Asia. The origin, phylogeny and palaeobiology of Hyaenodonta are still ambiguous. Most previous studies focused on teeth and dental function in these highly adapted species, which might be influenced by convergent morphologies. The anatomy of the bony labyrinth in vertebrates is generally quite conservative and, additionally, was used in functional-morphological studies. This study provides the first anatomical description of the bony labyrinth of the extinct European species Hyaenodon exiguus in comparison to selected extant carnivoran taxa discussed from a functional-morphological perspective. Hyaenodon exiguus may have occupied a hyaena-like dietary niche with a semi-arboreal lifestyle, based on the relative height, width and length of the semicircular canals of the inner ear. However, this contradicts previous functional-morphological studies focusing on the diameter of the canals, which presumably represent the signal of locomotion mode.

Early dispersal of modern humans in Europe and implications for Neanderthal behaviour.

The appearance of anatomically modern humans in Europe and the nature of the transition from the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic are matters of intense debate. Most researchers accept that before the arrival of anatomically modern humans, Neanderthals had adopted several 'transitional' technocomplexes. Two of these, the Uluzzian of southern Europe and the Châtelperronian of western Europe, are key to current interpretations regarding the timing of arrival of anatomically modern humans in the region and their potential interaction with Neanderthal populations. They are also central to current debates regarding the cognitive abilities of Neanderthals and the reasons behind their extinction. However, the actual fossil evidence associated with these assemblages is scant and fragmentary, and recent work has questioned the attribution of the Châtelperronian to Neanderthals on the basis of taphonomic mixing and lithic analysis. Here we reanalyse the deciduous molars from the Grotta del Cavallo (southern Italy), associated with the Uluzzian and originally classified as Neanderthal. Using two independent morphometric methods based on microtomographic data, we show that the Cavallo specimens can be attributed to anatomically modern humans. The secure context of the teeth provides crucial evidence that the makers of the Uluzzian technocomplex were therefore not Neanderthals. In addition, new chronometric data for the Uluzzian layers of Grotta del Cavallo obtained from associated shell beads and included within a Bayesian age model show that the teeth must date to ~45,000-43,000 calendar years before present. The Cavallo human remains are therefore the oldest known European anatomically modern humans, confirming a rapid dispersal of modern humans across the continent before the Aurignacian and the disappearance of Neanderthals.