Tailored communications for obesity prevention in pediatric primary care: a feasibility study.

Recommendations for the prevention of childhood obesity encourage providers to counsel parents and their children on healthy diet and activity behaviors. This study evaluated the feasibility of a theory-based, tailored communication intervention for obesity prevention (Team Up for Health) delivered during a well-child visit. A two-armed randomized controlled trial was used. Parents of children aged 4-10 years were recruited from a list of patients due for a well-child visit at a pediatric primary care clinic. Parents were randomized to either the 'immediate' condition (parent and pediatrician received the tailored report at the well-child visit) or the 'delayed' condition (parent received the report at the end of the study). Self-report measures assessed physical activity, fruits, vegetables, television time, sugary drinks, and 100% fruit juice. Parents completed assessments at baseline, <48 h and 4-week follow-up. Providers were interviewed at the end of the study. Independent t-tests were used to examine between group differences. Seven areas of feasibility were evaluated: Recruitment, randomization, measurement, retention, acceptability, implementation and demand. Results showed high rates of measurement (85%) and acceptability (89%) and implementation (80%) of the intervention. In conclusion, Team Up for Health was feasible; however, a larger study is needed to evaluate its efficacy.

Results of a Nutrition and Physical Activity Peer Counseling Intervention among Nontraditional College Students.

UNLABELLED: Health promotion efforts targeting nontraditional college students (older, part-time enrollment, and working) may be an optimal way to reach large populations that potentially face health disparities. A randomized trial was undertaken to examine the feasibility of a nutrition and physical activity behavioral intervention among nontraditional undergraduate college students at a large urban public university. Over 8 weeks, participants received either (1) a brief tailored feedback report plus three motivational interviewing-based calls from trained peer counselors (intervention; n = 40) or (2) the report only (control; n = 20). Participants mean age was 32 years (SD = 10), 58 % were female, 47 % were racial/ethnic minorities, and 25 % reported receiving public health insurance. Most (78 %) intervention group participants completed at least two of three peer counseling calls. At follow-up, those in the intervention vs. control group self-reported beneficial, but non-statistically significant changes in fruits and vegetables (+0.7 servings/day), sugary drinks (-6.2 oz/day), and fast food visits (-0.2 visits/week). For physical activity, there was a non-statistically significant decrease in moderate-vigorous physical activity (107.2 min/week) in the intervention vs. CONTROL GROUP: Overall satisfaction with the program was high, although there were recommendations made for improving the structure and number of calls. Findings indicate that the intervention was feasible with promising effects on nutrition behaviors and the need to better target physical activity behaviors. Future work entails implementation in a larger sample with objectively measured behaviors.

Time availability and preference for e-health communication channels for nutrition and physical activity.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between time availability and preference for computer-based (e-health) communication channels when receiving nutrition and physical activity information, two key behaviors related to cancer prevention. Students from a large, diverse, urban university (n = 397) completed a web-based survey indicating their usage patterns and preferences for multiple eHealth channels. Bivariate analyses were performed based on a measure of time availability, comprised of working status (25 h/week or more, 1-24 h/week, or not working) and enrollment status (full-time or part-time). Most e-health channels were broadly used by students and did not differ according to time availability. Those with the most amount of time available preferred receiving nutrition and physical activity information via social networking more frequently compared to those with the least amount of time available (60 versus 43%, P ≤ 0.05). Our study suggests that time availability may be another important factor to consider when planning cancer prevention programs.

Resistance Training Behavior Is Enhanced With Digital Behavior Change Coaching: A Randomized Controlled Trial With Novice Adults.

BACKGROUND: Approximately a third of US adults meet the physical activity guidelines of engaging in resistance training 2 times per week, yet few studies have examined how to increase participation rates. The present randomized control trial compared a remotely delivered coaching intervention with an education only control group. METHODS: Eligible participants completed 2 remotely delivered Zoom-based personal training sessions during a 1-week run-in period. Participants randomized to the intervention group received synchronous weekly behavioral video coaching sessions over Zoom, whereas the control group received no further contact. Days of resistance training completed were assessed at baseline (pre), 4 weeks (post), and 8 weeks (follow-up). Linear mixed models were used to examine group differences at each time point and within-group differences over time. RESULTS: There were significant between-group differences favoring the intervention, at posttest for both the previous week (b = 0.71, SE = 0.23; P = .002) and the previous 4 weeks (b = 2.54, SE = 0.87; P = .003) but not at the follow-up period for either the last week (b = 0.15, SE = 0.23; P = .520) or the last 4 weeks (b = 0.68, SE = 0.88; P = .443). CONCLUSION: The present study showed that by providing participants with equipment, skill, and in the case of the intervention group, a remote coaching intervention, resistance training participation increased.

Designing a Dyad-Based Digital Health Intervention to Reduce Sedentary Time in Black Breast Cancer Survivors and Their First-degree Relatives: Human-Centered Design Study.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer, the most commonly diagnosed cancer and second leading cause of cancer-related death in women in the United States, disproportionately affects women from minoritized or low socioeconomic backgrounds. The average woman has an approximately 12% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. Lifetime risk nearly doubles if a woman has a first-degree relative with breast cancer, and the risk increases as multiple family members are affected. Decreasing sedentary behaviors through moving more and sitting less reduces breast cancer risk and improves outcomes for cancer survivors and healthy adults. Digital health solutions, such as mobile apps that are culturally appropriate, designed with input from the target audience, and include social support, are effective at improving health behaviors. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop and evaluate the usability and acceptability of a prototype app designed with a human-centered approach to promote moving more and sitting less in Black breast cancer survivors and their first-degree relatives (parent, child, or sibling). METHODS: This 3-phase study consisted of app development, user testing, and evaluation of user engagement and usability. Key community stakeholders were engaged in the first 2 (qualitative) phases to provide input into developing the prototype app (MoveTogether). After development and user testing, a usability pilot was conducted. Participants were adult breast cancer survivors who identified as Black and agreed to participate with a relative. Participants used the app and a step-tracking watch for 4 weeks. App components included goal setting and reporting, reminders, dyad messaging, and educational resources. Usability and acceptability were assessed with a questionnaire that included the System Usability Scale (SUS) and semistructured interviews. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and content analysis. RESULTS: Participants in the usability pilot (n=10) were aged 30 to 50 years (6/10, 60%), not married (8/10, 80%), and college graduates (5/10, 50%). The app was used on average 20.2 (SD 8.9) out of 28 days-SUS score of 72 (range 55-95)-and 70% (7/10) agreed that the app was acceptable, helpful, and gave them new ideas. Additionally, 90% (9/10) found the dyad component helpful and would recommend the app to friends. Qualitative findings suggest that the goal-setting feature was helpful and that the dyad partner (buddy) provided accountability. Participants were neutral regarding the cultural appropriateness of the app. CONCLUSIONS: The MoveTogether app and related components were acceptable for promoting moving more in dyads of breast cancer survivors and their first-degree relatives. The human-centered approach, which involved engaging community members in the development, is a model for future technology development work. Future work should be done to further develop the intervention based on the findings and then test its efficacy to improve sedentary behavior while considering culturally informed strategies for adoption and implementation within the community. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05011279; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05011279.

Personalized versus generic digital weight loss interventions delivered on university campuses: a 6-month cost-benefit analysis.

Cost-effectiveness analyses of weight loss programs for university students can inform administrator decision-making. This study quantifies and compares the costs and cost-effectiveness of implementing two digitally-delivered weight loss interventions designed for university populations. Healthy Body Healthy U (HBHU) was a randomized controlled trial comparing TAILORED (personalized) versus TARGETED (generic) weight loss interventions adapted specifically for young adults to a CONTROL intervention. Participants (N = 459; 23.3 ± 4.4 years; mean BMI 31.2 ± 4.4 kg/m2) were recruited from two universities. Implementation costs were examined from a payer (i.e., university) perspective, comparing both the average cost effectiveness ratio (ACER) and the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) of the two interventions. Cost-effectiveness measures were calculated for changes in body weight, abdominal circumference, HDL cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and HbA1c. The overall 6-month implementation costs were $105.66 per person for the TAILORED intervention and $91.44 per person for the TARGETED intervention. The ACER for weight change was $107.82 for the TAILORED and $179.29 for the TARGETED interventions. The ICER comparing TAILORED with TARGETED for change in body weight was $5.05, and was even lower ($2.28) when including only those with overweight and not obesity. The ICERs for change in abdominal circumference, HDL cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and HbA1c were $3.49, $59.37, $1.57, $2.64, and $47.49, respectively. The TAILORED intervention was generally more cost-effective compared with the TARGETED intervention, particularly among those with overweight. Young adults with obesity may require more resource-intensive precision-based approaches.

Knowledge about the cost-effectiveness of weight loss programs for university students is needed to inform administrator decision-making regarding whether to provide such programming. This study examined the cost-effectiveness of two digitally-delivered weight loss interventions (i.e., TAILORED and TARGETED) designed for university students. The TAILORED intervention included information tailored to the individual, while the TARGETED intervention included only generic weight loss information. At 6 months, the average cost per kilogram of weight loss was $107.82 for TAILORED participants and $179.29 for TARGETED participants. The TAILORED intervention was generally more cost-effective compared with the TARGETED intervention.

Tumor Mutational Burden as a Predictor of Survival with Durvalumab and/or Tremelimumab Treatment in Recurrent or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Biomarkers that predict response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC) are needed. This retrospective study assessed tumor mutational burden (TMB) and outcomes in the phase II HAWK and CONDOR and phase III EAGLE studies of durvalumab with or without tremelimumab in platinum-resistant R/M HNSCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Tumor samples from HAWK/CONDOR (N = 153) and blood samples from EAGLE (N = 247) were analyzed for TMB. Associations with survival were evaluated for tissue TMB (tTMB) at cutoffs from 10 to 20 mutations/megabase (mut/Mb) and for blood plasma TMB (bTMB) at cutoffs from 8 to 24 mut/Mb. RESULTS: In HAWK/CONDOR, overall survival (OS) with durvalumab with or without tremelimumab was longer for high versus low tTMB: statistically significant differences were observed with durvalumab plus tremelimumab at tTMB ≥ 10 mut/Mb [HR, 0.52 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.28-0.98)] and tTMB ≥ 12 mut/Mb [HR, 0.46 (95% CI, 0.24-0.86)]. In EAGLE, a significant OS benefit versus chemotherapy was observed with durvalumab and durvalumab plus tremelimumab at bTMB≥16 mut/Mb [HR, 0.39 (95% CI, 0.20-0.76) and 0.38 (95% CI, 0.19-0.78), respectively] but not bTMB < 16 mut/Mb [HR, 0.92 (0.61-1.37) and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.62-1.36), respectively]. A significant progression-free survival benefit was also observed in the ICI arms versus chemotherapy at bTMB ≥ 16 mut/Mb. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support TMB as a biomarker for predicting survival in patients with platinum-resistant R/M HNSCC treated with ICIs. The analysis of EAGLE demonstrated that bTMB was predictive of survival with ICI treatment versus chemotherapy in a large, randomized controlled study population.

Weight gain prevention among black women in the rural community health center setting: the Shape Program.

BACKGROUND: Nearly 60% of black women are obese. Despite their increased risk of obesity and associated chronic diseases, black women have been underrepresented in clinical trials of weight loss interventions, particularly those conducted in the primary care setting. Further, existing obesity treatments are less effective for this population. The promotion of weight maintenance can be achieved at lower treatment intensity than can weight loss and holds promise in reducing obesity-associated chronic disease risk. Weight gain prevention may also be more consistent with the obesity-related sociocultural perspectives of black women than are traditional weight loss approaches. METHODS/DESIGN: We conducted an 18-month randomized controlled trial (the Shape Program) of a weight gain prevention intervention for overweight black female patients in the primary care setting. Participants include 194 premenopausal black women aged 25 to 44 years with a BMI of 25-34.9 kg/m2. Participants were randomized either to usual care or to a 12-month intervention that consisted of: tailored obesogenic behavior change goals, self-monitoring via interactive voice response phone calls, tailored skills training materials, 12 counseling calls with a registered dietitian and a 12-month YMCA membership.Participants are followed over 18 months, with study visits at baseline, 6-, 12- and 18-months. Anthropometric data, blood pressure, fasting lipids, fasting glucose, and self-administered surveys are collected at each visit. Accelerometer data is collected at baseline and 12-months.At baseline, participants were an average of 35.4 years old with a mean body mass index of 30.2 kg/m2. Participants were mostly employed and low-income. Almost half of the sample reported a diagnosis of hypertension or prehypertension and 12% reported a diagnosis of diabetes or prediabetes. Almost one-third of participants smoked and over 20% scored above the clinical threshold for depression. DISCUSSION: The Shape Program utilizes an innovative intervention approach to lower the risk of obesity and obesity-associated chronic disease among black women in the primary care setting. The intervention was informed by behavior change theory and aims to prevent weight gain using inexpensive mobile technologies and existing health center resources. Baseline characteristics reflect a socioeconomically disadvantaged, high-risk population sample in need of evidence-based treatment strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial is registered with clinicaltrials.gov NCT00938535.

A qualitative investigation of the need for and feasibility of weight loss programs on university campuses.

BACKGROUND: Despite the public health significance of overweight and obesity, weight management has remained a low priority for health-related programming on university campuses. OBJECTIVE: Investigate the need for and feasibility of implementing university-based weight loss programs. METHODS: The Practical, Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model (PRISM) was used as a framework. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with fifteen university staff and students from two large U.S. universities in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic. Interviews aimed to assess readiness, preferences, characteristics, barriers and facilitators in each of the four adapted PRISM domains: (1) Organizational and Recipient (Student) Perspectives on the Intervention, (2) Recipient (Student) Characteristics, (3) Internal Environment (organizational characteristics and infrastructure), and (4) External Environment. Verbatim transcriptions were analyzed using inductive and deductive thematic analyses. Themes were extracted as outlined by Consensual Qualitative Research. RESULTS: Participants supported university-based weight loss programs, but recognized barriers of resources, coordination across entities, and competing health issues taking priority for school programming. Campus built environment and students' busy schedules were identified as barriers to maintaining healthy weight and participation in weight loss programs. Recommendations included designing weight loss programming with a positive and holistic approach, minimizing weight-stigma, ensuring support from university leaders and students, and securing external funding. CONCLUSIONS: The identified themes provide recommendations for universities looking to develop and implement weight loss programming.

Association of PD-L1 Expression on Tumor and Immune Cells with Survival in Recurrent or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Assay Validation.

Programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), expressed on both tumor cells (TC) and tumor-associated immune cells (IC), has been shown to be a useful biomarker and predictive of response to anti-PD-L1 agents in certain tumor types. In recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC), there is a growing interest in the role of PD-L1 expression on ICs, as well as TCs, for predicting response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Using pooled data from the phase II HAWK and CONDOR studies, we investigated the association of baseline PD-L1 expression with durvalumab efficacy in patients with R/M HNSCC. To determine an optimal PD-L1 cut-off point for predicting survival, we assessed PD-L1 expression levels at different TC and IC cut-off points in patients treated with durvalumab. Longer survival was associated with higher TC membrane PD-L1 expression and IC staining. When the combined TC/IC algorithm was applied, a cut-off point for PD-L1 expression of ≥50% on TCs or ≥25% on ICs (TC ≥ 50%/IC ≥ 25%) showed a higher objective response rate (17.2% vs. 8.8%), longer median progression-free survival (2.8 vs. 1.9 months), and longer median overall survival (8.4 vs. 5.4 months) in the PD-L1-high versus PD-L1-low/negative patient populations, respectively. A scoring algorithm combining PD-L1 expression on TCs and ICs using the cut-off point TC ≥ 50%/IC ≥ 25% was optimal for identifying patients with HNSCC most likely to benefit from durvalumab treatment. The new algorithm is robust and can be reproducibly scored by trained pathologists. Significance: A novel algorithm for PD-L1 expression using the cut-off point TC ≥ 50%/IC ≥ 25% is robust for identifying patients with HNSCC most likely to benefit from durvalumab treatment and can be reproducibly scored by trained pathologists.

Application of social marketing to recruitment for a digital weight management intervention for young adults.

Recruiting young adults into weight loss interventions poses challenges that may be mitigated by the use of novel social marketing strategies. The purpose of this study is to describe how social marketing principles were applied to recruitment for a digitally delivered randomized controlled trial for weight management among young adults and report recruitment data and demographics on those who enrolled and did not enroll in the study. The marketing mix of the 7Ps (i.e., product, price, place, promotion, packaging, positioning, and people) was applied to intervention recruitment. Prior to enrollment, respondents completed a screening survey, which was examined to determine optimal strategies for study awareness and enrollment. Of the initial 5,731 who initiated a screener, 3,059 provided data on the source of where they heard about the study. Subsequently, 460 (12.5%) were enrolled in the study, 409 (51.3% non-White; 78.7% female; body mass index: 30.6 ± 4.3) provided data on recruitment source, with emails (72.5%), cited most often followed by flyers/posters (8.8%), "other" (6.7%), and multiple sources (6.6%). Although email remained the most frequently cited promotion source, Pearson's chi-squared tests revealed that, compared to those not enrolled in the study, those who enrolled were more likely to hear about the study via flyers/posters (enrolled = 14.4%; not enrolled = 7.9%; p < .001) and multiple sources (enrolled = 11.7%; not enrolled 5.85%; p < .01) and less likely to hear via email (enrolled = 62.1%; not enrolled = 74.2%; p < .01). This study applied social marketing principles to successfully recruit a large and diverse group of young adults. While email emerged as the most effective source of study awareness, multiple channels and a mix of marketing principles are recommended for recruiting in university settings.

Physical Activity and Enjoyment in Parent-Child Dyads During Shared Physical Activity.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare objectively-measured physical activity (PA) and enjoyment of five shared PAs in parent-child dyads. Method: Thirty-one parent-child dyads (mean±SD; age, parents: 38.0 ± 6.6 years, children: 5.9 ± 1.7 years) completed separate PA sessions, which included five standardized PAs (brisk walking, jumping games, dancing, body-weight exercises, and tag games) in random order for each dyad. Parent and child moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and accelerometer counts per minute (CPM) were measured using Actigraph GT9X activity monitors. The Visual Analog Scale was used to assess enjoyment of children and parents. Repeated measures ANOVAs and paired t-tests determined differences in PA within and between children and parents for the activities, respectively. Friedman Tests with post hoc Wilcoxon signed-rank tests determined significant differences in enjoyment across the activities for children and parents and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests compared enjoyment between children and parents for each PA. Results: Jumping games resulted in the highest proportion of time spent in MVPA and highest overall CPM for children and parents (p < .05). Compared to parents, children spent proportionally more time in MVPA during jumping games, body-weight exercises, and tag games (all, p < .05). Tag games were the most enjoyable PA for children and parents (p < .05). Children enjoyed body-weight exercises more than parents (p < .05). Conclusions: Future indoor PA programs and research interventions that include parent-child dyads should consider implementing jumping games, body-weight exercises, and tag games during shared PA, which resulted in higher MVPA and enjoyment by both children and parents when compared to walking and dancing.

Body Image Quality of Life Related to Light Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior among Young Adults with Overweight/Obesity.

Sedentary behaviors, low levels of physical activity (PA), and low body image quality of life have been identified during college years and associated with poor health outcomes. Public health efforts have recently focused on decreasing sedentary time by increasing light physical activity, both of which have been associated with body image quality of life, though mainly through self-report. In this cross-sectional study, we examined objective actigraphy and survey data from 404 of 459 young adults with overweight and obesity (mean age 23.3 ± 4.4 years, 78.4% female, 55.4% white). PA was measured using an accelerometer worn during waking hours for >10 h/day for four days. Body image quality of life was assessed using the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory Scale. Body image was positively correlated with light PA (r = 0.15) and inversely correlated with BMI (Pearson's r = -0.20) and sedentary time (r = -0.10), but not moderate PA, vigorous PA, or MVPA. Light PA and sedentary time were significantly inversely correlated (r = -0.38). When controlling for covariates, higher body image quality of life was significantly associated with higher levels of light PA (ß = 0.39; p < 0.01) and lower sedentary time (ß = -0.39; p = 0.02). Participants with lower body image quality of life enrolled in weight loss interventions may benefit from prescriptions of light PA in conjunction with decreasing sedentary behaviors.

Examination of Food Insecurity, Socio-Demographic, Psychosocial, and Physical Factors among Residents in Public Housing.

Objectives: Understanding associations between psychosocial and physical factors among those who experience food insecurity could help design effective food insecurity programs for improved cardiovascular health among low-income populations. We examined differences in psychosocial and physical factors between those who were food secure compared with food insecure among public housing residents. Methods: Data were from the baseline survey of a randomized controlled trial of a weight management intervention in Boston, Massachusetts from 2016-2017. Food insecurity and psychosocial and physical factors, including perceived stress, personal problems, social support, and physical symptoms, were measured via interviewer-administered screeners. Results: Mean age of the sample (N=102) was 46.5 years (SD=11.9). The majority were Hispanic (67%), female (88%), with ≤high school degree (62%). Nearly half were food insecure (48%). For psychosocial variables, those who were food insecure had higher ratings of perceived stress (adjusted mean difference 3.39, 95% CI:2.00,4.79), a higher number of personal problems (adjusted mean difference 1.85, 95% CI: 1.19, 2.51), and lower social support (adjusted mean difference -0.70, 95% CI:-1.30,-0.11) compared with those who were food secure. For physical variables, those who were food insecure had higher odds of reporting negative physical symptoms (aOR 4.92, 95% CI:1.84,13.16). Conclusion: Among this sample of public housing residents, food insecurity was associated with higher stress, more personal problems, higher experiences of physical symptoms, and lower social support.

Community health worker-delivered weight management intervention among public housing residents: A feasibility study.

Community health worker-led interventions may be an optimal approach to promote behavior change among populations with low incomes due to the community health workers' unique insights into participants' social and environmental contexts and potential ability to deliver interventions widely. The objective was to determine the feasibility (implementation, acceptability, preliminary efficacy) of a weight management intervention for adults living in public housing developments. In 2016-2018, in Boston Massachusetts, we conducted a 3-month, two-group randomized trial comparing participants who received a tailored feedback report (control group) to participants who received the same report plus behavioral counseling. Community health workers provided up to 12 motivational interviewing-based counseling sessions in English or Spanish for diet and physical activity behaviors using a website designed to guide standardized content delivery. 102 participants enrolled; 8 (7.8%) were lost at 3-month follow up. Mean age was 46.5 (SD = 11.9) years; the majority were women (88%), Hispanic (67%), with ≤ high school degree (62%). For implementation, among intervention group participants (n = 50), 5 completed 0 sessions and 45 completed a mean of 4.6 (SD = 3.1) sessions. For acceptability, most indicated they would be very likely (79%) to participate again. For preliminary efficacy, adjusted linear regression models showed mean changes in weight (-0.94 kg, p = 0.31), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (+11.7 min/day, p = 0.14), and fruit/vegetable intake (+2.30 servings/day, p < 0.0001) in the intervention vs. control group. Findings indicate a low-income public housing population was reached through a community health worker-led intervention with sufficient implementation and acceptability and promising beneficial changes in weight, nutrition, and physical activity outcomes.

Effect of tailoring on weight loss among young adults receiving digital interventions: an 18 month randomized controlled trial.

Weight loss outcomes among young adults in technology-based programs have been equivocal. The purpose of this study was to deliver digital weight loss treatments to young adults and examine the 6, 12, and 18 month effects on weight loss. Young adults with overweight/obesity (N = 459; 23.3 ± 4.4 years) were recruited from two university sites and randomly assigned to receive through Facebook and text messaging either personalized (TAILORED; n = 150) or generic (TARGETED; n = 152) weight loss information, messages, and feedback or general healthy body content (e.g., body image, sleep; CONTROL; n = 157). The study was powered to detect a 2.1-kg difference at all time points with the primary outcome being 18 months. There was no overall effect of treatment group on 6, 12, or 18 month weight loss (ps = NS). However, at 6 months, those in TAILORED who were highly engaged (completing >66%) lost more weight compared to CONTROL (-2.32 kg [95% confidence intervals: -3.90, -0.74]; p = .004), with the trend continuing at 12 months. A significant baseline body mass index (BMI) by treatment group interaction (p = .004) was observed at 6 months. Among participants in the lowest baseline BMI category (25-27.5 kg/m2), those in TAILORED lost 2.27 kg (-3.86, -0.68) more, and those in TARGETED lost 1.72 kg (-3.16, -0.29) more than CONTROL after adjusting for covariates. Among participants with a BMI between 27.5 and 30 kg/m2, those in TAILORED lost 2.20 kg (-3.90, -0.51) more than participants in TARGETED. Results did not persist over time with no treatment interaction at 12 or 18 months. Initial body weight should be considered when recommending weight loss treatments for young adults. More intensive interventions or stepped care approaches may be needed for young adults with obesity.

Evaluation of an online training tool for scoring programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) diagnostic tests for lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies indicate that higher tumour programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression is associated with greater response to anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the era of precision medicine, there is a need to provide reliable, standardised training for pathologists to improve their accuracy of interpretation and scoring, as the results are used directly to inform clinical decisions. Here we present findings regarding reader reproducibility of PD-L1 tumour cell (TC) staining scoring for NSCLC using a PD-L1 e-trainer tool as part of a PD-L1 immunohistochemistry reader training course. METHODS: The PD-L1 training course was developed based on the use of VENTANA PD-L1 (SP263) and Dako PD-L1 IHC PharmDx 22C3 stained NSCLC samples in combination with a PD-L1 e-trainer tool. Five-hundred formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival samples were obtained from commercial sources and stained for PD-L1. Slides were scored by two expert pathologists, then scanned to produce digital images and re-scored. Thirty-three cases were selected and sorted into three sets: a training set and two self-assessment tests (pre-test and 'competence' test). Participants (all selected board-certified pathologists) received face-to-face training including use of an e-trainer tool. Statistical analyses were performed using the competence test set. Overall percentage agreement (OPA) was assessed between the participant pathologists' registered scores and the reference scores assigned by expert pathologists at clinically relevant PD-L1 cut-offs (≥1%, ≥25% and ≥ 50%). RESULTS: Seven sessions were held and 69 participant pathologists completed the training. Inter-reader concordance indicated high OPA (85-95%) for PD-L1 TC scoring at clinically relevant cut-offs, with Fleiss' Kappa > 0.5. CONCLUSIONS: Use of this web-based training tool incorporated into classroom-style training was associated with an overall moderately good level of inter-reader reproducibility at key cut-offs for TC PD-L1 expression testing in NSCLC. Overall, the online training tool offers a means of standardised training for practising pathologists in a clinical setting.

Using a group development framework to maximize leadership strategies in the inaugural session of the Society of Behavioral Medicine Leadership Institute.

The 2016-2017 Inaugural Class of the Society of Behavioral Medicine Leadership Institute (SBM LI) debuted to an eager team of 36 mid-career fellows led by energetic mentors, professional coaches, and career development experts. Fellows were divided into learning communities of eight participants for deeper engagement. Our "Green Team" learning community bonded quickly and actively committed to our collective progress and projects. Upon returning home from the in-person sessions, our activities included monthly team conference calls and consultation with our mentors and selected coaches. The Green Team regularly communicated throughout the year, giving feedback to each other about our projects to be presented at the 2017 SBM Annual Meeting. We also discussed our mentoring and coaching experiences, leadership skills put to use at our institutions, and personal development. Contact continued via social media, email, teleconferencing, and collaborations at other professional meetings. The Green Team utilized the Tuckman and Jensen model of small group development to describe how we developed into a high-functioning group that maximized the resources afforded by the SBM LI to yield successful leadership outcomes. This commentary will offer an example of how a productive SBM LI team works collaboratively to utilize its mentors and resources for professional development.

Physical Activity and Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Clustering in Young Adults with Obesity.

INTRODUCTION: There is a paucity of information on the clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors in young adults and how this clustering may vary based on whether or not they perform sufficient levels of physical activity. METHODS: We analyzed baseline data from 346 young adults (23.3 ± 4.4 yr) participating in the Healthy Body Healthy U clinical trial from 2015 to 2018. Cardiometabolic risk factors were measured according to standard procedures and moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) was determined by accelerometry. A cardiometabolic clustering score (ranging from 0 to 5) was created from five biomarkers according to whether or not a standard clinical risk cut point was exceeded (0, no; 1, yes): abdominal circumference (>102 cm (men) or >88 cm (women)), hemoglobin A1c (≥5.7%), HDL cholesterol (<40 mg·dL (men) or <50 mg·dL (women)), systolic blood pressure (≥130 mm Hg), and diastolic blood pressure (≥85 mm Hg). Cardiometabolic dysregulation (CD) was defined as a cardiometabolic clustering score ≥3. Multiple logistic regression determined the independent association between level of MVPA and CD, while adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity, sedentary time, and smoking. RESULTS: The prevalence of CD was 18% (22% in men, 17% in women). We observed a nonlinear graded association between MVPA and CD. Participants performing 150-300 min·wk of MVPA significantly lowered their odds of CD by 66% (odds ratio, 0.34; 95% confidence interval, 0.16-0.75), whereas those exceeding 300 min·wk lowered their odds by 61% (odds ratio, 0.39; 95% confidence interval, 0.18-0.86) compared with those performing <150 min·wk, independent of obesity and the other covariables. CONCLUSION: Recommended levels of moderate-intensity physical activity is significantly associated with lower odds of CD and thus may prevent or diminish the need for expensive pharmaceutical treatment over the remainder of the life-span.