EGFR gene mutation study in cytology specimens.

Activating mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene in non-small cell lung cancer predicts a significantly higher clinical response rate to tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting EGFR, and it is currently recommended that patients under consideration for EGFR TKI as first-line therapy be tested for such mutations to determine the appropriateness of treatment. For lung cancer patients who present with advanced stage disease where surgical treatment is not indicated, cytology specimens obtained through bronchoscopy, drainage of body fluid, or fine-needle aspiration are the only means to obtain tumor cells for tissue diagnosis and EGFR gene mutation testing. We reviewed the experience of 1,410 consecutive EGFR mutation testing requests at a single institution in Hong Kong that comprised 269 cytology specimens and 1,141 surgical specimens. The material inadequacy issue in cytology specimens may be overcome by tumor cell enrichment strategies and employment of mutation detection techniques with increased analytical sensitivity. The use of cytology specimens to test for predictive molecular cancer biomarkers is without a doubt expected to increase, and cytopathologists should be closely engaged with the clinicians in the therapeutic process and become acquainted with new technology in order to directly participate in personalized oncology care.

Hematologic and genetic characterization of an MYH9-related disorder in a Chinese family.

We describe a Chinese family with an MYH9-related disorder in which a novel mutation V1516L at exon 31 of the MYH9 gene was identified. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported Chinese family with MYH9 mutation and supports the pan-ethnic nature of the disorder.

Efficacy and safety of 3-week response-guided triple direct-acting antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C infection: a phase 2, open-label, proof-of-concept study.

BACKGROUND: To shorten the course of direct-acting antiviral agents for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, we examined the antiviral efficacy and safety of 3 weeks of response-guided therapy with an NS3 protease inhibitor and dual NS5A inhibitor-NS5B nucleotide analogue. METHODS: In this open-label, phase 2a, single centre study, Chinese patients with chronic HCV genotype 1b infection without cirrhosis were randomly allocated by a computer program to one of three treatment groups (sofosbuvir, ledipasvir, and asunaprevir; sofosbuvir, daclatasvir, and simeprevir; or sofosbuvir, daclatasvir, and asunaprevir) until six patients in each group (1:1:1) achieved an ultrarapid virological response (plasma HCV RNA <500 IU/mL by day 2, measured by COBAS TaqMan HCV test, version 2.0). Patients with an ultrarapid virological response received 3 weeks of therapy. Patients who did not achieve an ultrarapid response were switched to sofosbuvir and ledipasvir for either 8 weeks or 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with a sustained virological response at 12 weeks (SVR12) after treatment completion, analysed in the intention-to-treat population. All patients who achieved an ultrarapid virological response were included in the safety analysis. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02470858. FINDINGS: Between April 5, 2015, and April 15, 2015, 26 eligible patients were recruited. 12 patients were assigned to sofosbuvir, ledipasvir, and asunaprevir; six to sofosbuvir, daclatasvir, and simeprevir; and eight to sofosbuvir, daclatasvir, and asunaprevir. Six patients in each group achieved an ultrarapid virological response (18 [69%]). All patients with an ultrarapid virological response who were given 3 weeks of triple therapy achieved SVR12. The most common adverse events were fatigue (one [17%] of six patients receiving sofosbuvir, ledipasvir, and asunaprevir; one [17%] of six patients receiving sofosbuvir, daclatasvir, and simeprevir; and two [33%] of six patients receiving sofosbuvir, daclatasvir, and asunaprevir) and headache (one [17%] patient in each group). No patients experienced any serious adverse events. INTERPRETATION: In this proof-of-concept study, all patients with chronic HCV without cirrhosis who achieved an ultrarapid virological response on triple direct-acting antiviral regimens by day 2 and received 3 weeks of treatment were cured, with excellent tolerability. By shortening the duration of therapy from the currently recommended 12 weeks to 3 weeks, we could drastically reduce the cost of therapy and the rate of adverse events. Further large-scale studies should be done to confirm our findings. FUNDING: Center for AIDS Research, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Energy, National Center for Research Resources and the Office of Research Infrastructure Programs, Cheng Si-Yuan (China-International) Hepatitis Research Foundation, and Humanity and Health Medical Group.

Ciprofloxacin decreased polyoma BK virus load in patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Polyoma BK virus (BKV) is associated with hemorrhagic cystitis during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The objective of this study was to test whether standard-dose ciprofloxacin might suppress reactivation of BKV infection during HSCT. METHODS: Sixty-eight patients received ciprofloxacin or a cephalosporin as antibiotic prophylaxis after undergoing allogeneic HSCT. Urine samples were collected weekly from day 7 before HSCT to day 50 after HSCT. Laboratory investigations included quantification of BKV load and urinary ciprofloxacin levels and in vitro drug sensitivity of BKV. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients received ciprofloxacin, 21 received cephalosporins, 12 received concomitant corticosteroids and antibiotics (9 received ciprofloxacin, and 3 received cephalosporins), and 13 received interrupted ciprofloxacin therapy. Ciprofloxacin recipients developed a significantly lower peak BKV load, compared with cephalosporin recipients (median, 3x10(5) copies/mL vs. 2.6x10(9) copies/mL; P=.021), irrespective of concomitant receipt of corticosteroid therapy. Fewer ciprofloxacin recipients than cephalosporin recipients (P=.013) developed BKV viruria with a > or =3-log increase in BKV load during HSCT, which was associated with significantly more cases of hemorrhagic cystitis (8 of 29 patients with a peak increase of > or =3 log vs. 0 of 39 patients without a peak increase of this level; P<.001). Ciprofloxacin recipients excreted ciprofloxacin in urine at a mean 24-h rate of 71.7 microg/mL (range, 23.0-152.9 microg/mL), which was comparable with the in vitro inhibitory concentration of 125-250 microg/mL of ciprofloxacin found for 3 of 7 BKV isolates. CONCLUSIONS: Ciprofloxacin decreased urinary BKV reactivation after HSCT.

Kocuria kristinae infection associated with acute cholecystitis.

BACKGROUND: Kocuria, previously classified into the genus of Micrococcus, is commonly found on human skin. Two species, K. rosea and K. kristinae, are etiologically associated with catheter-related bacteremia. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe the first case of K. kristinae infection associated with acute cholecystitis. The microorganism was isolated from the bile of a 56-year old Chinese man who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. He developed post-operative fever that resolved readily after levofloxacin treatment. CONCLUSION: Our report of K. kristinae infection associated with acute cholecystitis expands the clinical spectrum of infections caused by this group of bacteria. With increasing number of recent reports describing the association between Kocuria spp. and infectious diseases, the significance of their isolation from clinical specimens cannot be underestimated. A complete picture of infections related to Kocuria spp. will have to await the documentation of more clinical cases.

Evaluation of 2 real-time PCR assays for in vitro diagnostic use in the rapid and multiplex detection of EGFR gene mutations in NSCLC.

Activating mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene in non-small cell lung cancer predict for a favorable clinical response to tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Although Sanger sequencing is a conventional method to detect EGFR gene mutations, multiplex real-time allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) systems are increasingly used in the routine molecular diagnostic setting. We aim to evaluate 2 proprietary real-time PCR assays (cobas and therascreen) against Sanger sequencing in the detection of EGFR gene mutations. The overall concordance rate between cobas and therascreen assays with Sanger sequencing was 89% and 88%, respectively, and increased to 96% and 98%, respectively, if the mutations not covered were excluded. The cobas assay showed a superior coverage of exon 20 mutations, but L861Q was not targeted. The nature of specimen, DNA integrity, and tumor cell content are factors that affect the assay performance. DNA extracted from cell block and clot of pleural fluid gave rise to 1 invalid call and 1 false-negative result by the cobas assay and 1 missed T790M mutation and 1 false-negative result by the therascreen assay. Both assays are around 5 times more expensive compared with Sanger sequencing in terms of reagent cost. We conclude that both assays prove to be a rapid, simple, and validated method in detecting the most common and clinically significant EGFR gene mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. Although less convenient compared with real-time PCR assays, Sanger sequencing is cheaper in terms of reagent cost and allows the detection of rare or novel EGFR gene mutations.

Quantitative analysis and diagnostic significance of methylated SLC19A3 DNA in the plasma of breast and gastric cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Previously, we have examined the methylation status of SLC19A3 (solute carrier family 19, member 3) promoter and found that SLC19A3 was epigenetically down-regulated in gastric cancer. Here, we aim to develop a new biomarker for cancer diagnosis using methylated SLC19A3 DNA in plasma. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: SLC19A3 gene expression was examined by RT-qPCR. Methylation status of SLC19A3 promoter was evaluated by methylation-specific qPCR. SLC19A3 expression was significantly down-regulated in 80% (12/15) of breast tumors (P<0.005). Breast tumors had significant increase in methylation percentage when compared to adjacent non-tumor tissues (P<0.005). A robust and simple methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme digestion and real-time quantitative PCR (MSRED-qPCR) was developed to quantify SLC19A3 DNA methylation in plasma. We validated this biomarker in an independent validation cohort of 165 case-control plasma including 60 breast cancer, 45 gastric cancer patients and 60 healthy subjects. Plasma SLC19A3 methylated DNA level was effective in differentiating both breast and gastric cancer from healthy subjects. We further validated this biomarker in another independent blinded cohort of 78 plasma including 38 breast cancer, 20 gastric cancer patients and 20 healthy subjects. The positive predictive values for breast and gastric cancer were 90% and 85%, respectively. The negative predictive value of this biomarker was 85%. Elevated level in plasma has been detected not only in advanced stages but also early stages of tumors. The positive predictive value for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) cases was 100%. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that aberrant SLC19A3 promoter hypermethylation in plasma may be a novel biomarker for breast and gastric cancer diagnosis.

A novel de novo BRCA1 mutation in a Chinese woman with early onset breast cancer.

Germline mutations in the two breast cancer susceptibility genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2 account for a significant portion of hereditary breast/ovarian cancer. De novo mutations such as multiple exon deletion are rarely occurred in BRCA1 and BRCA2. During our mutation screening for BRCA1/2 genes to Chinese women with risk factors for hereditary breast/ovarian cancer, we identified a novel germline mutation, consisting of a deletion from exons 1 to 12 in BRCA1 gene, in a patient diagnosed with early onset triple negative breast cancer with no family history of cancer. None of her parents carried the mutation and molecular analysis showed that this novel de novo germline mutation resulted in down-regulation of BRCA1 gene expression.

Synchronous primary lung cancer and epidermal growth factor receptor mutation.

We describe a 75-year-old Chinese man who presented with three separate tumors in three different lobes of the lung, without evidence of mediastinal or systemic involvement. All three tumors were surgically resected by minimal invasive approach. Based on a differing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status, the tumors were characterized as synchronous triple primary rather than intrapulmonary metastases. This report highlights the clinical usefulness of molecular cancer biomarkers to determine prognosis and to guide management decision in multiple lung tumors.

MicroRNAs as New Players for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapeutic Targets in Breast Cancer.

MicroRNAs are small nonprotein-coding RNAs that regulate the expressions of a wide variety of genes by sequence-specific base pairing on the 3'UTR of mRNA targets resulting in mRNA degradation or inhibition of translation. Aberrant expressions of miRNAs have been linked to tumor development, metastasis, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy response in human breast cancer. Some miRNAs have been considered to have potential clinical applications as a tool for breast cancer prognosis and therapy. Here we describe and discuss lines of evidence supporting the important relationship between miRNAs and breast cancer, and its therapeutic strategies.