Indoxyl Sulfate Aggravates Podocyte Damage through the TGF-ß1/Smad/ROS Signalling Pathway.

INTRODUCTION: Hyperglycaemia induces the production of a large quantity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activates the transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1)/Smad signalling pathway, which is the main initiating factor in the formation of diabetic nephropathy. Indoxyl sulphate (IS) is a protein-binding gut-derived uraemic toxin that localizes to podocytes, induces oxidative stress, and inflames podocytes. The involvement of podocyte damage in diabetic nephropathy through the TGF-ß1 signalling pathway is still unclear. METHODS: In this study, we cultured differentiated rat podocytes in vitro and measured the expression levels of nephrin, synaptopodin, CD2AP, SRGAP2a, and α-SMA by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting after siRNA-mediated TGF-ß1 silencing, TGF-ß1 overexpression, and the presence of the ROS inhibitor acetylcysteine. We detected the expression levels of nephrin, synaptopodin, CD2AP, SRGAP2a, small mother against decapentaplegic (Smad)2/3, phosphorylated-Smad2/3 (p-Smad2/3), Smad7, NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), and ROS levels under high glucose (HG) and IS conditions. RESULTS: The results indicated that nephrin, synaptopodin, CD2AP, and SRGAP2a expressions were significantly upregulated, and α-SMA expression was significantly downregulated in the presence of HG under siRNA-mediated TGF-ß1 silencing or after the addition of acetylcysteine. However, in the presence of HG, the expressions of nephrin, synaptopodin, CD2AP, and SRGAP2a were significantly downregulated, and the expression of α-SMA was significantly upregulated with the overexpression of TGF-ß1. IS supplementation under HG conditions further significantly reduced the expressions of nephrin, synaptopodin, CD2AP, and SRGAP2a; altered the expressions of Smad2/3, p-Smad2/3, Smad7, and NOX4; and increased ROS production in podocytes. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that IS may modulate the expression of nephrin, synaptopodin, CD2AP, and SRGAP2a by regulating the ROS and TGF-ß1/Smad signalling pathways, providing new theoretical support for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.

Overexpression of sonic hedgehog enhances the osteogenesis in rat ectomesenchymal stem cells.

Ectoderm-derived mesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs) were used as potential seed cells for bone tissue engineering to treat bone defects due to their capability of rapid proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling was reported to play an important role in the development of bone tissue, but its role is not understood. The present study investigated the role of Shh molecule in osteogenic differentiation of rat EMSCs in vitro. Rat EMSCs were isolated form nasal respiratory mucosa and identified with immunofluorescence and analyzed with other methods, including reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting. EMSCs expressed CD90, CD105, nestin, and vimentin. On the seventh day of osteogenic induction, expression levels of Shh and Gli1 was higher according to the result of qPCR and Western blotting. After induction for 14 days, higher alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and more mineralized nodules were seen in comparison to the cells that did not undergo induction. Shh signaling appears to enhance osteogenic differentiation of rat EMSCs, suggesting that Shh signaling directs the lineage differentiation of ectodermal stem cells and represents a promising strategy for skeletal tissue regeneration.

Cell-penetrable mouse forkhead box protein 3 alleviates experimental arthritis in mice by up-regulating regulatory T cells.

Regulatory T cells (T(regs)) have potential applications in clinical disease therapy, such as autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection. However, their numbers are limited. Forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) is a key transcription factor that controls T(reg) development and function. Here, we generated a cell-permeable fusion protein, protein transduction domain (PTD)-conjugated mouse FoxP3 protein (PTD-mFoxP3), and evaluated whether PTD-mFoxp3 can alleviate rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model. As expected, PTD-mFoxP3 was transduced into cells effectively, and inhibited T cell activation and attenuated the cell proliferation. It decreased interleukin (IL) 2 and interferon (IFN)-γ expression, and increased IL-10 expression in activated CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells. PTD-mFoxP3-transduced CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells attenuated proliferation of activated CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells. In addition, PTD-mFoxP3 blocked the Th17 differentiation programme in vitro and down-regulated IL-17 production from T cells by modulating induction and levels of retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt). Intra-articular delivery of PTD-mFoxP3 delayed disease incidence remarkably and alleviated autoimmune symptoms of CIA mice. Moreover, protective effects of PTD-mFoxP3 were associated with regulating the balance of T helper type 17 (Th17) and T(regs). These results suggest that PTD-mFoxP3 may be a candidate for RA therapy.

Effect of gut microbiome regulated Taohong Siwu Decoction metabolism on glioma cell phenotype.

Introduction: To establish a new model for exploring the mechanism of the gut microbiome and drug metabolism, we explored whether Taohong Siwu Decoction acts after metabolism by intestinal flora under the premise of clarifying the interaction between intestinal flora and drug metabolism. Methods: Taohong Siwu Decoction (TSD) was fed to germ-free mice and conventional mice, respectively. The serum from both groups of mice was removed and co-cultured with glioma cells in vitro. The co-cultured glioma cells were compared separately for changes at the RNA level using RNA-seq technology. The genes of interest in the comparison results were selected for validation. Results: The differences in the phenotypic alterations of glioma cells between serum from TSD-fed germ-free mice and normal mice were statistically significant. In vitro experiments showed that Taohong Siwu Decoction-fed normal mouse serum-stimulated glioma cells, which inhibited proliferation and increased autophagy. RNA-seq analysis showed that TSD-fed normal mouse serum could regulate CDC6 pathway activity in glioma cells. The therapeutic effect of TSD is significantly influenced by intestinal flora. Conclusion: The treatment of tumors by TSD may be modulated by intestinal flora. We established a new method to quantify the relationship between intestinal flora and the regulation of TSD efficacy through this study.

Colon-targeted EMSCs conditional medium hydrogel for treatment of ulcerative colitis in mice.

Oral ecto-mesenchymal stem cells-conditional medium (EMSCs-CM) is a promising strategy for treating ulcerative colitis (UC). However, this therapy is currently limited by the harsh gastrointestinal environment and poor colonic targeting ability. Herein, a glutamine transaminase 2 (TG2) crosslinked EMSCs-CM hydrogel (EMSCs-CM-Gel) was fabricated by combining EMSCs-CM with negatively chargedγ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) hydrogel. Intestinal epithelial cell 6 (IEC-6) was applied to construct a cell model with lipopolysaccharide to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of EMSCs-CMin vitro. The crosslinked gel was orally administered to mice in liquid form to access the effects of EMSCs-CM-Gelin vivo. This study was based on the fact that the hydrogel containing EMSCs-CM has negative charges, which ensure it remains at the positively charged inflamed colon tissue. The EMSCs-CM could continuously be released in the damaged colon mucosa along with the degradation of theγ-PGA hydrogel. Immunofluorescence and western blot were performed to assess the effects of EMSCs-CM-Gel on mice. The resultsin vivoshowed that EMSCs-CM-Gel could significantly suppress the expression of inflammatory cytokines, prevent the shortening of the length of the intestine and repair the intestinal barrier. Collectively, our findings provided a novel colon-targeted strategy, hoping to benefit UC patients a lot.

Giant spin ensembles in waveguide magnonics.

The dipole approximation is usually employed to describe light-matter interactions under ordinary conditions. With the development of artificial atomic systems, 'giant atom' physics is possible, where the scale of atoms is comparable to or even greater than the wavelength of the light they interact with, and the dipole approximation is no longer valid. It reveals interesting physics impossible in small atoms and may offer useful applications. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the giant spin ensemble (GSE), where a ferromagnetic spin ensemble interacts twice with the meandering waveguide, and the coupling strength between them can be continuously tuned from finite (coupled) to zero (decoupled) by varying the frequency. In the nested configuration, we investigate the collective behavior of two GSEs and find extraordinary phenomena that cannot be observed in conventional systems. Our experiment offers a new platform for 'giant atom' physics.

[Design of absorbable Bondi of dura].

A sort of absorbable Bondi of dura, whose main body is glue capsule, to compensate the deficiency of previous craniotomy, which easily causes delayed epidural hematoma. This device will help conglutinate dura to skull plate tightly, to stop bleeding and other purposes.

Acteoside Presents Protective Effects on Cerebral Ischemia/reperfusion Injury Through Targeting CCL2, CXCL10, and ICAM1.

The objective of this study is to investigate the roles of acteoside (ACT) in cells with oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced injury and the underlying mechanisms. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion were identified using GSE61616 data set. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment with the DEGs and the prediction of ACT's targets were conducted using The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database. The OGD/R model was established with bEnd.3 cells. Following that, bEnd.3 cells were treated by distinct concentrations of ACT and IL-10. The proliferation and apoptosis of cells were analyzed by cell counting kit-8 and flow cytometry assays, respectively. Western blot was used to check involved proteins. Herein, we identified CCL2, CXCL10, and ICAM1 as the targets of ACT, which were upregulated in tissues of MACO rats and cells with OGD/R-induced injury. ACT promoted the proliferation but reduce the apoptosis of cells with OGD/R-induced injury. Moreover, these effects of ACT were enhanced by IL-10. After being treated with ACT, IL-10, or ACT together with IL-10, the levels of CCL2, CXCL10, and ICAM1 were all decreased, whereas p-Stat3 was raised in cells with OGD/R-induced injury, while Stat3 expression presented no significant difference among groups. ACT protected cells against OGD/R-induced injury through regulating the IL-10/Stat3 signaling, indicating that ACT might be an effective therapy drug to lower cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Heron-mouth neuroendoscopic sheath-assisted neuroendoscopy plays critical roles in treating hypertensive intraventricular hemorrhage.

INTRODUCTION: Neuroendoscopy is widely applied for treating hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. AIM: To explore the effects of heron-mouth neuroendoscopic sheath-assisted neuroendoscopy on treatment of hypertensive intraventricular hemorrhage. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A type of heron-mouth neuroendoscopic sheath combining the advantages of minimally invasive columnar endoscopic sheath and open operation methods was designed. The end of sheath catheter could be dilated if necessary, without increasing risk of cortex injury. Heron-mouth neuroendoscopic sheath-assisted neuroendoscopy was applied in treatment of hypertensive intraventricular hemorrhage. A total of 19 patients with hypertensive intraventricular hemorrhage were selected and divided into an external ventricular drainage + urokinase group and a neuroendoscopy group. Hematoma clearance rate, surgical time, ventricular drainage time, intracranial infection, hydrocephalus and Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) at 3 months after the operation were compared between two groups. RESULTS: Hematoma clearance rate, ventricular drainage time, mortality rate and GOS at 3 months after surgery in the neuroendoscopy group were significantly better compared to those in the external ventricular drainage + urokinase group (p < 0.05). Postoperative complications, including intracranial infection hydrocephalus and pulmonary infection in the neuroendoscopy group, were less numerous compared to those in the external ventricular drainage + urokinase group, but without statistical significance (p > 0.05). However, surgical time was significantly longer in the neuroendoscopy group compared to that in the external ventricular drainage + urokinase group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in incidence rate of hydrocephalus between the two groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical effects of heron-mouth neuroendoscopic sheath-assisted neuroendoscopy were better than those of external ventricular drainage combining urokinase dissolution in treating hypertensive intraventricular hemorrhage.

A Noncanonical Hedgehog Signaling Exerts a Tumor-Promoting Effect on Pancreatic Cancer Cells Via Induction of Osteopontin Expression.

Objective: Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)-Gli1 signaling and osteopontin (OPN) play vital roles in pancreatic cancer. However, the precise mechanisms of both signals have not been fully clarified, and whether there is a correlation between them in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is unknown. This study aims to confirm the effect of OPN on human PDAC and assess whether Hh signaling affects pancreatic cancer cells through upregulation of OPN. Materials and Methods: OPN expression in human PDAC tissues and cell lines was investigated. Proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of OPN-knockdown BxPC-3 cells were observed. We analyzed the correlation between Shh or Gli1 and OPN expression in human PDAC. Hh signaling inhibitors and shRNA against Gli1 were used to confirm if OPN expression in BxPC-3 cells was regulated by Hh canonical or noncanonical pathway. We also evaluated the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of Gli1-knockdown BxPC-3 cells. Results: OPN is highly expressed in human PDAC tissues and cell lines. The proliferation, migration, and invasion of BxPC-3 cell lines were decreased, whereas apoptosis was increased when OPN was knocked down. Correlation analysis showed that Gli1, but not Shh, was associated with OPN expression in human PDAC, and Gli1 regulated OPN production in BxPC-3 cells through a noncanonical pathway because Gli but not Smo inhibitor reduced OPN expression. Similar to above, the proliferation, migration, and invasion of BxPC-3 cells were decreased, whereas the apoptosis was increased when Gli1 was knocked down. Supplement of exogenous OPN protein could partially reverse the effect of both OPN knockdown and Gli1 knockdown on the bio-behavior of BxPC-3 cells. Conclusion: Hh signaling promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion but inhibits apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells through upregulation of OPN in a noncanonical pathway.

Identifying key genes and drug screening for preeclampsia based on gene expression profiles.

Preeclampsia (PE) is characterized by gestational hypertension and proteinuria, and is a leading cause of maternal death and perinatal morbidity globally. Although the exact cause of PE remains unclear, several studies have suggested a role for abnormal expression of multiple genes. The aim of the present study was to identify key genes and related pathways, and to screen for drugs that regulate these genes for potential PE therapy. The GSE60438 dataset was acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs). By constructing a protein-protein interaction network and performing reverse transcription-quantitative PCR verification, proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 14, prostaglandin E synthase 3 and ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein 2 were identified as key genes in PE. In addition, PE was found to be associated with 'circadian rhythm', 'fatty acid metabolism', 'DNA damage response detection of DNA damage', 'regulation of DNA repair' and 'endothelial cell development'. Through connectivity map analysis of DEGs, furosemide and droperidol were suggested to be therapeutic drugs that may target the hub genes for PE treatment. Results analysis of GSEA were included in the discussion section of this article. In conclusion, the current study identified novel key genes associated with the onset of PE and potential drugs for PE treatment.

Cell penetrable-mouse forkhead box P3 suppresses type 1 T helper cell-mediated immunity in a murine model of delayed-type hypersensitivity.

Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), which is a transcription factor, has a primary role in the development and function of regulatory T cells, and thus contributes to homeostasis of the immune system. A previous study generated a cell-permeable fusion protein of mouse FOXP3 conjugated to a protein transduction domain (PTD-mFOXP3) that successfully blocked differentiation of type 17 T helper cells in vitro and alleviated experimental arthritis in mice. In the present study, the role of PTD-mFOXP3 in type 1 T helper (Th1) cell-mediated immunity was investigated and the possible mechanisms for its effects were explored. Under Th1 polarization conditions, cluster of differentiation 4+ T cells were treated with PTD-mFOXP3 and analyzed by flow cytometry in vitro, which revealed that PTD-mFOXP3 blocked Th1 differentiation in vitro. Mice models of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions were generated by subcutaneous sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin (OVA) to the ears of mice. PTD-mFOXP3, which was administered via local subcutaneous injection, significantly reduced DTH-induced inflammation, including ear swelling (ear swelling, P<0.001; pinnae weight, P<0.05 or P<0.01 with 0.25 and 1.25 mg/kg PTD-mFOXP3, respectively), infiltration of T cells, and expression of interferon-γ at local inflammatory sites (mRNA level P<0.05) compared with the DTH group. The results of the present study demonstrated that PTD-mFOXP3 may attenuate DTH reactions by suppressing the infiltration and activity of Th1 cells.

miR-34a and miR-125b are upregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a leading cause of blindness, non-traumatic amputation and end-stage renal disease, as well as a major cardiovascular risk factor. To determine whether miR-125b and miR-34a serve an important role in the development of T2DM, the current study investigated the expression profile of two microRNAs (miR-34a and miR-125b) and their relative genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 73 patients with T2DM and 52 healthy donors by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction In addition, the association between miR-34a, miR-125b and their relevant genes expression profile were analyzed with respect to the pathogenesis of T2DM. The present study demonstrated that the expression levels of miR-125b and miR-34a were elevated in peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from patients with T2DM. Furthermore, miR-34a and miR-125b were positively correlated with low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and Foxp3 and negatively related to triglyceride/HDL. However, no correlation among miR-34a, miR-125b and the value of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, homeostasis model assessment of ß-cell function and the genes of B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1, interferon regulatory factor-4, P53 and retinoid-related orphan receptor γt were observed. These results indicate that the alteration of miR-34a and miR-125b exists in patients with T2DM, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of T2DM, and could be a potential novel biomarker of T2DM.

Human amniotic epithelial cells combined with silk fibroin scaffold in the repair of spinal cord injury.

Treatment and functional reconstruction after central nervous system injury is a major medical and social challenge. An increasing number of researchers are attempting to use neural stem cells combined with artificial scaffold materials, such as fibroin, for nerve repair. However, such approaches are challenged by ethical and practical issues. Amniotic tissue, a clinical waste product, is abundant, and amniotic epithelial cells are pluripotent, have low immunogenicity, and are not the subject of ethical debate. We hypothesized that amniotic epithelial cells combined with silk fibroin scaffolds would be conducive to the repair of spinal cord injury. To test this, we isolated and cultured amniotic epithelial cells, and constructed complexes of these cells and silk fibroin scaffolds. Implantation of the cell-scaffold complex into a rat model of spinal cord injury resulted in a smaller glial scar in the damaged cord tissue than in model rats that received a blank scaffold, or amniotic epithelial cells alone. In addition to a milder local immunological reaction, the rats showed less inflammatory cell infiltration at the transplant site, milder host-versus-graft reaction, and a marked improvement in motor function. These findings confirm that the transplantation of amniotic epithelial cells combined with silk fibroin scaffold can promote the repair of spinal cord injury. Silk fibroin scaffold can provide a good nerve regeneration microenvironment for amniotic epithelial cells.

[Therapeutic efficacy of bipolar plasmakinetic technique compared with transurethral resection on benign prostate hyperplasia].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect and safety of transurethral prostatectomy with the bipolar plasmakinetic technique (PKRP) compared with the transurethral resection (TURP) in the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). METHOD: Four hundred BPH patients with matched lesions were divided into 2 groups: 200 patients, aged 74.1 (58-91), underwent transurethral prostatectomy with PKRP, and 200 patients, aged 73.8 (56-90), underwent TURP. RESULT: In the PKRP group the average IPSS decreased from 27.1 +/- 4.5 preoperatively to 11.3 +/- 3.4 postoperatively 6 months after (P < 0.01), the. average maximum flow-rate Q (max) increased from 6.1 +/- 2.4 ml/s preoperatively to 18.6 +/- 3.5 ml/s postoperatively (P < 0.01), and the average residual urine (RU) reduced from 102.3 +/- 43.3 ml preoperatively to 22.6 +/- 16.3 ml after the operation (P < 0.01). However in the TURP group the average IPSS decreased from 26.9 +/- 4.2 preoperatively to 10.8 +/- 3.6 6 months after the operation (P < 0.01), the Q (max) increased from 5.7 +/- 2.4 ml/s preoperatively to 19.1 +/- 3.7 ml/s postoperatively (P < 0.01), and the average RU decreased from 102.3 +/- 43.3 ml preoperatively to 22.6 +/- 16.3 ml after the operation (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in these parameters between these 2 groups (all P > 0.05). The average catheter retention time was 31.5 h in the PKRP, significantly shorter than that in the TURP group (61.5 hours, P < 0.01). The incidence rate of post-operational asynodia in the PKRP group was 14.3%, not significantly different from that in the TURP group (15.2%, P > 0.05). During the operation no hemorrhage or transurethral resection syndrome (TURS) occurred in the PKRP group, however, there were 5 cases of TURS and 18 cases of blood transfusion in the TURP group. CONCLUSION: PKRP has the same therapeutic efficacy as TURP on BPH. Moreover, it was more cheaper and with lower complication than TURP.

Dynamic expression of miR-206-3p during mouse skin development is independent of keratinocyte differentiation.

MicroRNA-206 (miR-206), the homolog of which in mice is termed miR-206-3p, is a muscle-specific miRNA known to be important in the development of skeletal muscle, and is involved in smooth muscle innervation of the airway through the post­transcriptional suppression of brain­derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf). miR­206­3p is also expressed at significant levels in adult and embryonic skin; however, its functional roles in adult skin and during skin development remain to be fully elucidated. In the present study, the spatiotemporal expression of miR­206­3p and its target­gene, Bdnf, during mouse skin development were investigated. The expression level of miR­206­3p increased from 13.5 days postcoitus (dpc), peaked at 17.5 dpc and declined following birth. The observed temporal profile of the expression of miR­206­3p was accompanied by an inverse change in the protein expression levels of BDNF. However, the mRNA expression levels of Bdnf did not parallel those of BDNF protein. The localization of the expression of miR­206­3p was similar, or located near that of ubiquitin carboxyl­terminal hydrolase L1 during skin development. An in vitro keratinocyte model demonstrated no significant differences between primary and differentiated keratinocytes in the expression levels of either miR­206­3p (P=0.227) or Bdnf (mRNA, P=0.118; mature BDNF, P=0.106; pro­BDNF, P=0.905). These findings indicate a potential role for miR­206­3p in cutaneous innervation, which largely relies on BDNF neurotrophic support and is independent of keratinocyte differentiation. The results of the present study suggested that this novel mechanism may be targeted for developing potential therapeutic approaches.

Guard of delinquency? A role of microglia in inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases of the CNS.

Activation of microglia and inflammation-mediated neurotoxicity are believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders, including multiple sclerosis. Studies demonstrate complex functions of activated microglia that can lead to either beneficial or detrimental outcomes, depending on the form and the timing of activation. Combined with genetic and environmental factors, overactivation and dysregulation of microglia cause progressive neurotoxic consequences which involve a vicious cycle of neuron injury and unregulated neuroinflammation. Thus, modulation of microglial activation appears to be a promising new therapeutic target. While current therapies do attempt to block activation of microglia, they indiscriminately inhibit inflammation thus also curbing beneficial effects of inflammation and delaying recovery. Multiple signaling cascades, often cross-talking, are involved in every step of microglial activation. One of the key challenges is to understand the molecular mechanisms controlling cytokine expression and phagocytic activity, as well as cell-specific consequences of dysregulated cytokine expression. Further, a better understanding of how the integration of multiple cytokine signals influences the function or activity of individual microglia remains an important research objective to identify potential therapeutic targets for clinical intervention to promote repair.

Human amnion mesenchymal cells negative co-stimulatory molecules PD-L1 expression and its capacity of modulating microglial activation of CNS.

The objective of this study is to investigate the negative immunomodulatory capacity of human amniotic mesenchymal cells (AMSCs) and their possible intrinsic mechanism, by which we can confirm that they modulate microglial activation of central nervous system from multiple perspectives at the molecular level. The identification of the immune phenotype of AMSCs and microglial cells was executed by immunohistochemical methods and flow cytometry. Meanwhile, the influence and mechanism of amniotic mesenchymal cells in vitro on proliferation, cell cycle, and cytokine release of activated microglia (MI) would be detected by ELISA, ß-liquid scintillation counting method, and flow cytometry. Human amnion mesenchymal cells highly expressed negative co-stimulatory molecules PD-L1, while its ligand PD1 was expressed with high level by activated MI. When adding the PD-L1mAb to the mixed culture system composed of AMSCs and activated MI, the proliferation inhibitory effect and the cycle-blocking effect produced by the former on the latter would be partially reversed; at the same time, the impact of the latter cytokine secretion would be adjusted. As a conclusion, AMSCs play inhibitory effects on microglial activation, proliferation, and immune effects partially through the PD-L1-PD1 signaling pathways.

Gradual and controlled decompression for brain swelling due to severe head injury.

Patients suffering from uncontrollable intracranial hypertension due to posttraumatic brain swelling (BS) generally either die or survive in an extremely disabled state. Decompressive craniectomy (DC) with dural augmentation may be the best method to assist these patients. However, the efficacy of DC on functional outcomes remains controversial. One of the factors contributing to poor outcomes could be intraoperative brain extrusion, which is an acute potential complication of DC. The authors have adopted a new surgical technique for traumatic BS that can prevent and control massive intraoperative BS (IOS). In the past 3 years, the authors have used a unique technique, called "gradual and controlled decompression", in the treatment of posttraumatic BS. This procedure consists of creating numerous small dural openings and removing clots; enlarging fenestration in the frontal and temporal basal regions to detect and treat brain contusion; making U-shaped, discontinuous, small dural incisions around the circumference of the craniotomy; and performing an augmentation duraplasty through the discontinuous small opening with dural prosthetic substances. This technique has been employed in 23 patients suffering from posttraumatic BS. In all cases, IOS was prevented and controlled through gradual stepwise decompression, and expanded duraplasty was performed successfully. This new surgical approach for posttraumatic BS can prevent severe extrusion of the brain through the craniotomy defect and allows the gradual and gentle release of the subdural space. Further clinical studies should be conducted to estimate the impact of this new technique on morbidity and mortality rates.

Enhancement of DEN-induced liver tumourigenesis in hepatocyte-specific Lass2-knockout mice coincident with upregulation of the TGF-ß1-Smad4-PAI-1 axis.

Longevity assurance homolog 2 of yeast LAG1 (Lass2) gene is capable of suppressing the proliferation and metastasis of several types of tumours including liver cancer. In the present study, hepatocyte-specific Lass2-knockout (Lass2 KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were exposed to the carcinogen, diethylnitrosamine (DEN), to induced liver tumours. At week 23 following DEN injection, tumours were produced in 100% of the Lass2 KO mice and 21.4% of the WT mice. At week 40, 100% of the Lass2 KO mice and 78.6% of the WT mice developed tumours, with no distinct significant difference in tumour occurrences between the two genotypes; yet, tumours in the Lass2 KO mouse livers were more numerous and larger in size. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was confirmed by α-fetoprotein (AFP). PCNA and EdU assays indicated more active proliferation whereas TUNEL assay revealed decreased apoptosis in Lass2 KO livers, when compared with the WT control. The expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), a tumour-promoting gene, in the liver tissues of the 2 genotypes was detected using qPCR and western blotting, showing that PAI-1 levels were significantly elevated in Lass2 KO livers at week 40 following DEN introduction. Moreover, the expression of PAI-1-related TGF-ß1, Smad-4 and -7 was detected, displaying an elevation in TGF-ß1 and Smad-4 (not including Smad-7) in the Lass2 KO livers. Our data demonstrates that i) Lass2 is a protective gene against DEN-induced liver tumourigenesis; and ii) upregulation of the TGF-ß1-Smad4-PAI-1 axis may contribute to the vulnerability of Lass2-knockout mice to DEN.