Developing new ways to assess neural control of pelvic organ function in spinal conditions: ICI-RS 2023.

OBJECTIVES: Several central nervous system (CNS) centers affect muscle groups of the lower urinary tract (LUT) and anorectal tract (ART) via autonomic and somatic pathways, working in different modes (storage or expulsion). Hence spinal cord dysfunction can affect the LUT and ART by several possible mechanisms. METHODS: This review reports the discussions of a workshop at the 2023 meeting of the International Consultation on Incontinence Research Society, which reviewed uncertainties and research priorities of spinal dysfunction. RESULTS: Discussion focussed on the levator ani nerve, mechanisms underpinning sensory function and sensation, functional imaging, dyssynergia, and experimental models. The following key research questions were identified. (1) Clinically, how can we evaluate the levator ani muscle to support assessment and identify prognosis for effective treatment selection? (2) How can we reliably measure levator ani tone? (3) How can we evaluate sensory information and sensation for the LUT and the ART? (4) What is the role of functional CNS imaging in development of scientific insights and clinical evaluation? (5) What is the relationship of detrusor sphincter dyssynergia to renal failure? CONCLUSIONS: Spinal cord dysfunction can fundamentally disrupt LUT and ART function, with considerable clinical impact. The evaluation needs to reflect the full scope of potential problems, and new clinical and diagnostic approaches are needed, for prognosis and treatment. The preclinical science evaluating spinal cord function in both LUT and ART storage and elimination remains a major priority, even though it is a challenging experimental context. Without this underpinning evidence, development of new clinical evidence may be held back.

Overactive bladder (OAB): a failed concept needing revision to accommodate an external anatomical control system.

THESIS AND AIMS: In 45 years, the definitions and practice of the urodynamically based overactive bladder (OAB)/detrusor overactivity (DO) system have failed to adequately address pathogenesis and cure of urinary urge incontinence, frequency and nocturia. METHODS: We analysed the OAB syndrome with reference to the Integral Theory paradigm's (ITS) binary feedback system, where OAB in the female is viewed as a prematurely activated, but otherwise normal micturition caused mainly, but not entirely, by ligament damage/laxity. The ITS Clinical Assessment Pathway which details the relationships between structural damage (prolapse), ligaments and dysfunction (symptoms) is introduced. RESULTS: The ITS was able to "better explain" OAB pathophysiology in anatomical terms with reference to the binary model. The phasic patterns diagnostic of "detrusor overactivity" are explained as a struggle for control by the closure and micturition reflexes. The exponentially determined relationship between urethral diameter and flow explains why obstructive patterns occur, why they do not and why urine may leak with no recorded pressure. Mechanically supporting ligaments ("simulated operations") during urodynamic testing can improve low urethral pressure, negative pressure during coughing with SUI and diminish urge sensation or even DO patterns, transforming urodynamics from non-predictive test to accurate predictor of continence surgery results. High cure rates for OAB by daycare repair of damaged ligaments is a definitive test of the binary system's validity. CONCLUSION: Conceptual progression of OAB to the Integral Theory paradigms's prematurely activated micturition validates OAB component symptoms as a syndrome, explains pathogenesis, and unlocks a new way of understanding, diagnosing, treating and researching OAB.

An anatomical pathogenesis of lower urinary tract definitions from the 2002 ICS report symptoms, conditions, syndromes, urodynamics.

AIM: To present an anatomical pathogenesis parallel with the 2002 International Continence Society Lower Urinary Tract (LUTS) definitions standardization Report 2002. METHODS: Each LUTS section is discussed using the same numbers as the Report. RESULTS: Normal function Bladder control is binary, with two reflexes alternating, either closure (dominant) or open (micturition), with the same cortical and peripheral components: three directional muscle forces contracting against pubourethral (PUL) and uterosacral (USL) ligaments for closure, two against uterosacral ligaments for micturition. Dysfunction OAB symptoms reflect a prematurely activated micturition; PUL/USL weakness prevents muscle forces from controlling afferent urothelial emptying signals. Stress urinary incontinence is a consequence of weak PULs allowing posterior muscle forces to open the urethra during effort. Lax USLs weaken contractile force of the posterior urethral opening vectors, so detrusor has to contract against an unopened urethra. This is experienced as "obstructive micturition." CONCLUSIONS: Anatomical analysis indicates the ICS definitions are fundamentally sound, except for "OAB" which implies detrusor causation. Minor changes, OAB to "overactivated" bladder allow causation outside of bladder. This construct supports OAB and its component symptoms as a syndrome, as intuited by the Committee, (albeit as a prematurely activated micturition), retains the acronym, explains OAB cure by ligament repair, and incontinence pathogenesis from two post-2002 syndromes which need an addition to the definitions, Posterior Fornix Syndrome (of which OAB is a component) and Tethered Vagina Syndrome, which is the basis for skin-grafting cure of the 30%-50% of women who continue leaking urine massively after successful obstetric fistula closure.

Defining urge as an uncontrolled micturition explains pathogenesis, informs cure and helps solve the burgeoning OAB crisis.

BACKGROUND: Parallel with the demographic ageing crisis, is a disabling overactive bladder (OAB) crisis (urgency/frequency/nocturia), 30% prevalence in older women, pathogenesis stated as unknown and, according to some learned societies, incurable. HYPOTHESIS/AIMS: To review International Continence Society and Integral System paradigms to test our thesis that OAB per se is not a pathological condition, rather, a prematurely activated uncontrolled micturition; pathogenesis being anatomical damage in a nonlinear feedback control system comprising cortical and peripheral (muscle/ligament) components. METHODS: We examined studies from basic science, anatomy, urodynamics, ultrasonic and video xrays, ligament repairs, from which we created a nonlinear binary model of bladder function. We applied a Chaos Theory feedback equation, Xnext = Xc(1 - X) to test our hypothesis against existing concepts and hypotheses for OAB pathogenesis. RESULTS: The bladder has ONLY two modes, EITHER closed OR open (micturition). Closure is reflexly controlled cortically and peripherally: muscles contracting against ligaments stretch the vagina to suppress afferent signals to micturate from urothelial stretch receptors. "OAB" can be caused by anatomical damage anywhere in the model, by childbirth or age-weakened ligaments, which can be repaired to cure all three OAB symptoms. Urodynamic "DO" graphs are interpreted anatomically and by the feedback equation. CONCLUSION: OAB is in crisis. Our thesis of OAB as an uncontrolled micturition from anatomical defects in the bladder control system provides fresh directions for further development of new treatments, nonsurgical and surgical, to help break the crisis and bring hope and cure to 600 million women sufferers.

What do X-ray images of the bladder during video urodynamics show us in patients with spinal cord injury?

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective anonymized cohort study. OBJECTIVES: To study X-ray images of video urodynamics (VUD) in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING: Single-center study. METHODS: X-ray images during VUD were categorized. Relation with the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS), time since and level of SCI, cystometric data, method of bladder management, findings of flexible cystoscopy, and renal ultrasound were evaluated. Changes over time were studied. RESULTS: In 231 consecutive patients, VUD was done at a mean of 8.5 years after SCI. X3-ray bladder appearance was categorized as normal/standard, tonic, or flaccid. In 19 patients, specific findings were seen: diverticula, cystocele, vesicoureteral reflux. X-ray images differed by maximum cystometric capacity, presence of neurogenic detrusor overactivity, and maximum detrusor pressure during detrusor overactivity, but not by bladder compliance. There was no difference in the categories found in different levels and completeness of SCI. In the 23 patients able to void no pathology was seen on urethral images. Renal ultrasound was normal in >99%. In 86 patients, repeated testing after 72 ± 143 weeks showed changed findings in 30%. Cystoscopy showed significantly more local pathologies. CONCLUSION: Complications in the lower urinary tract were seen on imaging only in a limited number of our cohort. As our findings represent a real-life example of the actual yield of VUD in patients with neurogenic bladder due to SCI treated following the international guidelines, further multicentre evaluation is needed to determine when imaging should be used or not.

Combining different evaluations of sensation to assess the afferent innervation of the lower urinary tract after SCI.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVES: To study a combination of three evaluations of sensation in the lower urinary tract (LUT) in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING: University Antwerp Belgium, Unicenter study. METHODS: Evaluation of perineal sensation with light digital touch, reporting of filling sensation during a standardised urodynamic investigation and determination of the electrical perception threshold (EPT) were evaluated in patients with SCI. RESULTS: 150 individuals were included: 97 men and 53 women, mean age 46 ± 17 years. Patients had different levels and completeness of SCI, and different techniques for bladder emptying. Seventy-four patients (49%) reported sensation to touch in the perineal area. Sensation of bladder filling was reported in different patterns by 81 patients (54%). EPT was determined in 69 patients of which 50 (72%) reported sensation in different patterns. The outcome of absence/presence of sensation between the three tests differed greatly: with perineal sensation absent 53% had filling sensation (p = 0.040) and 58% positive EPT (p = 0.009). With filling sensation absent 59% had EPT sensation (not significant). Perineal sensation was strongly associated with level and completeness of SCI, while a significant association existed for filling sensations FSF, FDV, SDV and EPT in the distal urethra. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that different evaluations of sensation in the LUT of individuals with SCI complement each other. and we therefore propose combined use in the urological evaluation of patients with SCI to allow a more complete picture of the LUT sensations.

Should we be revisiting LUT basic science and clinical measurement of LUT sensation to improve patient care? ICI-RS 2019.

AIMS: This article reviews current knowledge of the underpinning mechanisms of how the bladder senses fullness locally and also revisits clinical measurements of lower urinary tract sensation. The former represents cellular sensing during bladder filling whereas the latter describes the sensations leading to conscious perception of bladder fullness. METHODS: The topic was discussed in a "think tank" session at the 2019 International Consultation on Incontinence-Research Symposium in Bristol, UK; summarized in the present review. RESULTS: Recent advances in the basic science of bladder sensing relating to (a) the bladder wall-urothelial cells, sensory nerves, interstitial cells, and smooth muscle cells and (b) putative chemo/mechanosensors in the urethra-paraneurons or "brush cells" are discussed. Validated clinical measurement of lower urinary tract sensation is reviewed in the context of how this could be better harnessed for patient benefit. We discuss the potential of app/tablet/mobile technology based on triggers and distractors to override aberrant local sensing/higher sensation and how these technologies could be utilized in treatment. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that a better understanding of bladder sensation is essential to inform clinical management of lower urinary tract symptoms.

GAG replenishment therapy for bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis.

AIMS: To present a rationale for the inclusion of urothelial coating dysfunction in the etipathogenesis of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) and the preclinical and clinical evidence in support of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) replenishment therapy in the treatment of BPS/IC, supplemented by the clinical experience of medical experts in the field and patient advocates attending a symposium on GAG replenishment at ESSIC'17, the annual Meeting of the International Society for the Study of Bladder Pain Syndrome, held in Budapest, Hungary in 2017. RESULTS: The urothelial GAG layer has a primary role in providing a permeability barrier to prevent penetration of urinary toxins and pathogens into the bladder wall. Disruption of the GAG layer contributes to the development of BPS/IC. The evidence shows that replenishment of GAGs can restore the GAG layer in BPS/IC, reducing inflammation, pain, and other symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Although data from large randomized controlled studies are limited, long clinical observation and the experience of clinicians and patients support the beneficial effects of intravesical GAG replenishment therapy for providing symptomatic relief for patients with BPS/IC.

Surgical management of the neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury.

PURPOSE: This work represents the efforts of the SIU-ICUD workgroup on this topic and comprehensive literature search of English language manuscripts regarding urologic surgery in spinal cord injury using key words of urologic surgery and spinal cord injury. Articles were compiled, and recommendations in the chapter are based on group discussion and intensive communication. The purpose is to review what has been published during the last decades on urological surgery for neurogenic bladder after spinal cord injury. METHODS: Surgical techniques applied in spinal cord injured patients for neurogenic bladder dysfunction have been reviewed and the published material evaluated. RESULTS: There are several techniques that can be used to treat neurogenic dysfunctions and symptoms in refractory cases where conservative treatment failed. The number of publications is small as are the number of patients with spinal cord injury in which they have been performed. The choice of techniques proposed to the patients depends on the exact functional pathology in bladder, bladder neck and urethral sphincter. The final informed choice will be made by the patient. CONCLUSION: There are surgical urological techniques available to treat neurologic dysfunctions in spinal cord injured patients.

A randomized, controlled clinical trial of an intravesical pressure-attenuation balloon system for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in females.

AIMS: Evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a novel pressure-attenuation balloon for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence (SUI) using a prospective, randomized, single-blind, multi-center design, evaluated at 3 months. METHODS: Sixty-three females with SUI were randomized 2:1 to treatment with a balloon (N = 41) or sham procedure (N = 22). The sham (control) entailed the same procedure without the deployment of a balloon. Endpoints were evaluated at 3 months and included a composite endpoint that required both ≥10 point increase in the 22-item Incontinence Quality of Life Survey (I-QOL) and ≥50% decrease in provocative pad weight. Additional endpoints included incontinence episode frequency, and PGII assessment. RESULTS: In an ITT analysis, 63% of women in the treatment group achieved the composite endpoint, compared to 31% in the Control Group (P = 0.0200). In a per protocol analysis, 81% of women in the treatment arm had a 50% decrease in pad weight test vs. 45% in the Control Group (P = 0.0143); 41.6% of the treatment patients were dry on pad weight test (≤1gram) vs. 0% in the Control Group (P < 0.001), and 58% of treated patients reported improvement on a PGII assessment versus 25% of women in the Control Group (P = 0.025). Adverse events in the treatment group included dysuria (14.6%), gross hematuria (9.8%), and UTI (7.3%). CONCLUSIONS: This minimally invasive treatment for female SUI with an intravesical pressure-attenuation balloon was safe and effective. The concept of pressure attenuation as a therapy for SUI is valid and feasible for those patients that can tolerate the balloon.

Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction: Clinical management recommendations of the Neurologic Incontinence committee of the fifth International Consultation on Incontinence 2013.

BACKGROUND: Evidence-based guidelines for the management of neurological disease and lower urinary tract dysfunction have been produced by the International Consultations on Incontinence (ICI). These are comprehensive guidelines, and were developed to have world-wide relevance. AIMS: To update clinical management of neurogenic bladder dysfunction from the recommendations of the fourth ICI, 2009. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A series of evidence reviews and updates were performed by members of the working group. The resulting guidelines were presented at the 2012 meeting of the European Association of Urology for consultation, and consequently amended to deliver evidence-based conclusions and recommendations in 2013. RESULTS: The current review is a synthesis of the conclusions and recommendations, including the algorithms for initial and specialized management of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. The pathophysiology is categorized according to the nature of onset of neurological disease and the part(s) of the nervous system affected. Assessment requires clinical evaluation, general investigations, and specialized testing. Treatment primarily focuses on ensuring safety of the patient and optimizing quality of life. Symptom management covers conservative and interventional measures to aid urine storage and bladder emptying, along with containment of incontinence. A multidisciplinary approach to management is essential. DISCUSSION: The review offers a pragmatic review of management in the context of complex pathophysiology and varied evidence base. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:657-665, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Can intraurethral stimulation inhibit micturition reflex in normal female rats?

OBJECTIVE: The study was designed to determine the effect of low frequency (2.5Hz) intraurethral electrical stimulation on bladder capacity and maximum voiding pressures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The experiments were conducted in 15 virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats (220-250g). The animals were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of urethane (1.5g/kg). Animal care and experimental procedures were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Antwerp University (code: 2013-50). Unipolar square pulses of 0.06mA were used to stimulate urethra at frequency of 2.5Hz (0.2ms pulse width) in order to evaluate the ability of intraurethral stimulation to inhibit bladder contractions. Continuous stimulation and intermitente stimulation with 5sec ''on'' and 5sec ''off'' duty cycle were applied during repeated saline cystometrograms (CMGs). Maximum voiding pressures (MVP) and bladder capacity were investigated to determine the inhibitory effect on bladder contraction induced by intraurethral stimulation. RESULTS: The continuous stimulation and intermittent stimulation significantly (p<0.05) decreased MVP and increased bladder capacity. There was no significant difference in MVP and bladder capacity between continuous and intermittent stimulation group. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest that 2.5Hz continuous and intermittent intraurethral stimulation can inhibit micturition reflex, decrease MVP and increase bladder capacity. There was no significant difference in MVP and bladder capacity between continuous and intermittent stimulation group.

Knowledge of the pelvic floor in menopausal women and in peripartum women.

[Purpose] Pelvic floor dysfunction is an important health-care issue, with pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause as the most important risk factors. Insufficient knowledge about pelvic floor dysfunction is the largest barrier to seeking care. The aim of this study was to investigate the level of knowledge and information on pelvic floor dysfunction in peripartum and menopausal women. [Subjects and Methods] The present study was a cross-sectional survey. A valid and reliable questionnaire of 48 items was distributed to 402 women who were pregnant or had recently given birth and to 165 postmenopausal women. All answers were analyzed and interpreted. The study was approved by an ethics committee (B300201318334). [Results] On a VAS scale of 0 to 10, the mean ratings of the peripartum and postmenopausal women concerning their knowledge were 4.38 (SD 2.71) and 4.92 (SD 2.72). Peripartum women held significantly more pessimistic perceptions about the occurrence of postpartum pelvic floor dysfunction. The results showed that 75% of the peripartum women and 68% of the postmenopausal women felt insufficiently informed or want to get better informed. [Conclusion] The results reveal sparse knowledge about the pelvic floor among women of all ages and that a major proportion of them would be interested in more information. Amelioration of common knowledge could improve help-seeking behavior in women.

Knowledge of the pelvic floor in nulliparous women.

[Purpose] Proper pelvic floor function is important to avoid serious dysfunctions including incontinence, prolapse, and sexual problems. The current study evaluated the knowledge of young nulliparous women about their pelvic floor and identified what additional information they wanted. [Subjects and Methods] In this cross-sectional survey, a validated, 36 item questionnaire was distributed to 212 nulliparous women. The questionnaire addressed demography, pelvic floor muscles, pelvic floor dysfunction, and possible information sources. Descriptive statistics were generated for all variables. Stability and validity testing were performed using Kappa statistics and intra class correlation coefficients to define agreement for each question. The study was approved by the ethics Committee (B300201318334). [Results] Using a VAS scale (0 to 10), the women rated their knowledge about the pelvic floor as a mean of 2.4 (SD 2.01). A total of 93% of the women were insufficiently informed and requested more information; 25% had concerns about developing urinary incontinence, and 14% about fecal incontinence. Many of the women were unaware what pelvic floor training meant. [Conclusion] There was a significant lack of knowledge about pelvic floor function among nulliparous women. The majority of nulliparous women expressed a need for education, which might offer a way to reduce dysfunction.

Response Properties of Urethral Distension Evoked Unifiber Afferent Potentials in the Lower Urinary Tract.

PURPOSE: It is well known that afferent input from the urethra can modulate bladder function. Nevertheless, little is known about the functional properties of urethral afferents. In the current study we investigated the effect of urethral distension on single fiber afferent activities of the lower urinary tract in the female rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Female Sprague Dawley® rats were anesthetized. Single fiber afferent activities were recorded from the left L6 dorsal root and classified by conduction velocity. The response of pelvic and pudendal units on urethral distension (60 seconds) was measured. Two distension diameters were measured in the proximal and the distal urethra. RESULTS: A total of 93 pelvic and 72 pudendal units were isolated in 15 rats. Of the units 20 (8 pelvic and 12 pudendal) were responsive to urethral distension. Three patterns of response could be distinguished, including a fast adapting and 2 groups of slow adapting afferents. The largest grade of distension resulted in the greatest response in both nerves. Five pelvic and 3 pudendal units responded exclusively to proximal distension, 2 pelvic and 5 pudendal units responded to distal distension, and 1 pelvic and 4 pudendal units responded to both types of distension. The responses were reproducible. No association was found between the type of nerve and the location of the response to distension. CONCLUSIONS: This electrophysiological study demonstrates the presence of urethral distension evoked afferents in the pelvic and pudendal nerves, and describes their response to distension. Differences in sensory signaling in type and in location were demonstrated. The current technique can be used for further investigation of urethral afferents.

Exploring associations between lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and gastrointestinal (GI) problems in women: a study in women with urological and GI problems vs a control population.

OBJECTIVES: To study the prevalence of self-reported lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in women consulting a Gastroenterology clinic with complaints of functional constipation (FC), fecal incontinence (FI) or both, compared with a female control population. Also, to study the influence of FC, FI, or both on self-reported LUTS in women attending a Urology clinic. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We present a retrospective study of data collected through a validated self-administered bladder and bowel symptom questionnaire in a tertiary referral hospital from three different female populations: 104 controls, 159 gastroenterological patients and 410 urological patients. Based on the reported bowel symptoms, patients were classified as having FC, FI, a combination of both, or, no FC or FI. LUTS were compared between the control population and the gastroenterological patients, and between urological patients with and without concomitant gastroenterological complaints. Results were corrected for possible confounders through logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of LUTS in the control population was similar to large population-based studies. Nocturia was significantly more prevalent in gastroenterological patients with FI compared with the control population [odds ratio (OR) 9.1]. Female gastroenterological patients with FC more often reported straining to void (OR 10.3), intermittency (OR 5.5), need to immediately re-void (OR 3.7) and feeling of incomplete emptying (OR 10.5) compared with the control population. In urological patients, urgency (94%) and urgency urinary incontinence (UUI, 54% of UI) were reported more often by patients with FI than by patients without gastroenterological complaints (58% and 30% of UI respectively), whereas intermittency (OR 3.6), need to immediately re-void (OR 2.2) and feeling of incomplete emptying (OR 2.2) were reported more often by patients with FC than by patients without gastroenterological complaints. CONCLUSION: As LUTS are reported significantly more often by female gastroenterological patients than by a control population, and as there is a difference in self-reported LUTS between female urological patients with different concomitant gastroenterological complaints, we suggest that general practitioners, gastroenterologists and urologists should always include the assessment of symptoms of the other pelvic organ system in their patient evaluation. The clinical correlations between bowel symptoms and LUTS may be explained by underlying neurological mechanisms.

Variability of pudendal and median nerve sensory perception thresholds in healthy persons.

BACKGROUND: Normative current perception thresholds (CPTs) are used for the evaluation of sensory function in a variety of diseases. AIMS: To evaluate the reproducibility of CPT measurements with sinusoidal current in healthy volunteers. METHODS: Neuroselective CPT evaluations of the median and pudendal nerve in healthy volunteers were repeated with 1 week interval (T1 and T2). RESULTS: In the study group (N = 41) no difference between genders for age (MW-U: P = 0.91) and BMI (t-test: P = 0.18) were found. No significant difference between T1 and T2 was found (Paired t-test: all P-values > 0.05), although the intraclass correlation for each person was low. The variability of measures for the pudendal nerve was: ICC 2 kHz: 0.41; 250 Hz: 0.30; 5 Hz: 0.38, and for the median nerve respectively: 0.58; 0.46; 0.40. Normal CPTs were shown for the pudendal nerve: 2 kHz: 51%; 250 Hz: 76%; 5 Hz: 71%, and median nerve respectively: 78%; 98%; 80%. The pudendal nerve showed more deviating values compared to the median nerve. CONCLUSION: Both nerves showed deviating values. CPT values with sinusoidal current assessed with 1 week interval, showed a weak intraclass correlation. This finding limits the use of CPT values with this current for longitudinal studies.

Pelvic floor awareness and the positive effect of verbal instructions in 958 women early postdelivery.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: It is uncertain how reliable a personal belief is about the ability to do pelvic floor muscle (PFM) contractions early postdelivery and how instructional feedback affects pelvic floor muscle contraction (PFMC) performance. We hypothesize that many women do not have a reliable idea about PFMC and that instructional feedback can help improve their control. METHODS: Prospective observational study in 958 women (median 30 years) early postdelivery PFMC was evaluated with visual observation: an inward movement of the perineum was accepted as sign of good contraction. The women who could not show PFMC three consecutive times got verbal instructions, and re-evaluation was afterward. RESULTS: In 500 women, no inward movement of the perineum was observed: 275 women (29%) showed no movement at all, and 225 women (24%) showed some movement but no inward displacement. In 33.4%, the personal conviction to be able or not to perform PFMC proved false. After verbal instructions, 74% improved their PFMC. CONCLUSIONS: The belief of doing correct PFM contraction was false in at least one of five postpartum women. Verbal instructions have a positive effect on performing PFMC in 73.6% of women.

Mechanisms of pelvic organ cross-talk: impact of urethral ligation on the inhibitory rectovesical reflex.

PURPOSE: The existence of an inhibitory rectovesical reflex elicited by noxious colorectal afferent input was previously documented in an isovolumetric cystometry model with a ligated urethra. We compared the effect of noxious colorectal distension on bladder cystometry with an open and a ligated urethra. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used female Sprague Dawley® rats anesthetized with urethane. The effect of noxious (60 mm Hg) colorectal distension on intermittent and continuous cystometry with an open urethra was studied and then compared to inhibiting isovolumetric bladder contractions in the same rat after ligating the urethra. We evaluated volume, the pressure micturition threshold, the intercontraction interval, bladder contraction frequency and amplitude of micturition contractions. RESULTS: Noxious colorectal distension at 60 mm Hg did not significantly influence volume or the pressure micturition threshold during intermittent cystometry. It also did not influence the pressure micturition threshold, the intercontraction interval or bladder contraction frequency during continuous cystometry. After urethral ligation 60 mm Hg colorectal distension inhibited isovolumetric bladder contraction frequency in the same rat (mean ± SEM 0.363 ± 0.207 vs 0.886 ± 0.106 contractions per minute, p <0.05). This inhibition persisted a mean of 289.08 ± 91.24 seconds after deflating the rectal balloon. CONCLUSIONS: The inhibitory rectovesical reflex elicited by noxious colorectal distension clearly occurred in an isovolumetric bladder model with a ligated urethra but only to a negligible extent in filling related voiding contractions. Our results suggest that the inhibitory rectovesical reflex, most likely at the level of the lumbosacral spinal cord, is the result of an additive noxious urethral and colonic afferent stimulus.