Nephrectomy and high-salt diet inducing pulmonary hypertension and kidney damage by increasing Ang II concentration in rats.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant risk factor for pulmonary hypertension (PH), a complication that adversely affects patient prognosis. However, the mechanisms underlying this association remain poorly understood. A major obstacle to progress in this field is the lack of a reliable animal model replicating CKD-PH. METHODS: This study aimed to establish a stable rat model of CKD-PH. We employed a combined approach, inducing CKD through a 5/6 nephrectomy and concurrently exposing the rats to a high-salt diet. The model's hemodynamics were evaluated dynamically, alongside a comprehensive assessment of pathological changes in multiple organs. Lung tissues and serum samples were collected from the CKD-PH rats to analyze the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), evaluate the activity of key vascular components within the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and characterize alterations in the serum metabolic profile. RESULTS: At 14 weeks post-surgery, the CKD-PH rats displayed significant changes in hemodynamic parameters indicative of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Additionally, right ventricular hypertrophy was observed. Notably, no evidence of pulmonary vascular remodeling was found. Further analysis revealed RAAS dysregulation and downregulated ACE2 expression within the pulmonary vascular endothelium of CKD-PH rats. Moreover, the serum metabolic profile of these animals differed markedly from the sham surgery group. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension in CKD-PH rats is likely a consequence of a combined effect: RAAS dysregulation, decreased ACE2 expression in pulmonary vascular endothelial cells, and metabolic disturbances.

Real-Time Monitoring of SO2 Emissions Using a UV Camera with Built-in NO2 and Aerosol Corrections.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) absorption correction of the sulfur dioxide (SO2) camera was demonstrated for the first time. The key to improving the measurement accuracy is to combine a differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) instrument with the SO2 camera for the real-time NO2 absorption correction and aerosol scattering correction. This method performs NO2 absorption correction by the correlation between the NO2 column density measurement of the DOAS and the NO2 optical depth of the corresponding channel from the SO2 camera at a narrow wavelength window around 310 and 310 nm. The error of correction method is estimated through comparison with only using the second channel of the traditional SO2 camera to correct for aerosol scattering and it can be reduced by 11.3% after NO2 absorption corrections. We validate the correction method through experiments and demonstrate it to be of greatly improved accuracy. The result shows that the ultraviolet (UV) SO2 camera system with NO2 absorption corrections appears to have great application prospects as a technology for visualized real-time monitoring of SO2 emissions.

Development of a self-calibration method for real-time monitoring of SO2 ship emissions with UV cameras.

Self-calibration of UV cameras was demonstrated for the first time. This novel method has the capability of real-time continuous calibration by using the raw images at 310 nm and 330 nm without changing the viewing direction or adding any additional equipment. The methodology was verified through simulations and experiments and demonstrated to be of greatly improved effectiveness and accuracy. The errors of self-calibration mothed are estimated by comparison with the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) approach, and it can be reduced to 1.8% after filter transmittance corrections. The results show that the self-calibration method appears to have great potential as a future technique for quantitative and visual real-time monitoring of SO2 emissions from ships and other point sources (such as oil refineries, power plants, or more broadly, any industrial stack) when the field of view (FOV) of the system is not completely covered by the SO2 plumes.

Real-time continuous calibration method for an ultraviolet camera.

The accuracy of SO2 cameras is significantly determined by the ability to obtain an accurate calibration. This work presents a real-time continuous calibration method for SO2 cameras with a moderate resolution spectrometer by taking realistic radiative transfer into account. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method have been verified through simulations and experiments. The calibration error can be reduced by about 20-80% compared with the commonly used cell calibration, especially for situations of long distance, poor visibility, or optically thick plumes.

Development of an imaging gas correlation spectrometry based mid-infrared camera for two-dimensional mapping of CO in vehicle exhausts.

Real-time imaging of CO in vehicle exhaust was demonstrated using a gas correlation spectrometry based mid-infrared camera for the first time. The novel gas-correlation imaging technique is used to eliminate the spectral interferences from background radiation and other major combustion products, and reduce the influences of the optical jitter and temperature variations, thereby identifying and quantifying the gas. We take several spectral factors into account for the instrument design, concentration calibration and data evaluation, including atmospheric transmission, radiation interference, as well as the spectral response of infrared camera, filter and gas cell. A calibration method based on the molecular spectroscopy and radiative transfer equation is developed to identify the numerical relationship between the CO concentration × length and the measured image intensity. Two-dimensional CO distribution of vehicle exhaust with a time resolution of 50 Hz and detection limit of 20 ppm × meter is achieved when the distance between optical equipment and engine nozzle is 3 m. The gas correlation spectrometry based mid-infrared camera shows a great potential as a future technique to monitor vehicle pollution emissions quantitatively and visually.

2D visualization of hot gas based on a mid-infrared molecular Faraday imaging filter.

This Letter presents recent results on, to the best of our knowledge, the first experimental demonstration of a mid-infrared molecular Faraday imaging filter (MOFIF)-based camera for hot gas visualization. Gas-phase nitric oxide (NO) is used as the working material of the MOFIF due to the fact that NO is the typical representative of the paramagnetic species and plays an important role in the chemical and physical process of combustion reaction. The MOFIF transmission with comb-like transmittance spectrum is elaborately designed and matches well with the radiation spectrum of NO gas. Pure NO infrared images have been well captured in a combustion environment, and shown as a video that demonstrates the imaging capability and gas selectivity of MOFIF.

Demonstration of a mid-infrared NO molecular Faraday optical filter.

A molecular Faraday optical filter (MFOF) working in the mid-infrared region is realized for the first time. NO molecule was used as the working material of the MFOF for potential applications in atmospheric remote sensing and combustion diagnosis. We develop a complete theory to describe the performance of MFOF by taking both Zeeman absorption and Faraday rotation into account. We also record the Faraday rotation transmission (FRT) signal using a quantum cascade laser over the range of 1,820 cm-1 to 1,922 cm-1 and calibrate it by using a 101.6 mm long solid germanium etalon with a free spectral range of 0.012 cm-1. Good agreement between the simulation results and experimental data is achieved. The NO-MFOF's transmission characteristics as a function of magnetic field and pressure are studied in detail. Both Comb-like FRT spectrum and single branch transmission spectrum are obtained by changing the magnetic field. The diversity of FRT spectrum expands the range of potential applications in infrared optical remote sensing. This filtering method can also be extended to the lines of other paramagnetic molecules.

Integrated approach of network pharmacology, molecular docking, and clinical observations in evaluating the efficacy and safety of Bufei Huoxue capsules for pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a persistent and progressive disorder characterized by airway or alveolar abnormalities, commonly leading to pulmonary hypertension (PH). This clinical observational study investigates the therapeutic mechanisms of Bufei Huoxue capsules (BHC) in treating PH in patients with COPD-linked PH (COPD-PH) using network pharmacology and molecular docking methods, and assesses the therapeutic efficacy and safety of BHCs. The active compounds and their target proteins in BHCs were sourced from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database, with additional target proteins derived from the GeneCards and OMIM databases. An active network was constructed using Cytoscape 3.7.1, and interaction networks were established. Intersecting targets underwent Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis using the Metascape database. Network pharmacology and molecular docking studies demonstrated favorable binding affinities of BHC active ingredients, such as quercetin, bavachalcone, and isobavachin, for key targets including PTGS1, ESR1, and PTGS2. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis highlighted the involvement of these targets in processes such as the positive regulation of locomotion, the transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway, and peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation. KEGG pathway analysis indicated their roles in pathways related to cancer, AGE-RAGE signaling in diabetic complications, and prostate cancer. BHCs exhibit therapeutic effects on COPD-PH through multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway interactions. This clinical observational study confirms the efficacy and safety of BHCs in improving cardiac and pulmonary functions, enhancing exercise tolerance, and elevating the quality of life in patients with COPD-PH.