Lenvatinib in hepatocellular carcinoma: Resistance mechanisms and strategies for improved efficacy.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most prevalent and destructive causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, approximately 70% of patients with HCC exhibit advanced disease at diagnosis, limiting the potential for radical treatment. For such patients, lenvatinib, a long-awaited alternative to sorafenib for first-line targeted therapy, has become a key treatment. Unfortunately, despite some progress, the prognosis for advanced HCC remains poor because of drug resistance development. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying lenvatinib resistance and ways to relief drug resistance in HCC are largely unknown and lack of systematic summary; thus, this review not only aims to explore factors contributing to lenvatinib resistance in HCC, but more importantly, summary potential methods to conquer or mitigate the resistance. The results suggest that abnormal activation of pathways, drug transport, epigenetics, tumour microenvironment, cancer stem cells, regulated cell death, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and other mechanisms are involved in the development of lenvatinib resistance in HCC and subsequent HCC progression. To improve the therapeutic outcomes of lenvatinib, inhibiting acquired resistance, combined therapies, and nano-delivery carriers may be possible approaches.

Functional hydrogels for hepatocellular carcinoma: therapy, imaging, and in vitro model.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most common malignancies worldwide and is characterized by high rates of morbidity and mortality, posing a serious threat to human health. Interventional embolization therapy is the main treatment against middle- and late-stage liver cancer, but its efficacy is limited by the performance of embolism, hence the new embolic materials have provided hope to the inoperable patients. Especially, hydrogel materials with high embolization strength, appropriate viscosity, reliable security and multifunctionality are widely used as embolic materials, and can improve the efficacy of interventional therapy. In this review, we have described the status of research on hydrogels and challenges in the field of HCC therapy. First, various preparation methods of hydrogels through different cross-linking methods are introduced, then the functions of hydrogels related to HCC are summarized, including different HCC therapies, various imaging techniques, in vitro 3D models, and the shortcomings and prospects of the proposed applications are discussed in relation to HCC. We hope that this review is informative for readers interested in multifunctional hydrogels and will help researchers develop more novel embolic materials for interventional therapy of HCC.

Viola yedoensis Makino alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal oxidative stress and inflammatory response by regulating the gut microbiota and NF-κB-NLRP3/ Nrf2-MAPK signaling pathway in broiler.

Viola yedoensis Makino (Vy) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine widely used to treat inflammatory diseases. However, the regulatory effects of dietary Vy supplementation on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal damage in broilers and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, broilers were intraperitoneally injected with 1 mg/kg LPS on days 17, 19 and 21 to induce intestinal damage. Vy supplementation at 0.5, 1.5 and 4.5 % in the diet was administered separately for 21 days to investigate the potential protective effects of Vy supplementation against LPS-induced intestinal impairment in broilers. Vy supplementation improved intestinal morphology and restored growth performance. Vy supplementation attenuated intestinal inflammation by regulating the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) / NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathway and inhibited its downstream pro-inflammatory factor levels. In addition, Vy supplementation relieved intestinal oxidative impairment by regulating the nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) / mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and downstream antioxidant enzyme activity. Vy supplementation reduced LPS-induced mitochondrial damage and apoptosis. Furthermore, Vy supplementation alleviated LPS-induced intestinal inflammation and oxidative damage in chickens by increasing the abundance of protective bacteria (Lactobacillus and Romboutsia) and reducing the number of pathogenic bacteria (unclassified_f_Ruminococcaceae, unclassified_f_Oscillospiraceae and norank_f_norank_o_Clostridia_vadinBB60_group). Overall, Vy supplementation effectively ameliorated LPS-induced intestinal damage by regulating the NF-κB-NLRP3/Nrf2-MAPK signaling pathway and maintaining intestinal microbiota balance. Vy supplementation can be used as a dietary supplement to protect broilers against intestinal inflammation and oxidative damage.

Effects of different rootstocks grafting on selenium accumulation in Cyphomandra betacea Sendt. seedlings under selenium-contaminated soil.

The effects of rootstocks tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), and nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) grafting on the growth and selenium (Se) accumulation of Cyphomandra betacea Sendt. seedlings were studied to identify the most suitable rootstock for increasing Se uptake of fruit trees grown in Se-contaminated soil. The rootstocks of tomato, eggplant, and nightshade grafting increased the scion biomass of C. betacea seedlings by 146.1%, 23.2%, and 94.5%, respectively, compared with the un-grafted seedlings. Moreover, tomato, eggplant, and nightshade rootstocks grafting increased the photosynthesis, superoxide dismutase activity, and peroxidase activity, while reducing the catalase activity and soluble protein content of C. betacea seedlings. Although all three rootstocks grafting decreased Se contents in rootstock roots and stems, only nightshade rootstock grafting increased Se content in the scions of C. betacea seedlings. Notably, root biomass, catalase activity, soluble protein content, rootstock root Se content, and rootstock stem Se content were closely related to the scion Se content. These findings suggest that only grafting onto nightshade rootstock significantly enhances Se uptake in C. betacea, whereas tomato and eggplant rootstocks grafting have no effect on Se uptake.

This study shows that under selenium (Se)-contaminated soil conditions, tomato, eggplant, and nightshade rootstocks can promote the growth of C. betacea seedlings and improve their stress resistance. The nightshade rootstock stands out for its ability to promote Se uptake in C. betacea seedlings, suggesting its suitability as a promising rootstock to enhance both growth and Se uptake in C. betacea.

A novel electrochemical immunosensor based on Fe3O4@graphene nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode for rapid detection of Salmonella in milk.

Foods contaminated by foodborne pathogens have always been a great threat to human life. Herein, we constructed an electrochemical immunosensor for Salmonella detection by using a Fe3O4@graphene modified electrode. Because of the excellent electrical conductivity and mechanical stability of graphene and the large specific surface area of Fe3O4, the Fe3O4@graphene nanocomposite exhibits an excellent electrical signal, which greatly increased the sensitivity of the immunosensor. Gold nanoparticles were deposited on Fe3O4@graphene nanocomposite by electrochemical technology for the immobilization of the antibody. Cyclic voltammetry was selected to electrochemically characterize the construction process of immunosensors. The microstructure and morphology of related nanocomposites were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Under optimized experimental conditions, a good linear relationship was achieved in the Salmonella concentration range of 2.4 × 102 to 2.4 × 107 cfu/mL, and the limit of detection of the immunosensor was 2.4 × 102 cfu/mL. Additionally, the constructed immunosensor exhibited acceptable selectivity, reproducibility, and stability and provides a new reference for detecting pathogenic bacteria in milk.

A fluorescent biosensor based on quantum dot-labeled streptavidin and poly-l-lysine for the rapid detection of Salmonella in milk.

Salmonella, as a common foodborne pathogen in dairy products, poses a great threat to human health. We studied a new detection method based on quantum dots (QD). A fluorescent biosensor with multiple fluorescent signal amplification based on a streptavidin (SA) biotin system and the polyamino linear polymer poly-l-lysine (PLL) were established to detect Salmonella in milk. First, Salmonella was captured on a black 96-well plate with paired Salmonella mAb to form a double-antibody sandwich. Second, SA was immobilized on biotin-modified mAb by SA-biotin specific bond. Then, the biotin-modified polylysine (BT-PLL) was bound on SA and specifically bonded again through the SA-biotin system. Finally, water-soluble CdSe/ZnS QD-labeled SA was added to a black 96-well plate for covalent coupling with BT-PLL. The fluorescent signal was amplified in a dendritic manner by the layer-by-layer overlap of SA and biotin and the covalent coupling of biotinylated PLL. Under optimal conditions, the detection limit was 4.9 × 103 cfu/mL in PBS. The detection limit was 10 times better than that of the conventional sandwich ELISA. In addition, the proposed biosensor was well specific and could be used for detecting Salmonella in milk samples.

Rapid detection of Salmonella in milk by a nuclear magnetic resonance biosensor based on the streptavidin-biotin system and O-carboxymethyl chitosan target gadolinium probe.

Rapid and sensitive detection of foodborne pathogens is of great importance for food safety. Here, a set of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) biosensors based on a O-carboxymethyl chitosan target gadolinium (Gd) probe was developed to quickly detect Salmonella in milk by combining NMR technology and bioimmunotechnology with membrane filtration technology. First, O-carboxymethyl chitosan (O-CMC) was biotinylated to prepare biotinylated O-carboxymethyl chitosan (biotin-O-CMC) through amide reaction, and biotinylated magnetic complexes (biotin-O-CMC-Gd) were obtained by using O-CMC, which has strong chelating adsorption on Gd. The target probe was obtained by combining biotin-O-CMC-Gd with the biotinylated antibody (biotin-antibody) via streptavidin (SA) by introducing the SA-biotin system. Then, Salmonella was captured by the target probe through antigen-antibody interaction. Finally, NMR was used to measure the longitudinal relaxation time (T1) of the filtrate collected by membrane filtration. This NMR biosensor with good specificity and high efficiency can detect Salmonella with the sensitivity of 1.8 × 103 cfu/mL within 2 h; in addition, it can realize the detection of complex samples because of its strong anti-interference capability and may open up a new method for rapid detection of Salmonella, which has a great application potential.

Takeaway food in Chengdu, Sichuan province, China: Composition and nutritional value.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The popularity of takeaway has caused health problems. To analyse the basic nutrients and composition of popular takeaway meals in Chengdu, China. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: We randomly collected 105 takeaway meals from takeaway platforms. The quality of ingredients such as grains, vegetables, and meat were assessed and weighed. The samples were then homogenised, and the nutrients were detected following the AOAC Official Methods of Analysis. RESULTS: Compared with Chinese and US dietary reference intakes, the average energy, protein, salt, fat, vitamin, and available carbohydrate contents exceeded dietary recommendations for one takeaway meal. By contrast, the whole grain, vegetable, fruit, dairy product, egg, mineral, and dietary fibre contents were insufficient. Food compositions and basic nutrients differed among takeaway meals prepared with various cooking methods and meats. Fried rice had the lowest nutritional value. The fried dish set meal had high energy density. The nutrient content of poultry takeaway meals was more balanced compared with other meals assessed, and salt and fat were excessive in mixed meat meals. In addition, meatless takeaway meals tended to have high fat content because of excess vegetable oil added for better taste. CONCLUSIONS: Takeaway meals should have lower contents of energy, fat, carbohydrate, and salt and higher contents of whole grains, vegetables, fruits, dairy products, and eggs. Attention should be paid to the high energy density of the fried dish set meal to prevent resultant health problems such as obesity. Consumers, takeaway outlets, and government agencies need to work together to address the health problems.

[Determination of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine and Cotinine in Urine by Hydrophilic Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry with Isotope Dilution].

OBJECTIVE: To develop an assay for determination of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine and cotinine in human urine by hydrophilic chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) with isotope dilution. METHODS: The urine supernatant was 1∶5 diluted with 3 mmol/L ammonium formate aqueous solution containing 15N 5-8-OHdG and D 3-cotinine as internal standard. After being filtered through a 0.22 µm water filter, the sample solution was injected into ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for analysis. Separation was performed on ACQUITY UPLC® BEH HILIC column (50 mm×3.0 mm, 1.7 µm) with isocratic elution (A∶B=10∶90) at 40 ℃. The mobile phase was composed with acetonitrile (B) and 3 mmol/L ammonium formate water soulution (A). The flow rate was 0.3 mL/min. Positive ion scan-multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode were used for monitoring and internal standard curves were applied for quantification. RESULTS: Good linearity was obtained under the optimal conditions. Detection limits for 8-OHdG and cotinine were 0.064 µg/L and 0.035 µg/L respectively, the quantitation limits were 0.21 µg/L and 0.12 µg/L respectively, and the recoveries of the spiked urine samples were 92.6%-102% and 102%-106% respectively. Statistical analysis of 40 urine sample determination results obtained by using the above assay showed that there were significant differences in tobacco smoke exposure and tobacco-specific nitrosamine intake between active and passive smoker ( P<0.05). The concentration of NNAL and cotinine were higher in urine samples of active smoker. Tobacco smoke exposure was positively correlated with tobacco specific nitrosamine intake in both active and passive smokers (the correlation coefficients were 0.487 and 0.786 respectively, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: We successfully established a simple and fast assay for simultaneously detecting 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine and cotinine in human urine. It was sensitive and accurate for quntification via the calibration by the isotope internal standards, and can meet the needs of batch analysis.

Phases, Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of CoCrNiCuZn High-Entropy Alloy Prepared by Mechanical Alloying and Spark Plasma Sintering.

In the study, an equiatomic CoCrNiCuZn high-entropy alloy (HEA) was prepared by mechanical alloying (MA) and the phases, microstructures, and thermal properties of the alloy powder were explored. The results suggest that a solid solution with body-centered cubic (BCC) phase and a crystalline size of 10 nm formed after 60 h of milling. Subsequently, the alloy powder was consolidated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) at different temperatures (600 °C, 700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C). Two kinds of face-centered cubic (FCC) phases co-existed in the as-sintered samples. Besides, Vickers hardness and compressive strength of the consolidated alloy sintered at 900 °C were respectively 615 HV and 2121 MPa, indicating excellent mechanical properties.

[Detecting Nicotine and Cortinine in Hair by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry].

OBJECTIVE: To develop a method for detecting nicotine and cotinine in hair by hydrophilic interaction chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. METHODS: Hair samples were hydrolyzed in sodium hydroxide solution before extraction with dichloromethane. The samples were blown to dry with nitrogen and dissolved with mobile phase. The filtrate of the samples was injected into a chromatographic-mass spectrometry system for analysis. The separation was performed by a hydrophilic column, with which methanol-0.1% ammonia was used as the mobile phase. The quantitative detection of Nicotine and Cortinine was carried out with electron spray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The established method was used for detecting nicotine and cotinine in 602 hair samples of pregnant women and 31 hair and urine samples of volunteers. RESULTS: A standard curve was drawn for the established method of hydrophilic liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Good linearity was obtained for detecting nicotine and cotinine in the range of 0.030-100.000 µg/L, with a detection limit (MDL) of 0.007 6 µg/g and 0.004 4 µg/g, respectively. The inter-day and intra-day precisions reached a level of less than 10%. The recoveries of the spiked samples ranged from 81.0% to 102.0%. About 0.020-0.260 µg/g nicotine and 0.004 8-0.069 0 µg/g cotinine were detected in the pregnant women without exposure to secondhand smoking (SHS), compared with 0.029-0.350 µg/g nicotine and 0.005 6-0.085 0 µg/g cotinine in those exposed to SHS. Nicotine and cotinine were also found in the hair and urine samples of volunteers, which were correlated with smoking (P < 0.05). A dose-response relationship were found between smoking and hair nicotine. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed method is accurate and sensitive for detecting nicotine and cotinine in hair samples. Hair nicotine can be a specific biomarker for assessing exposure to tobacco smoking.

General misincorporation frequency: Re-evaluation of the fidelity of DNA polymerases.

DNA replication in cells is performed in the presence of four dNTPs and four rNTPs. In this study, we re-evaluated the fidelity of DNA polymerases using the general misincorporation frequency consisting of three incorrect dNTPs and four rNTPs but not using the traditional special misincorporation frequency with only the three incorrect dNTPs. We analyzed both the general and special misincorporation frequencies of nucleotide incorporation opposite dG, rG, or 8-oxoG by Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage 1 (PaP1) DNA polymerase Gp90 or Sulfolobus solfataricus DNA polymerase Dpo4. Both misincorporation frequencies of other DNA polymerases published were also summarized and analyzed. The general misincorporation frequency is obviously higher than the special misincorporation frequency for many DNA polymerases, indicating the real fidelity of a DNA polymerase should be evaluated using the general misincorporation frequency.

Data transmission at 1300 nm using optical interposer comprising hybrid integrated silicon waveguide and dilute nitride electroabsorption modulator.

High speed back-to-back transmission of NRZ data at 12.5 Gbit/s was achieved over a repeaterless optical network without the use of forward error correction or optical clock recovery using a hybrid integrated silicon photonics optical interconnect. The interconnect comprises an electroabsorption modulator based on dilute nitride multiple quantum well material on GaAs substrate optically coupled to large core silicon waveguide using passive alignment and flip-chip bonding.

Application of response surface methodology to vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid extraction for the determination of nicotine and cotinine in urine by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

A method of vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid extraction coupled with gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of nicotine and cotinine in urine was developed. Response surface methodology was applied to obtain the optimum extraction conditions. In this method, Plackett-Burman design was utilized to evaluate the impact of five selected factors on pretreatment procedure. Then, three main factors were optimized using a Box-Behnken design. The optimized method showed good linearities at 1-2000 µg/L with correlation coefficients of 0.9998 for nicotine and 0.9986 for cotinine. Recovery was 91.4-106 and 91.7-108% for nicotine and cotinine, respectively. The intraday relative standard derivations of determination were 1.47-4.06% for nicotine and 0.41-3.16% for cotinine, and interday relative standard derivations were 3.03-6.70% for nicotine and 1.64-6.38% for cotinine. The method detection limits for nicotine and cotinine were 0.33 and 0.34 µg/L, respectively. A total of 87 urine samples from smokers and nonsmokers were tested with the proposed method. Urinary nicotine and cotinine were 23.0-6.67 × 103 and 18.4-4.17 × 103  µg/(g·cr) for smokers and 1.31-286 and 1.39-131 µg/(g·cr) for nonsmokers, respectively. The method is sensitive, suitable and reliable for the determination of nicotine and cotinine in urine and meets the requirements for evaluating short-term tobacco exposure.

TALE nickase-mediated SP110 knockin endows cattle with increased resistance to tuberculosis.

Transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN)-mediated genome modification has been applied successfully to create transgenic animals in various species, such as mouse, pig, and even monkey. However, transgenic cattle with gene knockin have yet to be created using TALENs. Here, we report site-specific knockin of the transcription activator-like effector (TALE) nickase-mediated SP110 nuclear body protein gene (SP110) via homologous recombination to produce tuberculosis-resistant cattle. In vitro and in vivo challenge and transmission experiments proved that the transgenic cattle are able to control the growth and multiplication of Mycobacterium bovis, turn on the apoptotic pathway of cell death instead of necrosis after infection, and efficiently resist the low dose of M. bovis transmitted from tuberculous cattle in nature. In this study, we developed TALE nickases to modify the genome of Holstein-Friesian cattle, thereby engineering a heritable genome modification that facilitates resistance to tuberculosis.

Three-coherent-output narrow-linewidth and tunable single frequency 1x2 multi-mode-interferometer laser diode.

A 1x2 multi-mode-interferometer (MMI) laser diode was successfully designed and fabricated, which demonstrated three coherent outputs of tunable single frequency emission with more than 30dB side mode suppression ratio (SMSR), a tuning range of 25nm in C and L band, as well as 750 kHz linewidth. This 1x2 MMI laser could be expanded to more advanced configurations such as 1xN or MxN (M≥1, N>2) MMI lasers to achieve a multiple coherent output source. In addition, these lasers do not require material regrowth and high resolution gratings which can significantly increase the yield and reduce the cost.

[The clinical application of retractorless surgical technique in neurosurgical operation].

OBJECTIVE: A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of patients treated by retractorless surgery and explore the clinical feasibility and practical application of this strategy. METHODS: A total of 194 patients undergone retractorless surgery in Beijing Tiantan Hospital from Nov 2013 to Oct 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Complications related to microsurgical approaches, disease types, neurological function score and intraoperative compression or stretching were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 194 cases, there were 127 (65%) patients with cerebrovascular diseases and 67 (35%) patients with intracranial tumors. Sixty patients had anterior circulation aneurysms, of them, 21 aneurysms were accessed through frontal-lateral approaches and 39 reached via pterional approaches. Two patients with posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysms were treated by far-lateral approaches. Fifteen patients with cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumors were treated by retrosigmoid approaches. Elven patients with supratentorial tumors were treated by anterior and posterior interhemispheric approaches. Twenty patients with posterior fossa tumors were treated by suboccipital posterior median and paramedian approaches. Two patients with petroclival region lesions were treated by subtemporal approaches. Damage of tissues surrounding the approach occurred in 4 cases (2%). One patient received secondary procedures (0.52%) and 2 patients died after operation (1%). No change of postoperative neurological function was seen in 62.3% of cases, improvement of postoperative neurological function was seen in 29.4% and neurological function deterioration 8.24%. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the retractor surgery, retractorless surgery does not increase the rate of damage of tissues surrounding the approach. With the proficiency in micro-neurosurgery methods, retractorless surgery can reduce the postoperative complications.

Inhibition mechanism of theaflavins on matrix metalloproteinase-2: inhibition kinetics, multispectral analysis, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation.

Dental caries is a chronic and destructive disease and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) plays a major role in caries. The inhibitory mechanisms of theaflavins [theaflavin (TF1), theaflavin-3-gallate (TF2A), theaflavin-3'-gallate (TF2B), and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF3)] on MMP-2 were investigated using techniques such as enzyme inhibition kinetics, multi-spectral methods, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. The results showed that TF1, TF2A, TF2B, and TF3 all competitively and reversibly inhibited MMP-2 activity. Fluorescence spectra and molecular docking indicated that four theaflavins spontaneously bind to MMP-2 through noncovalent interactions, driven by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, constituting a static quenching mechanism and resulting in an altered tryptophan residue environment around MMP-2. Molecular dynamic simulations demonstrated that four theaflavins can form stable, compact complexes with MMP-2. In addition, the order of theaflavins' ability to inhibit MMP-2 was found to be TF1 > TF2B > TF2A > TF3. Interestingly, the order of binding capacity between MMP-2 and TF1, TF2A, TF2B, and TF3 was consistent with the order of inhibitory capacity, and was opposite to the order of steric hindrance of theaflavins. This may be due to the narrow space of the active pocket of MMP-2, and the smaller the steric hindrance of theaflavins, the easier it is to enter the active pocket and bind to MMP-2. This study provided novel insights into theaflavins as functional components in the exploration of natural MMP-2 inhibitors.

Cancer diagnosis and treatment platform based on manganese-based nanomaterials.

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, and the development of new diagnostic and treatment methods is crucial. Manganese-based nanomaterials (MnNMs) have emerged as a focal point in the field of cancer diagnosis and treatment due to their multifunctional properties. These nanomaterials have been extensively explored as contrast agents for various imaging technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), photoacoustic imaging (PAI), and near-infrared fluorescence imaging (NIR-FL). The use of these nanomaterials has significantly enhanced the contrast for precise tumor detection and localization. Moreover, MnNMs have shown responsiveness to the tumor microenvironment (TME), enabling innovative approaches to cancer treatment. This review provides an overview of the latest developments of MnNMs and their potential applications in tumor diagnosis and therapy. Finally, potential challenges and prospects of MnNMs in clinical applications are discussed. We believe that this review would serve as a valuable resource for guiding further research on the application of manganese nanomaterials in cancer diagnosis and treatment, addressing the current limitations, and proposing future research directions.

Dual Nickel/Photoredox-Catalyzed Arylsulfonylation of Allenes.

The nickel/photoredox dual catalysis system is an efficient conversion platform for the difunctionalization of unsaturated hydrocarbons. Herein, we disclose the first dual nickel/photoredox-catalyzed intramolecular 1,2-arylsulfonylation of allenes, which can accurately construct a C(sp2)-C(sp2) bond and a C(sp3)-S bond. The reaction exhibits excellent chemoselectivity and regioselectivity, allowing modular conformations of a diverse series of 3-sulfonylmethylbenzofuran derivatives. Control experiments showed that the bipyridine ligand is crucial for the formation of a stable σ-alkyl nickel intermediate, providing the possibility for sulfonyl radical insertion. Meanwhile, the electrophilic sulfonyl radical facilitates further oxidative addition of the σ-alkyl nickel intermediate and inhibits addition with allenes. In addition, control experiments, cyclic voltammetry tests, Stern-Volmer experiments, and density functional theory calculations afford evidence for the Ni(0)/Ni(I)/Ni(II)/Ni(III) pathway in this 1,2-arylsulfonylation.