Light scattering of a uniform uniaxial anisotropic sphere by an on-axis high-order Bessel vortex beam.

Analytical solutions to the scattering of a uniform uniaxial anisotropic sphere illuminated by an on-axis high-order Bessel vortex beam (HOBVB) are investigated. Using the vector wave theory, the expansion coefficients of the incident HOBVB in terms of the spherical vector wave functions (SVWFs) are obtained. According to the orthogonality of the associated Legendre function and exponential function, more concise expressions of the expansion coefficients are derived. It can reinterpret the incident HOBVB faster compared with the expansion coefficients of double integral forms. The internal fields of a uniform uniaxial anisotropic sphere are proposed in the integrating form of the SVWFs by introducing the Fourier transform. The differences of scattering characteristics of a uniaxial anisotropic sphere illuminated by a zero-order Bessel beam, Gaussian beam, and HOBVB are exhibited. Influences of the topological charge, conical angle, and particle size parameters on the angle distributions of the radar cross section are analyzed in detail. The scattering and extinction efficiencies varied with the particle radius, conical angle, permeability, and dielectric anisotropy are also discussed. The results provide insights into the scattering and light-matter interactions and may find important applications in optical propagation and optical micromanipulation of biological and anisotropic complex particles.

Groundwater remediation using Magnesium-Aluminum alloys and in situ layered doubled hydroxides.

In situ remediation of groundwater by zerovalent iron (ZVI)-based technology faces the problems of rapid passivation, fast agglomeration, limited range of pollutants and secondary contamination. Here a new concept of Magnesium-Aluminum (Mg-Al) alloys and in situ layered double hydroxides on is proposed for the degradation and removal of a wide variety of inorganic and organic pollutants from groundwater. The Mg-Al alloy provides the electrons for the chemical reduction and/or the degradation of pollutants while released Mg2+, Al3+ and OH- ions react to generate in situ LDH precipitates, incorporating other divalent and trivalent metals and oxyanions pollutants and further adsorbing the micropollutants. The Mg-Al alloy outperforms ZVI for treating acidic, synthetic groundwater samples contaminated by complex chemical mixtures of heavy metals (Cd2+, Cr6+, Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+), nitrate, AsO33-, methyl blue, trichloroacetic acid and glyphosate. Specifically, the Mg-Al alloy achieves removal efficiency ≥99.7% for these multiple pollutants at concentrations ranging between 10 and 50 mg L-1 without producing any secondary contaminants. In contrast, ZVI removal efficiency did not exceed 90% and secondary contamination up to 220 mg L-1 Fe was observed. Overall, this study provides a new alternative approach to develop efficient, cost-effective and green remediation for water and groundwater.

Visible light-conducting polymer nanocomposites as efficient photocatalysts for the treatment of organic pollutants in wastewater.

This review compiles recent advances and challenges on photocatalytic treatment of wastewater using nanoparticles, nanocomposites, and polymer nanocomposites as photocatalyst. The review provides an overview of the fundamental principles of photocatalytic treatment along the recent advances on photocatalytic treatment, especially on the modification strategies and operational conditions to enhance treatment efficiency and removal of recalcitrant organic contaminants. The different types of photocatalysts along the key factors influencing their performance are also critically discussed and recommendations for future research are provided.

Removal of 4-chlorophenol from polluted water by aluminum-iron alloys.

Chlorophenols are extremely toxic to the environment and recalcitrant to biological degradation. Herein chemical degradation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) from aqueous solutions by zero-valent aluminum (Al), zero-valent iron (Fe), Al and Fe mixtures (Al/Fe mass ratio 90/10, labeled as Al/Fe10) and Al-Fe alloy (Al/Fe mass ratio 90/10, labeled as Al-Fe10) were investigated. No removal was found for 50 mg·L-1 4-CP under anoxic conditions at initial pH 2.5 during a period of 10 hrs while 56%, 83%, 78% and 99% of 4-CP were removed by Fe, Al, Al/Fe10 and Al-Fe10, respectively under aeration conditions. The removal of 4-CP by Al/Fe10 mixtures was primarily in the Fe mode in the beginning 4 h and then transitioned to the Al mode. The removal of 4-CP by Al-Fe10 alloy was accomplished via two intermediate products, hydroquinone (HQ) and 4-chlorocatechol (4-CC), and it was speculated that reactive oxygen species and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) play an important role in the degradation of 4-CP and that Al-Fe intermetallic compounds might catalyze the reactions. This study demonstrates that alloying Al with Fe offers a promising strategy for developing new materials for water and wastewater remediation.

Nitrate reduction in water by aluminum alloys particles.

Nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) particles have been extensively investigated for nitrate reduction in water. However, the reduction by NZVI requires acidic pH conditions and the final product is exclusively ammonium, leading to secondary contamination. In addition, nanomaterials have potential threats to environment and the transport and storage of nanomaterials are of safety concerns. Aluminum, the most abundant metal element in the earth's crust, is able to reduce nitrate, but the passivation of aluminum limits its application. Here we report Al alloys (85% Al) with Fe, Cu or Si for aqueous nitrate reduction. The Al alloys particles of 0.85-0.08 mm were inactivate under ambient conditions and a simple treatment with warm water (45 °C) quickly activated the alloy particles for rapid reduction of nitrate. The Al-Fe alloy particles at a dosage of 5 g/L rapidly reduced 50 mg-N/L nitrate at a reaction rate constant (k) of 3.2 ± 0.1 (mg-N/L)1.5/min between pH 5-6 and at 4.0 ± 0.1 (mg-N/L)1.5/min between pH 9-11. Dopping Cu in the Al-Fe alloy enhanced the rates of reduction whereas dopping Si reduced the reactivity of the Al-Fe alloy. The Al alloys converted nitrate to 20% nitrogen and 80% ammonium. Al in the alloy particles provided electrons for the reduction and the intermetallic compounds in the alloys were likely to catalyze nitrate reduction to nitrogen.

Rapid and effective removal of copper, nitrate and trichloromethane from aqueous media by aluminium alloys.

Zero-valent iron (ZVI) has been extensively studied for its efficacy in removing heavy metals, nitrate, and chlorinated organic compounds from contaminated water. However, its limited effectiveness due to rapid passivation and poor selectivity is prompting for alternative solutions, such as the use of aluminium alloys. In this study, the efficacy of five distinct aluminium alloys, namely Al-Mg, Al-Fe, Al-Cu, and Al-Ni, each comprising 50 % Al by mass at a concentration of 10 g/L, was assessed using copper, nitrate and trichloromethane (TCM) as model contaminants. Results show that chemical pollutants reacted immediately with Al-Mg. On the contrary, the remaining three alloys exhibited a delay of 24 h before demonstrating significant reactivity. Remarkably, Al-Mg alloy reduced nitrate exclusively to ammonium, indicating minimal preference for nitrate reduction to N2. In contrast, the Al-Cu, Al-Ni, and Al-Fe alloys exhibited N2 selectivity of 3 %, 5 %, and 19 %, respectively. The removal efficiency of copper, nitrate and TCM reached 99 % within 24 h, 95 % within 48h and 48 % within 48h, respectively. Noteworthy findings included the correlation between Fe concentration within the Al-Fe alloy and an increased N2 selectivity from 9.3 % to 24.1 %. This resulted in an increase of Fe concentration from 10 % to 58 % albeit with a concurrent reduction in reactivity. Cu2+ removal by Al-Fe alloy occurred via direct electron transfer, while the removal of nitrate and TCM was facilitated by atomic hydrogen generated by the alloy's hydrolysis. Intriguingly, nitrate and TCM suppressed Cu2+ reduction, whereas Cu2+ improved nitrate reduction and TCM degradation. These findings demonstrate the great potential of Al-Mg and Al-Fe alloys as highly efficient agents for water remediation.

In Situ Nanoconfinement Catalysis for Highly Efficient Redox Transformation.

The rapid reduction of Cr(VI) across a wide pH range, from acidic to alkaline pH conditions to stable Cr(III) species for efficient remediation of Cr(VI) pollution, has long been a challenge. Herein, we propose a new concept of in situ nanoconfinement catalysis (iNCC) for highly efficient remediation of Cr(VI) by growing nanosheets of in situ layered double hydroxide (iLDH) on the surface of Al-Mg-Fe alloy achieving chemical reduction rates of >99% in 1 min from pH 3 to 11 for 100 mg L-1 Cr(VI) with a rate constant of 201 h-1. In stark contrast, the reduction rate is less than 6% in 12 h with a rate constant of 0.77 h-1 for the pristine Al-Mg-Fe alloy. The ultrafast reduction of Cr(VI) is most likely attributed to the synergistic catalysis of Al12Mg17 and Al13Fe4 and nanoconfinement of MgAlFe-iLDH and superstable mineralization of Cr(III) by MgAlCrIII- and MgFeCrIII-iLDHs. This study demonstrates the potential of in situ nanoconfinement catalysis on redox transformation for environmental remediation.

Highly efficient capture of mercury from complex water matrices by AlZn alloy reduction-amalgamation and in situ layered double hydroxide.

Mercury pollution is a critical, worldwide problem and the efficient, cost-effective removal of mercury from complex, contaminated water matrices in a wide pH range from strongly acidic to alkaline has been a challenge. Here, AlZn and AlFe alloys are investigated and a new process of synergistic reduction-amalgamation and in situ layered double hydroxide (SRA-iLDH) for highly efficient capture of aqueous Hg(II) is developed using AlZn alloys. The parameters include the pH values of 1-12, the Hg(II) concentrations of 10-1000 mg L-1, and the alloy's Zn concentrations of 20%, 50% and 70% and Fe concentrations of 10%, 20% and 50%. The initial rate of Hg(II) uptake by AlZn alloys decreases with increasing Zn concentration while the overall rate is not affected. Specifically, AlZn50 alloy removes >99.5% Hg(II) from 10 mg L-1 solutions at pH 1-12 in 5 min at a rate constant of 0.055 g mg-1 min-1 and achieves a capacity of 5000 mg g-1, being the highest value reported so far. The super-performance of AlZn alloy is attributed to multiple functions of chemical reduction, dual amalgamation, in situ LDH's surface complexation and adsorption, isomorphous substitution and intercalation. This study provides a simple and highly efficient approach for removing Hg(II) from complex water matrices.

Adsorption and desorption of antiviral drugs (ritonavir and lopinavir) on sewage sludges as a potential environmental risk.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the adsorption capacity and mechanism of two antiviral drugs AVDs (lopinavir (LOP) and ritonavir (RIT)) on three various sewage sludges (SSLs). The results showed that SSLs differed in the structure and chemical composition and LOP and RIT had a high affinity to the studied SSLs (Kd in ranges 2076-3449 L/kg). The adsorption capacities differed between SSLs and ranged 7.55-8.71 mg/g (RIT) and 8.10-8.64 mg/g (LOP). The Freundlich model provided a best fitting of adsorption isotherms of all AVDs-SSLs. The adsorption kinetics were best described by pseudo-second order kinetic model. The adsorption of LOP and RIT on SSLs was exothermic, spontaneous, and thermodynamically feasible. The sorption of LOP and RIT to SSLs was complex due to the diverse chemical composition of SSLs and the differences in the chemical structure of AVDs. Analysis of binary solution of both AVDs showed the competition effect between AVDs and a decrease in adsorption efficiency (3-17%) compared to single solutions. The amount of desorbed AVDs from all SSLs was low (less than 15%). The findings of the present work are significant in the prediction of fate and persistence of AVDs on SSLs in the context of their further transmission and possible environmental contamination.

Recent advances in biochar engineering for soil contaminated with complex chemical mixtures: Remediation strategies and future perspectives.

Heavy metal/metalloids (HMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil have caused serious environmental problems, compromised agriculture quality, and have detrimental effects on all forms of life including humans. There is a need to develop appropriate and effective remediation methods to resolve combined contaminated problems. Although conventional technologies exist to tackle contaminated soils, application of biochar as an effective renewable adsorbent for enhanced bioremediation is considered by many scientific researchers as a promising strategy to mitigate HM/PAH co-contaminated soils. This review aims to: (i) provide an overview of biochar preparation and its application, and (ii) critically discuss and examine the prospects of (bio)engineered biochar for enhancing HMs/PAHs co-remediation efficacy by reducing their mobility and bioavailability. The adsorption effectiveness of a biochar largely depends on the type of biomass material, carbonisation method and pyrolysis conditions. Biochar induced soil immobilise and remove metal ions via various mechanisms including electrostatic attractions, ion exchange, complexation and precipitation. PAHs remediation mechanisms are achieved via pore filling, hydrophobic effect, electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bond and partitioning. During last decade, biochar engineering (modification) via biological and chemical approaches to enhance contaminant removal efficiency has garnered greater interests. Hence, the development and application of (bio)engineered biochars in risk management, contaminant management associated with HM/PAH co-contaminated soil. In terms of (bio)engineered biochar, we review the prospects of amalgamating biochar with hydrogel, digestate and bioaugmentation to produce biochar composites.

Removal of Naturally Occurring Strontium by Nanofiltration/Reverse Osmosis from Groundwater.

Removal of naturally occurring strontium (Sr) from groundwater is vital as excessive exposure may lead to bone growth problems in children. Nanofiltration/reverse osmosis (NF/RO) is commonly used in groundwater treatment due to the high effectiveness and simple maintenance of these pressure driven membrane processes. In this research, a pilot-scale NF/RO system was used to desalinate a natural groundwater sample containing high Sr concentration (10.3 mg/L) and "old" groundwater organic matter (70.9 mg/L) from Esilalei in northern Tanzania to understand the removal of strontium by NF/RO. The impact of applied pressure (10-15 bar) and groundwater pH (3-12) on the membrane performance including permeate flux, strontium and total organic carbon (TOC) flux and removal was investigated. Increasing applied pressure was found to enhance the flux by increasing the driving force and enhance Sr and TOC removal by dilution effect (water flux higher than Sr passage). The alkaline pH caused severe flux decline likely due to membrane fouling and scaling, while it slightly enhanced Sr removal of RO membranes, but weakened the TOC removal. In contrast, acidic and neutral pH of groundwater enhanced TOC removal. These findings suggest that appropriately high applied pressure and acidic pH condition of groundwater are recommended to apply to the NF/RO membrane system in groundwater desalination to achieve better membrane performance.

Improving the Reliability and Accuracy of Ammonia Quantification in Electro- and Photochemical Synthesis.

The reliable and accurate quantification of ammonia in electrochemical and photochemical experiments has been a technical challenge owing to the extremely low concentration of generated ammonia, interference from trace amounts of cations and organic compounds, and ammonia contamination from various sources. As a result, overestimation and significant errors may happen in many research works. Herein, accuracy and precision of ion chromatography (IC) are evaluated at different pH; excellent performance with a low detection limit (<2 µg L-1 ) under acidic and neutral conditions is found, whereas the linearity is unsatisfactory in the low NH4 + concentration range (0-100 µg L-1 ) under alkaline conditions. High concentrations of Li+ and Na+ are difficult to separate from NH4 + in conventional IC, but this can be solved by employing a high-exchange-capacity column or gradient elution. The interference effects of 14 common transition metal cations and 6 common organic compounds on the quantification of ammonium with low-level concentration (500 µg L-1 ) using IC are systematically investigated, and the results demonstrate good robustness. The overestimation caused by ammonia contamination from reagent water, surroundings, and even the analytical grade of inorganic and organic reagents are confirmed and the results indicate the necessity to prepare and test fresh electrolyte solutions before each experiment, owing to the high sensitivity of acidic and neutral solutions to ammonia contamination from the surroundings. The ammonization of a Nafion membrane during experiments and the underestimation in quantification are also discussed. Finally, a reliable level of synthesized ammonia is identified and some recommendations are presented to improve the reliability and accuracy of ammonia quantification.

Quantification of Trace Mercury in Water: Solving the Problem of Adsorption, Sample Preservation, and Cross-Contamination.

Adsorption, sample preservation, and cross-contamination are the major impediments to the accurate and sensitive analysis of low-level mercury samples. Common measures to deal with this issue are to use Teflon, quartz, or borosilicate glass bottles for sampling, standard solution and sample preservation with oxidative chemicals, to prepare standard solutions daily and to use dedicated glassware. This paper demonstrates that these measures are neither efficient nor effective. Two common laboratory sample containers (borosilicate volumetric glass flasks and polypropylene tubes) are investigated for the preparation and preservation of water samples and standard solutions of 0.2-1 µg L-1 with 2% HNO3. Mercury adsorption rates of 6-22% are observed within 30 min and after 48 days, the adsorption is greater than 98%. In stark contrast, no adsorption is found during a testing period of 560 days when the solutions are subject to potassium permanganate-persulfate digestion. New glass flasks and polypropylene bottles are free of mercury contamination but reused flasks are a major source of mercury cross-contamination. To minimize adsorption and cross-contamination, standard solutions are treated by potassium permanganate-persulfate or BrCl digestion, and each individual sample and standard solution should be stored and prepared in single-use polypropylene bottle, without transference.

Simultaneous removal of nitrate, copper and hexavalent chromium from water by aluminum-iron alloy particles.

Groundwater contamination is a worldwide concern and the development of new materials for groundwater remediation has been of great interest. This study investigated removal kinetics and mechanisms of nitrate, copper ion and hexavalent chromium (20-50 mg L-1) by particles of Al-Fe alloy consisting of 20% Fe in batch reactors from a single KNO3, CuSO4, Cu(NO3)2, K2Cr2O7 and their mixed solutions. The effects of contaminant interactions and initial pH of the solution were examined and the alloy particles before and after reaction were characterized by X-ray diffraction spectrometer, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The removal mechanisms were attributed to chemical reduction [Cu(II) to Cu, NO3- to NH3 and Cr(VI) to Cr(III)] and co-precipitation of Cr(III)-Al(III)-Fe(III) hydroxides/oxyhydroxides. Cu(II) enhanced the rates of NO3- and Cr(VI) reduction and Cr(VI) was an inhibitor for Cu(II) and NO3- reduction. This study demonstrates that Al-Fe alloy is of potential for groundwater remediation.

Rapid removal of chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene in water by aluminum-iron alloy particles.

Water contamination with chlorinated hydrocarbons such as chloroform (CHCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and trichloroethylene (TCE) is one of the major public health concerns. In this study, we explored the use of aluminum-iron alloys particles in millimeter scale for rapid removal of CHCl3, CCl4 and TCE from water. Three types of Al-Fe alloy particles containing 10, 20 and 58 wt% of Fe (termed as Al-Fe10, Al-Fe20 and Al-Fe58) were prepared and characterized by electrochemical polarization, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive spectrometer. For concentrations of 30-180 µg/L CHCl3, CCl4 and TCE, a removal efficiency of 45-64% was achieved in a hydraulic contact time of less than 3 min through a column packed with 0.8-2 mm diameter of Al-Fe alloy particles. The concentration of Al and Fe ions released into water was less than 0.15 and 0.05 mg/L, respectively. Alloying Al with Fe enhances reactivity towards chlorinated hydrocarbons' degradation and the enhancement is likely the consequence of galvanic effects between different phases (Al, Fe and intermetallic Al-Fe compounds such as Al13Fe4, Fe3Al and FeAl2) and catalytic role of these intermetallic Al-Fe compounds. The results demonstrate that the use of Al-Fe alloy particles offers a viable and green option for chlorinated hydrocarbons' removal in water treatment.

Silencing long non-coding RNA, differentiation antagonizing non-protein coding RNA promotes apoptosis and inhibits tumor growth in colon cancer.

The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) differentiation antagonizing non-protein coding RNA (DANCR) has been reported to be a novel potential biomarker for colon cancer prognosis. However, its functional role in colon cancer remains unknown. In the present study, DANCR expression in colon cancer cell lines was determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cell Counting kit-8 assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, Hoechst 33258 staining and western blotting were utilized to investigate the effect and mechanism of DANCR in the regulation of colon cancer growth. Establishment of a xenograft tumor model followed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling assay and immunohistochemical staining were performed to confirm the findings in vitro. DANCR was revealed to be overexpressed in all human colon cancer cell lines. Silencing DANCR by small interfering RNA significantly inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation. Flow cytometry analyses and Hoechst 33258 staining revealed that apoptosis was induced upon DANCR-knockdown. Silencing DANCR was revealed to efficiently impair colon tumor growth by promoting caspase 3 expression and tumor apoptosis. In summary, the results of the present study demonstrated that DANCR is a potential therapeutic target in colon cancer.

Chemical removal of nitrate from water by aluminum-iron alloys.

Zero-valent iron has been intensively investigated in chemical reduction of nitrate in water, but the reduction requires acidic or weak acidic pH conditions and the product of the reduction is exclusively ammonium, an even more toxic substance. Zero-valent aluminum is a stronger reductant than iron, but its use for the reduction of aqueous nitrate requires considerably alkaline pH conditions. In this study, aluminum-iron alloys with an iron content of 10%, 20% and 58% (termed Al-Fe10, Al-Fe20 and Al-Fe58, respectively) were investigated for the reduction of aqueous nitrate. Al-Fe alloys were efficient to reduce nitrate in water in an entire pH range of 2-12 and the reduction proceeded in a pseudo-first order at near neutral pH conditions. The observed reaction rate constant (Kobs) of Al-Fe10 was 3 times higher than that of Fe and the Kobs of Al-Fe20 doubled that of Al-Fe10. The nitrogen selectivity of the reduction by Al-Fe10, Al-Fe20 and Al-Fe58 was 17.6%, 23.9% and 40.3%, respectively at pH 7 and the nitrogen selectivity by Al-Fe20 increased from 18.9% at pH 2-60.3% at pH 12. The enhanced selectivity and reactivity of Al-Fe alloys were likely due to the presence of an intermetallic Al-Fe compound (Al13Fe4).

Comparison of different noninvasive diagnostic methods for biliary atresia: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to retrospectively analyze the accuracy of different methods in differentiating biliary atresia from neonatal jaundice. METHODS: A search was made in MEDLINE, and the Web of Science for relevant original articles published in English; methodological quality of the included studies was also assessed. Two reviewers extracted data independently. Studies were pooled, summary receiver operating characteristics curve and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) with corresponding confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: For diagnosis of biliary atresia, ultrasonography (US), hepatic scintigraphy (HBS), and magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRCP) had a pooled sensitivity of 74.9% (range: 70.4%-79.1%), 93.4% (range: 90.3%-95.7%) and 89.7% (range: 84.8%-93.4%), a specificity of 93.4% (range: 91.4%-95.1%), 69.2% (range: 65.1%-73.1%) and 64.7% (range: 58.0%-71.0%), a positive likelihood ratio of 12.16 (range: 6.41-23.08), 3.01 (range: 2.15-4.20) and 3.10 (range: 1.59-6.06), a negative likelihood ratio of 0.23 (range: 0.13-0.38), 0.13 (range: 0.06-0.25) and 0.16 (range: 0.06-0.44), DOR of 72.56 (range: 27.34-192.58), 29.88 (range: 12.82-69.64) and 32.48 (range: 8.22-128.29), with an area under the curve of 0.96, 0.91, and 0.92, and Q value of 0.90, 0.85, and 0.85, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: US, HBS and MRCP can be very useful for the diagnostic work-up of neonatal cholestasis. To improve the sensitivity and specificity, several additional measures can be used.